Integral imaging

<h2 id="etymology">Etymology</h2>
<p>Inventor Gabriel Lippmann called the technique "photographie intégrale" (in French). It is usually translated literally as "integral photography", which suggests the integration of a whole image from parts of many small ones. However, a more usual meaning of the French word "intégrale" is "complete" or "unabridged", so that "complete photography" is another valid translation of Lippmann's perhaps deliberately ambiguous name for it.
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<h2 id="history">History</h2>
<p>On March 2, 1908 Nobel prize winning French physicist <a href="/facts/Gabriel_Lippmann/PQbftI3c">Gabriel Lippmann</a> presented his ideas for "Photographie intégrale", based on insect eyes. He was probably also inspired by the <a href="/facts/Barrier_grid_animation_and_stereography/NKleBUbX">barrier grid</a> autostereograms of Frederic Ives and Eugène Estanave, representing Estanave at several presentations of Estanave's works at the French Academy of Sciences. Lippmann suggested to use a screen of tiny lenses. Spherical segments should be pressed into a sort of film with photographic emulsion on the other side. The screen would be placed inside a lightproof holder and on a tripod for stability. When exposed each tiny lens would function as a camera and record the surroundings from a slightly different angle than neighboring lenses. When developed and lit from behind the lenses should project the life-size image of the recorded subject in space. He could not yet present concrete results in March 1908, but by the end of 1908 he claimed to have exposed some Integral photography plates and to have seen the "resulting single, full-sized image". However, the technique remained experimental since no material or technique seemed to deliver the optical quality desired. At the time of his death in 1921 Lippmann reportedly had a system with only twelve lenses.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a>
</p><p>Eugène Estanave performed further experiments with Lippmann's technique. He exhibited an integral photograph in 1925 and published about his findings in <i>La Nature</i>. In 1930 he had 432 lenses in a 6.5 x 9 cm plate with viewable results, but then abandoned the lenticular screen and continued his integral photography experiments with pinholes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a>
</p><p><a href="/facts/Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re/XkYcypeF">Louis Lumière</a> worked on integral photography and corresponded with Lippman about the technique. Lumière patented a system a few years after Lippmann's death, but never seems to have actually manufactured lenticular screens.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a>
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<h2 id="integral-video">Integral video</h2>
<ul><li>2010 Japan's NHK broadcasting company and Toshiba each showed a demo featuring a prototype display view-able with a 25 degree window.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li>
<li>2015 "Looking glass factory" started work on their <a href="/facts/Multiscopy/JrdusnhD">multiscopic</a> display, the latest is based around an 8k screen showing 45 different possible angles simultaneously</li></ul>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Autostereoscopy/VKJVPEyc">Autostereoscopy</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Lenticular_printing/EhsaV6Qq">Lenticular printing</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Focus_stacking/Rbz9ICVv">Focus stacking</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Plenoptic_camera/PDMtREM4">Plenoptic camera</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/3D_display/ahEDcbh3">3D display</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Stereoscopy/jfHumNV8">Stereoscopy</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="http://lenticulartechnology.com/files/2014/02/Integral-History.pdf">The History of Integral Print Methods</a> — Comprehensive history of integral imaging</li>
<li><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262881841_Diffraction_Influence_on_the_Field_of_View_and_Resolution_of_Three-Dimensional_Integral_Imaging">Diffraction Influence on the Field of View and Resolution of Three-Dimensional Integral Imaging</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>Timby, Kim (31 July 2015). 3D and Animated Lenticular Photography. ISBN 9783110448061. <a href="9783110448061" target="_blank">9783110448061</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>Timby, Kim (31 July 2015). 3D and Animated Lenticular Photography. ISBN 9783110448061. <a href="9783110448061" target="_blank">9783110448061</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:3"><p>Timby, Kim (31 July 2015). 3D and Animated Lenticular Photography. ISBN 9783110448061. <a href="9783110448061" target="_blank">9783110448061</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:4"><p>Zyga, Lisa (August 27, 2010). "Integral 3D TV system projects a promising future (w/ Video)". <a href="https://phys.org/news/2010-08-3d-tv-future-video.html" target="_blank">https://phys.org/news/2010-08-3d-tv-future-video.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:5"><p>Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Integral 3D TV - Creating Autostereoscopic Content from Multi-perspective Videos #DigInfo". YouTube. <a href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/-IgUlltb8XA" target="_blank">https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/-IgUlltb8XA</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:6"><p>Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Glasses-Free 3D Display Using Integral Imaging - Toshiba : DigInfo". YouTube. <a href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/8uUWydvF18I" target="_blank">https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/8uUWydvF18I</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
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Integral imaging open-in-new

Integral imaging