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Hydrangea macrophylla
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<h2 id="distribution-and-habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2> <p><i>Hydrangea macrophylla</i> is endemic to Japan,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> where it occurs in coastal habitats from Honshu southwards.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Natural wild plants, formerly sometimes distinguished as <i>H. macrophylla</i> var. <i>normalis</i> E.H.Wilson,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> have "lacecap" structure flowerheads, with a few large sterile showy bract-like flowers that act as targets for pollinators, surrounding a central cluster of small fertile flowers. A closely related hydrangea from the mountains of the interior of Japan, <i><a href="/facts/Hydrangea_serrata/oNPbyYGF">Hydrangea serrata</a></i>, was treated as a variety of <i>H. macrophylla</i> by some authors in the past,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> but is currently treated as a separate species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>The species is <a href="/facts/Naturalisation_(biology)/6lc476BI">naturalised</a> in China, Korea, Siberia, New Zealand and the Americas,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> and has become an <a href="/facts/Invasive_species/Ya1v6RGx">invasive species</a> in the <a href="/facts/Azores/yWF1EGs8">Azores</a> and <a href="/facts/Madeira/HRlYxvhe">Madeira</a> archipelagos.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>The term <i>macrophylla</i> means 'large- or long-leaved'.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> The opposite leaves can grow to 15 cm (6 in) in length. They are simple, membranous, orbicular to elliptic and acuminate. They are generally serrated. </p><p>The natural <a href="/facts/Inflorescence/CvpNd4vS">inflorescence</a> of wild <i>Hydrangea macrophylla</i> is a <a href="/facts/Corymb/IERjACuJ">corymb</a>, with all flowers placed in a plane. Two distinct types of flowers are found; numerous central, small, fertile <a href="/facts/Pentamery_(botany)/knhgSLGu">pentamerous</a> ones, and a few peripheral, large, <a href="/facts/Tetramery_(botany)/knhgSLGu">tetramerous</a> ones; the latter are usually sterile, and whitish to pale blue or pinkish.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> The small flowers have five small greenish sepals and five small petals. Flowering begins in early summer and lasts until early winter. The fruit is a subglobose capsule. </p><p>In cultivation as an <a href="/facts/Ornamental_plant/ImyCDwMW">ornamental plant</a>, numerous variants have been developed as <a href="/facts/Cultivar/nfaLJJM3">cultivars</a>; in most of these (over 500 cultivars), the small central flowers replaced by large, sterile or mostly sterile tetramerous flowers, the inflorescence forming a hemisphere or a whole sphere rather than in a flat plane. These cultivar groups are known as "mophead" or "hortensia" hydrangeas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> These large flowers have colours ranging from pale pink to red, fuchsia, purple, to blue. A much smaller cultivar group (over 20 cultivars), known as "lacecap" hydrangeas, retain the natural form of flat flowerheads with small flowers surrounded by a halo of large sterile flowers, but varying from the wild plants in more intense colours.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> Some cultivars (possibly many, and particularly those selected for greater cold tolerance) derive from <a href="/facts/Hybrid_(biology)/pzVJ54xU">hybrids</a> between <i>Hydrangea macrophylla</i> and <i><a href="/facts/Hydrangea_serrata/oNPbyYGF">Hydrangea serrata</a></i>, the hill hydrangea of the mountains of Japan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="colour-and-soil-acidity">Colour and soil acidity</h2> <p>The flowers of <i>Hydrangea macrophylla</i> cultivars can be blue, red, pink, light purple, or dark purple. The colour is affected by <a href="/facts/Soil_pH/D9G9ChcT">soil pH</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> An acidic soil (pH below 7) will usually produce a flower colour closer to blue, whereas an alkaline soil (pH above 7) will produce flowers of a pink, or even a red colour.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> This is caused by a colour change of the <a href="/facts/Flower_pigment/7Lv9jMEd">flower pigments</a> in the presence of <a href="/facts/Aluminium/7wmR8jYE">aluminium</a> ions which can be taken up into <a href="/facts/Phytoremediation%2c_Hyperaccumulators/LY4CGzc3">hyperaccumulating plants</a>. Scientists do not understand why this happens, whether it is due to predation or to attract pollinators. </p> <h2 id="chemistry">Chemistry</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Phyllodulcin/gsvX6dxu">Phyllodulcin</a>, <a href="/facts/Hydrangenol/gayrE8lq">hydrangenol</a>, and their 8-O-glucosides, and <a href="/facts/Thunberginol_A/PyJY3KCy">thunberginols A</a> and <a href="/facts/Thunberginol_F/glctslv4">F</a> can be found in <i>H. macrophylla</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Thunberginol_B/oV97cXmf">Thunberginol B</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> the dihydroisocoumarins <a href="/facts/Thunberginol_C/Saxyn5PU">thunberginol C</a>, <a href="/facts/Thunberginol_D/7xoHCqXL">D</a> and <a href="/facts/Thunberginol_E/obwmrJRE">E</a>, the dihydroisocoumarin glycosides <a href="/facts/Thunberginol_G/bYdGtAdd">thunberginol G</a> 3'-O-glucoside and (−)-<a href="/facts/Hydrangenol/gayrE8lq">hydrangenol</a> 4'-O-glucoside<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> and four <a href="/facts/Kaempferol/mLleEu8u">kaempferol</a> and <a href="/facts/Quercetin/Ed1BP1YD">quercetin</a> oligoglycosides<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> can be found in <i>Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium</i>, the processed leaves of <i>H. macrophylla</i> var. <i>thunbergii</i>. The leaves also contain the stilbenoid <a href="/facts/Hydrangeic_acid/80lXxRGn">hydrangeic acid</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p><p>The various colours, such as red, mauve, purple, violet and blue, in <i>H. macrophylla</i> are developed from one simple anthocyanin, delphinidin 3-glucoside (<a href="/facts/Myrtillin/0aeFPpvY">myrtillin</a>), which forms complexes with metal ions called <a href="/facts/Metalloanthocyanin/eyF05tKP">metalloanthocyanins</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Lunularic_acid/FL6Nt8n5">Lunularic acid</a>, <a href="/facts/Lunularin/rNeyng5u">lunularin</a>, <a href="/facts/3%2c4%25E2%2580%25B2-dihydroxystilbene/c3kbtT0L">3,4′-dihydroxystilbene</a> and a glycoside of lunularic acid have been found in the roots of <i>H. macrophylla</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Hydrangine/h0QovlRx">Hydrangine</a> is another name for the coumarin umbelliferone, and may be responsible for the possible toxicity of the plant. </p> <h2 id="uses">Uses</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Amacha/pNzSar2m">Amacha</a> is a Japanese beverage made from fermented leaves of <i>Hydrangea macrophylla</i> var. <i>thunbergii</i>. </p><p><i>Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium</i> is a drug made from the fermented and dried leaves of <i>H. macrophylla var. thunbergii</i> with possible antiallergic and antimicrobial properties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> It also has a hepatoprotective activity by suppression of D-galactosamine-induced liver injury in vitro and in vivo.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p><p><i>Hydrangea macrophylla</i> is included in the <a href="/facts/Tasmania/q3dubPTt">Tasmanian</a> Fire Service's list of low <a href="/facts/Flammability/1QexTQ4T">flammability</a> plants, indicating that it is suitable for growing within a building protection zone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p><p>Leaf extracts of <i>Hydrangea macrophylla</i> are being investigated as a possible source of new chemical compounds with antimalarial activity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Hydrangeic_acid/80lXxRGn">Hydrangeic acid</a> from the leaves is being investigated as a possible anti-diabetic drug as it significantly lowered blood glucose, triglyceride, and free fatty acid levels in laboratory animals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="cultivars">Cultivars</h2> <p>The two main groups of <i>H. macrophylla</i> cultivars are called "lacecap" and "mophead".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p><p>Some popular hydrangea <a href="/facts/Cultivars/nfaLJJM3">cultivars</a> (those marked agm have gained the <a href="/facts/Royal_Horticultural_Society/QrtXmlUo">Royal Horticultural Society</a>'s <a href="/facts/Award_of_Garden_Merit/zQ4Ya8S6">Award of Garden Merit</a>) include:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>'All Summer Beauty'; cold-hardy, floriferous mophead</li> <li>'Alpengluhen'; deep-red coloured mophead</li> <li>'Altona' agm;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> compact plant with large rose-red florets</li> <li>'Ami Pasquier' agm;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> floriferous, wine pink to blue mophead</li> <li>'Ayesha';<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> small, cupped, lilac-like flowers in clusters</li> <li>'Bailmer' (marketed as Endless Summer) a perpetual-blooming, pink to blue mophead</li> <li>'Beauté Vendômoise'; giant whitish-pink lacecap</li> <li>'Blaumeise' agm;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> Swiss-bred "Teller" blue lacecap</li> <li>'Blue Bonnet'; hardy, blue mophead</li> <li>'Blue Wave'; robust light pink to light blue lacecap</li> <li>'Blushing Bride'; cold-hardy, ever-blooming white mophead</li> <li>'Cocktail'; bushy shrub with ovate, serrated sepals</li> <li>'Europa' agm;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> compact, deep pink mophead</li> <li>'Forever Pink'; a pink mophead</li> <li>'Générale Vicomtesse de Vibraye' agm;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> compact, cold-hardy, French-bred pink to blue mophead</li> <li>'Hamburg'; deep-coloured pink to blue mophead</li> <li>'Harlequin'; a picoteed pink to purple mophead</li> <li>'Lady in Red';<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> large lacecap flowers of rose-red</li> <li>'Lanarth White' agm;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> white lacecap</li> <li>'Lilacina'; cold-hardy, disease-resistant pink to blue lacecap</li> <li>'Love You Kiss' agm;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> red-margined white florets, lacecap</li> <li>'Madame Emile Mouillère' agm;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> small shrub to 1.8 m (5.9 ft), white flowers</li> <li>'<a href="/facts/Ferdinand_Foch/XFF4WkeU">Marechal Foch</a>'; old-fashioned pink to blue mophead</li> <li>'Mariesii Grandiflora';<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> blue or pink and white lacecap</li> <li>'Mariesii Lilacina' agm;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> mauve pink or blue lacecap</li> <li>'Mariesii Perfecta';<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> blue, or blue and pink, lacecap</li> <li>'Masja';<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> bushy and compact, dark pink to pink mophead</li> <li>'Möwe';<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> rose-red and cream lacecap</li> <li>'Nigra';<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> pink or blue mophead, black stems</li> <li>'Nikko Blue'; popular, cold-hardy pink to blue mophead</li> <li>'Pia'; dwarf pink to purplish-blue mophead</li> <li>'Penny Mac'; cold-hardy, pink to blue mophead</li> <li>'Rotschwantz’ agm;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> deep red and white lacecap</li> <li>'Soeur Therese'; hardy, robust white mophead</li> <li>'Taube'; Swiss-bred "Teller", pink to blue lacecap</li> <li>'Tokyo Delight' agm;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> mauve-pink and white lacecap</li> <li>'Twist-N-Shout'; ever-blooming, hardy pink to blue lacecap</li> <li>'Veitchii' agm;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> blue and white lacecap</li> <li>'Westfalen' agm;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> compact, crimson-purple mophead</li> <li>'Zorro’ agm;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> agm bright blue lacecap</li></ul> <h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2> Lacecaps Mopheads (also called hortensias) <p>Yuan, Qi, H., Yang, S., Chu, Z., Zhang, G., & Liu, C. (2023). Role of delphinidin-3-glucoside in the sepal blue color change among Hydrangea macrophylla cultivars. Scientia Horticulturae, 313, 111902–. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2023.111902">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2023.111902</a> </p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hydrangea macrophylla. <a href="/facts/Wikispecies/b2GhA7Le">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i>Hydrangea macrophylla</i>. <ul><li><a href="https://archive.today/20121217162157/https://picasaweb.google.com/birdofgod/SplendorInTheGrass%235635040009122590226">- Splendor In The Grass</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.heronswood.com/Hydrangea_Pruning_and_Care">Hydrangeas- Their Pruning and Care</a>(Heronswood Nursery)</li> <li><a href="http://www.HydrangeasHydrangeas.com/mopheads.html">http://www.HydrangeasHydrangeas.com/mopheads.html</a> - All About Hydrangeas: Information on Hydrangea macrophylla.</li> <li><a href="http://www.floridata.com/ref/h/hydran_m.cfm">http://www.floridata.com/ref/h/hydran_m.cfm</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic/plants/landscape/shrubs/hgic1067.html">http://www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic/plants/landscape/shrubs/hgic1067.html</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927110701/http://lakecounty.typepad.com/life_in_lake_county/2007/07/hydrangea-thoug.html">Hydrangea Thoughts I</a> - Informative but non-scholarly essay on Hydrangea (Culture, History and Etymology).</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 15 March 2025. <a href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/791637-1" target="_blank">https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/791637-1</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Huxley, Antony; Levy, Margot (1992). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. London & New York: MacMillan. p. 610. ISBN 0-333-47494-5. <a href="0-333-47494-5" target="_blank">0-333-47494-5</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Bean, William Jackson; Clarke, D. L. (1981). Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles. Vol. 2. John Murray Pubs Limited. pp. 391–396. ISBN 0-7195-2256-0. <a href="0-7195-2256-0" target="_blank">0-7195-2256-0</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965. <a href="978-1405332965" target="_blank">978-1405332965</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 15 March 2025. <a href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/791637-1" target="_blank">https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/791637-1</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Huxley, Antony; Levy, Margot (1992). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. London & New York: MacMillan. p. 610. ISBN 0-333-47494-5. <a href="0-333-47494-5" target="_blank">0-333-47494-5</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 15 March 2025. <a href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/791637-1" target="_blank">https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/791637-1</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Wilson, Ernest Henry (1921). "The Hortensias Hydrangea macrophylla DC. and Hydrangea serrata DC". Journal of the Arnold Arboretum. 4: 238. ISSN 0004-2625. Retrieved 2025-04-25. <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8368427" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8368427</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Wilson, Ernest Henry (1921). "The Hortensias Hydrangea macrophylla DC. and Hydrangea serrata DC". Journal of the Arnold Arboretum. 4: 238. ISSN 0004-2625. Retrieved 2025-04-25. <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8368427" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8368427</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Ohwi, Jisaburo; Meyer, Frederick G.; Walker, Egbert H. (1965). Flora of Japan. Smithsonian Institution. pp. 511. <a href="https://archive.org/details/floraofjapaninen00oiji" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/floraofjapaninen00oiji</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Hydrangea serrata (Thunb.) Ser". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2025-04-25. <a href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:791682-1" target="_blank">https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:791682-1</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Wiersema, John H.; León, Blanca (2016). World Economic Plants: A Standard Reference, Second Edition. CRC Press. p. 357. ISBN 9781466576810. <a href="9781466576810" target="_blank">9781466576810</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Hydrangea macrophylla". flora.on. Retrieved 1 November 2020. <a href="https://acores.flora-on.pt/#/1hydrangea" target="_blank">https://acores.flora-on.pt/#/1hydrangea</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. p. 224. ISBN 9781845337315. <a href="9781845337315" target="_blank">9781845337315</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Wilson, Ernest Henry (1921). "The Hortensias Hydrangea macrophylla DC. and Hydrangea serrata DC". Journal of the Arnold Arboretum. 4: 238. ISSN 0004-2625. Retrieved 2025-04-25. <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8368427" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8368427</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Bean, William Jackson; Clarke, D. L. (1981). Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles. Vol. 2. John Murray Pubs Limited. pp. 391–396. ISBN 0-7195-2256-0. <a href="0-7195-2256-0" target="_blank">0-7195-2256-0</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Huxley, Antony; Levy, Margot (1992). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. London & New York: MacMillan. p. 610. ISBN 0-333-47494-5. <a href="0-333-47494-5" target="_blank">0-333-47494-5</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Huxley, Antony; Levy, Margot (1992). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. London & New York: MacMillan. p. 610. ISBN 0-333-47494-5. <a href="0-333-47494-5" target="_blank">0-333-47494-5</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Bean, William Jackson; Clarke, D. L. (1981). Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles. Vol. 2. John Murray Pubs Limited. pp. 391–396. ISBN 0-7195-2256-0. <a href="0-7195-2256-0" target="_blank">0-7195-2256-0</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Wade, Gary L. (August 2017) [September 2009]. Growing Bigleaf Hydrangea. University of Georgia. <a href="https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=C973&title=Growing%20Bigleaf%20Hydrangea" target="_blank">https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=C973&title=Growing%20Bigleaf%20Hydrangea</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Hydrangea Questions and Answers". The United States National Arboretum. United States Department of Agriculture. 28 September 2005. 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Acta Medica Okayama. 54 (5): 227–232. PMID 11061572. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/PMID_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Yarnell E, Abascal K (Oct 2004). "Botanical treatment and prevention of malaria: Part 2 - Selected botanicals". Alternative and Complementary Therapies. 10 (5): 277–84. doi:10.1089/act.2004.10.277. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Zhang, Hailong; Matsuda, Hisashi; Yamashita, Chihiro; Nakamura, Seikou; Yoshikawa, Masayuki (2009). "Hydrangeic acid from the processed leaves of Hydrangea macrophylla var. thunbergii as a new type of anti-diabetic compound". European Journal of Pharmacology. 606 (1–3): 255–61. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.01.005. PMID 19374876. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Huxley, Antony; Levy, Margot (1992). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. London & New York: MacMillan. p. 610. ISBN 0-333-47494-5. <a href="0-333-47494-5" target="_blank">0-333-47494-5</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Types of Hydrangeas at Plant Addicts. Accessed 7/3/2018 <a href="https://plantaddicts.com/types-of-hydrangeas" target="_blank">https://plantaddicts.com/types-of-hydrangeas</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>"AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 51. Retrieved 7 March 2018. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>"RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Altona'". Retrieved 1 August 2020. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/98866/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Altona-(H)/Details" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/98866/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Altona-(H)/Details</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>"RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Ami Pasquier'". Retrieved 1 August 2020. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/96699/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Ami-Pasquier-(H)/Details" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/96699/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Ami-Pasquier-(H)/Details</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>"RHS Plants - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Ayesha'". Retrieved 1 September 2019. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/90005/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Ayesha-(H)/Details" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/90005/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Ayesha-(H)/Details</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>"RHS Plantfinder - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Blaumeiser'". Retrieved 7 March 2018. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/65384/i-Hydrangea-macrophylla-i-Blaumeise-(Teller-Series)-(L)/Details" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/65384/i-Hydrangea-macrophylla-i-Blaumeise-(Teller-Series)-(L)/Details</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>"RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Europa'". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050919/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3120" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050919/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3120</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>"RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Générale Vicomtesse de Vibraye'". Retrieved 5 September 2020. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/93784/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Generale-Vicomtesse-de-Vibraye-(H)/Details" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/93784/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Generale-Vicomtesse-de-Vibraye-(H)/Details</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>"RHS Plant - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Lady in Red'". Retrieved 1 September 2019. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/211088/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Lady-in-Red-(L)/Details" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/211088/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Lady-in-Red-(L)/Details</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>"RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Lanarth White'". Retrieved 5 September 2020. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/98588/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Lanarth-White-(L)/Details" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/98588/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Lanarth-White-(L)/Details</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>"RHS Plantfinder - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Love You Kiss'". Retrieved 7 March 2018. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/229061/i-Hydrangea-macrophylla-i-Love-You-Kiss-sup-(PBR)-sup-(Hovaria-Series)-(L)/Details" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/229061/i-Hydrangea-macrophylla-i-Love-You-Kiss-sup-(PBR)-sup-(Hovaria-Series)-(L)/Details</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>"RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Madame Emile Mouillère'". Retrieved 5 September 2020. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/96064/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Madame-Emile-Mouillere-(H)/Details" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/96064/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Madame-Emile-Mouillere-(H)/Details</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>"RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Mariesii Grandiflora'". Retrieved 5 September 2020. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/166285/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Mariesii-Grandiflora-(L)/Details" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/166285/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Mariesii-Grandiflora-(L)/Details</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>"RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Mariesii Lilacina'". Retrieved 1 August 2020. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/178223/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Mariesii-Lilacina-(L)/Details" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/178223/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Mariesii-Lilacina-(L)/Details</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>"RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Mariesii Perfecta'". Retrieved 1 August 2020. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/96799/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Mariesii-Perfecta-(L)/Details" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/96799/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Mariesii-Perfecta-(L)/Details</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>"RHS Plant - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Masja'". Retrieved 1 September 2019. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/63035/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Masja-(H)/Details" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/63035/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Masja-(H)/Details</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>"RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Möwe'". Retrieved 5 September 2020. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/132932/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Mowe-(Teller-Series)-(L)/Details" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/132932/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Mowe-(Teller-Series)-(L)/Details</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>"RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Nigra'". Retrieved 22 June 2013. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/93285/i-Hydrangea-macrophylla-i-Nigra-(H)/Details" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/93285/i-Hydrangea-macrophylla-i-Nigra-(H)/Details</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>"RHS Plantfinder - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Rotschwantz'". Retrieved 7 March 2018. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/130471/i-Hydrangea-macrophylla-i-Rotschwanz-(Teller-Series)-(L)/Details" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/130471/i-Hydrangea-macrophylla-i-Rotschwanz-(Teller-Series)-(L)/Details</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>"RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Tokyo Delight'". Retrieved 1 August 2020. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/91259/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Tokyo-Delight-(L)/Details" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/91259/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Tokyo-Delight-(L)/Details</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>"RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Veitchii'". Retrieved 1 August 2020. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/97082/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Veitchii-(L)/Details" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/97082/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Veitchii-(L)/Details</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>"RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Westfalen'". Retrieved 1 August 2020. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/98795/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Westfalen-(H)/Details" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/98795/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Westfalen-(H)/Details</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>"RHS Plantfinder - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Zorro'". Retrieved 7 March 2018. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/65384/i-Hydrangea-macrophylla-i-Blaumeise-(Teller-Series)-(L)/Details" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/65384/i-Hydrangea-macrophylla-i-Blaumeise-(Teller-Series)-(L)/Details</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>