Assault gun

<h2 id="concept-doctrine-and-design">Concept, doctrine and design</h2>
The core concept of the assault gun is a <a href="/facts/Armoured_fighting_vehicle/RGHj9Y1r">protected</a> <a href="/facts/Self-propelled_artillery/hohbl8cF">self propelled</a> <a href="/facts/Infantry_gun/q9caHDkq">infantry gun</a>. This means it is intended to be used by <a href="/facts/Infantry_brigade/QAHDDQtk">infantry brigades</a> in order to give infantry mobile heavy <a href="/facts/Direct_fire/Nu2ocjac">direct fire</a> capability against protected enemy positions and threats, to be able move with infantry in assaults, and secondarily to give some armored protection against enemy fire.
Historically, the concept of assault guns was very similar to that of the <a href="/facts/Infantry_tank/Bs17FRLt">infantry tank</a>, as both were combat vehicles intended to accompany infantry formations into battle, but where assault gun designs often skipped tank features and design elements deemed unnecessary for reasons of cost and <a href="/facts/Doctrine/MtDwPUVg">doctrine</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> However, during <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a> assault guns were more mobile than tanks and could be utilized as both direct and <a href="/facts/Indirect_fire/g86Xc8b6">indirect fire</a> artillery.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> Although they could approximate the firepower of a tank, assault guns mostly fired <a href="/facts/High_explosive_shell/a51oDRdu">high explosive shells</a> at relatively low velocities, which were well suited for their role of knocking out hard points such as fortified positions and buildings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> They were not intended to be deployed as tank substitutes or dedicated <a href="/facts/Tank_destroyer/52QsHD3E">tank destroyers</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> Nevertheless, as the conflict progressed, the increasing proliferation of tanks on the battlefield forced many assault gun units to engage armor in defense of the infantry, and led to armies becoming more dependent on multipurpose designs which combined the traditionally separate roles of an assault gun and a tank destroyer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>
German and Soviet assault guns introduced during World War II usually carried their main armament in a fully enclosed <a href="/facts/Casemate/bX2BhUf2">casemate</a> rather than a <a href="/facts/Gun_turret/Rn5mhFdW">gun turret</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> Although this limited the <a href="/facts/Field_of_fire/gJh70U5g">field of fire</a> and traverse of the armament, it also had the advantage of a reduced silhouette and simplified the manufacturing process.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> The United States never developed a purpose-built assault gun during the war, although it did modify preexisting armored fighting vehicles for that role, including the <a href="/facts/M4_Sherman/hxXAa8sp">M4 Sherman</a> (as the M4(105)), the <a href="/facts/M5_Stuart/R0J49jCj">M5 Stuart</a> (as the <a href="/facts/M8_Scott/8kRoBw9B">M8 Scott</a>), and the <a href="/facts/M3_half-track/7E2Vmp5o">M3 half-track</a> (as the <a href="/facts/T19_Howitzer_Motor_Carriage/TdKGrNnN">T19 Howitzer Motor Carriage</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> The classic assault gun concept was largely abandoned during the postwar era in favor of tanks or multipurpose tank destroyers attached to infantry formations, which were also capable of providing direct fire support as needed. In the United States and most Western countries, the assault gun ceased to be recognized as a unique niche, with individual examples being classified either as a self-propelled howitzer or a tank,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> one exception being <a href="/facts/Sweden/u3qC7lyj">Sweden</a>, which continued to develop casemate assault guns post-war, such as the <a href="/facts/Infanterikanonvagn_72/We2sleIJ">Infanterikanonvagn 72</a>, all the way into the 1960s before settling on a turreted design in 1968, becoming the <a href="/facts/Infanterikanonvagn_91/DDyUHbeK">Infanterikanonvagn 91</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> The Soviet Union continued funding development of new assault guns as late as 1967, although few of its postwar designs were adopted in large numbers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> In Soviet and Eastern European armies, the traditional assault gun was primarily superseded by tank destroyers, such as the <a href="/facts/SU-100/5ItY45co">SU-100</a>, which is capable of supporting either infantry or armor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> Since the 1980s, the multi-purpose assault gun concept has seen a resurgence, mainly in the form of turreted wheeled designs, such as the South African <a href="/facts/Rooikat/aS9VGvfy">Rooikat</a> and Italian <a href="/facts/B1_Centauro/LN35M30n">B1 Centauro</a>. Today, modern assault guns include the Japanese <a href="/facts/Type_16_maneuver_combat_vehicle/hbs6NlQJ">Type 16 maneuver combat vehicle</a> and the American <a href="/facts/M1128_mobile_gun_system/7az3CDSt">M1128 Stryker</a> and <a href="/facts/M10_Booker/xB8DDc6p">M10 Booker</a>.

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
<h3>World War II</h3>

Assault guns were primarily developed during <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a> by the forces of <a href="/facts/Nazi_Germany/8kRbqRpo">Nazi Germany</a> and the <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a>. Early in the war, the Germans began to create makeshift assault guns by mounting their <a href="/facts/Infantry_support_weapon/7vMQBJxL">infantry support weapons</a> on the bed of a <a href="/facts/Truck/9GMJWsQU">truck</a> or on obsolete <a href="/facts/Tank/CwQLRQsy">tanks</a> with the turret removed. Later in the war, both the Germans and the Soviets introduced fully <a href="/facts/Armoured_warfare/atNMzBbv">armoured</a> purpose-built assault guns into their arsenals.
Early on, the Soviets built the <a href="/facts/KV-2/6oVAGAty">KV-2</a>, a variant of the <a href="/facts/KV-1_(tank)/6oVAGAty">KV-1</a> heavy tank with a short-barreled <a href="/facts/152_mm_howitzer_M1938_(M-10)/cl1ykPYm">152 mm howitzer</a> mounted in an oversized turret. This was not a success in battle, and was replaced with a very successful series of turretless assault guns: the <a href="/facts/SU-76/7Tn0KUjm">SU-76</a>, <a href="/facts/SU-122/aBjyEsAR">SU-122</a>, and the heavy <a href="/facts/SU-152/pvdVk6nb">SU-152</a>, which were followed by the <a href="/facts/ISU-122/t1EDW8cI">ISU-122</a> and <a href="/facts/ISU-152/tcdoP20H">ISU-152</a> on the new <a href="/facts/Iosif_Stalin_tank/9TrT6zBK">IS</a> heavy tank <a href="/facts/Chassis/YdnWbDFK">chassis</a>.

The primary German assault gun was the <a href="/facts/Sturmgesch%25C3%25BCtz_III/WxuaMlxc">Sturmgeschütz III</a> (StuG III). At about the same time (March 1942) as the howitzer-like KwK 37 gun was dropped from the Panzer IV's use, its Sturmkanone equivalent in the StuG III up to that time, was likewise replaced with a longer-barreled, high-velocity dual-purpose <a href="/facts/7.5_cm_KwK_40/tTkVHG3t">75 mm gun</a> that had also been derived from the successful <a href="/facts/PaK_40/SbYYPwDE">PaK 40</a> anti-tank towed artillery piece. The Germans also built a number of other fully armoured turretless assault guns, including the <a href="/facts/StuG_IV/LauzDbyV">StuG IV</a>, <a href="/facts/Sturm-Infanteriegesch%25C3%25BCtz_33B/b5SvTIsh">StuIG 33B</a>, <a href="/facts/Brummb%25C3%25A4r/puPavq3Y">Brummbär</a> and <a href="/facts/Sturmtiger/sYDV2acJ">Sturmtiger</a>. This last one was a very heavy vehicle, and was built only in small quantities.
<a href="/facts/Battalion/AohlXDhb">Battalions</a> of assault guns, usually StuG IIIs, commonly replaced the intended <a href="/facts/Panzer/q02x8f5L">panzer</a> battalion in the German <a href="/facts/Panzergrenadier/TUVavuIl">panzergrenadier</a> <a href="/facts/Division_(military)/5T3WumCd">divisions</a> due to the chronic shortage of tanks, and were sometimes used as makeshifts even in the <a href="/facts/Panzer_division/0EL40JC4">panzer divisions</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> Independent battalions were also deployed as "stiffeners" for <a href="/facts/Infantry/QAHDDQtk">infantry</a> divisions, and the StuG III's <a href="/facts/Anti-tank/wL0Vh0mV">anti-tank</a> capabilities bolstered dwindling tank numbers on the Eastern and Western fronts.

US and UK forces also deployed vehicles designed for a close support role, but these were conventional tanks whose only significant modification was the replacement of the main gun with a howitzer. Two versions of the American <a href="/facts/M4_Sherman/hxXAa8sp">Sherman tank</a> were armed with the <a href="/facts/M101_howitzer/MDSR6j2z">M4 105 mm howitzer</a>, the M4(105) and the M4A3(105); these were designated assault guns in US usage of the term. The <a href="/facts/M8_Scott/8kRoBw9B">M8 Scott</a>, based on the chassis of the <a href="/facts/M5_Stuart/R0J49jCj">M5 Stuart</a> light tank, was also an assault cannon and carried a <a href="/facts/M116_howitzer/WLx5QaGH">75 mm short howitzer</a>. The <a href="/facts/Churchill_tank/fDu8haKu">Churchill</a>, Centaur and <a href="/facts/Cromwell_tank/RcUS6ogV">Cromwell</a> tanks were all produced in versions armed with <a href="/facts/Ordnance_QF_95_mm_Howitzer/TR6r7sv2">95 mm howitzers</a>: the Churchill Mark V and Mark VIII, the Centaur Mark IV and the Cromwell Mark VI. Earlier British tanks, such as the <a href="/facts/Crusader_tank/kIXEzH4V">Crusader cruiser tank</a> and the <a href="/facts/Matilda_II/dWbhgmcK">Matilda II Infantry tank</a> were produced in versions armed with the <a href="/facts/Ordnance_QF_3-inch_howitzer/GgEzxe8C">3-inch howitzer</a>; the first versions of the Churchill tank also had this gun in a hull mounting. American <a href="/facts/Tank_destroyer/52QsHD3E">tank destroyer</a> units were often used in the assault gun role for infantry support.
The <a href="/facts/Armoured_Vehicle_Royal_Engineers/9E1RYC4N">AVRE</a> version of the Churchill tank was armed with a <a href="/facts/Mortar_(weapon)/2vs8xEBx">spigot mortar</a> that fired a 40 lb (18 kg) <a href="/facts/High_explosive/sUme5Pp8">HE</a>-filled projectile (nicknamed the Flying Dustbin) 150 yards (140 m). Its task was to attack fortified positions such as <a href="/facts/Bunker/WDHwf6sc">bunkers</a> at close range (see <a href="/facts/Hobart%2527s_Funnies/6EjIYCSI">Hobart's Funnies</a>).

<h3>Since World War II</h3>
In the post-World War II era, most vehicles fitting into an "assault gun" category were developed as a light-weight, air-deployable, direct fire combat vehicles for use with airborne troops. Those weapons were either based on <a href="/facts/Military_light_utility_vehicle/8466zPM3">light utility vehicles</a> or small <a href="/facts/Tracked_vehicles/Kdn9EBLN">tracked vehicles</a> and the airborne troops thus always fought at a distinct disadvantage in terms of heavy weapons. The Soviet Union and the United States were the most attracted to the idea of providing this capability to traditionally light airborne forces. Their answers to the problem were similar, with the United States developing the <a href="/facts/M56_Scorpion/4EwkCUt4">M56 Scorpion</a> and the Soviet Union developing the <a href="/facts/ASU-57/IjD1b4kb">ASU-57</a>, both essentially airdroppable light anti-tank guns.

The Soviets went on to develop an improved airdroppable assault gun, the <a href="/facts/ASU-85/jsQEGSkV">ASU-85</a>, which served through the 1980s, while their <a href="/facts/SU-100/5ItY45co">SU-100</a> remained in service with Communist countries, including Vietnam and Cuba, years after World War II. The US M56 and another armoured vehicle, the <a href="/facts/M50_Ontos/89nFgwhe">M50 Ontos</a>, were to be the last of the more traditional assault guns in US service. Improvised arrangements such as <a href="/facts/M113_Armored_Personnel_Carrier/N3aekwcp">M113 personnel carriers</a> with recoilless rifles were quickly replaced by missile carrier vehicles in the anti-tank role.
The only vehicle with the qualities of an assault gun to be fielded after the removal of the M50 and M56 from service within the US military was the <a href="/facts/M551_Sheridan/w2uarVr6">M551 Sheridan</a>. The Sheridan's gun was a low-velocity weapon suitable in the assault role, but with the addition of the <a href="/facts/Shillelagh_missile/k8xnc3qT">Shillelagh missile</a> could double in the anti-tank role as well. The Sheridan, however, was not developed as an assault gun but as a light reconnaissance vehicle.

Currently, there appears to be a move toward wheeled vehicles fitting a "tank destroyer" or "assault gun" role, such as the <a href="/facts/M1128_mobile_gun_system/7az3CDSt">M1128 mobile gun system</a> of the <a href="/facts/United_States_Army/WACWBEK9">United States Army</a>, the <a href="/facts/B1_Centauro/LN35M30n">B1 Centauro</a> wheeled tank destroyer of the <a href="/facts/Italian_Army/alAVho1b">Italian</a> and <a href="/facts/Spanish_Army/CX236q8F">Spanish Armies</a>, the Chinese anti-tank gun <a href="/facts/PTL-02/tJTYGwbd">PTL-02</a> and <a href="/facts/Type_08/M5bbTTRa">ZBL08 assault gun</a>, and the French <a href="/facts/AMX-10_RC/Mwh4p3cN">AMX-10 RC</a> heavy armoured car. While these vehicles might be useful in a direct fire role, none were developed with this specifically in mind, reminiscent of the use of tank destroyers by the US military in the assault gun role during World War II.

<h2 id="assault-guns-per-nation">Assault guns per nation</h2>
<h3>Germany</h3>

<ul><li>1940 – <a href="/facts/Sturmgesch%25C3%25BCtz_III/WxuaMlxc">Sturmgeschütz III</a></li>
<li>1940 – <a href="/facts/15_cm_sIG_33_(Sf)_auf_Panzerkampfwagen_I_Ausf_B/CuPt8YMz">Sturmpanzer I Bison</a></li>
<li>1941 – <a href="/facts/15_cm_sIG_33_auf_Fahrgestell_Panzerkampfwagen_II_(Sf)/BbGtjrw9">Sturmpanzer II</a></li>
<li>1942 – Sturmpanzer III</li>
<li>1942 – <a href="/facts/Sturm-Infanteriegesch%25C3%25BCtz_33B/b5SvTIsh">Sturm-Infanteriegeschütz 33B</a></li>
<li>1943 – <a href="/facts/Sturmhaubitze_42/WxuaMlxc">Sturmhaubitze 42</a></li>
<li>1943 – <a href="/facts/Sturmgesch%25C3%25BCtz_IV/LauzDbyV">Sturmgeschütz IV</a></li>
<li>1943 – <a href="/facts/Brummb%25C3%25A4r/puPavq3Y">Sturmpanzer IV Stupa</a></li>
<li>1943 – <a href="/facts/Grille_(artillery)/w2hxxUFI">Sturmpanzer 38(t) Grille Ausf. H</a></li>
<li>1944 – <a href="/facts/Grille_(artillery)/w2hxxUFI">Sturmpanzer 38(t) Grille Ausf. K</a></li>
<li>1944 – <a href="/facts/Sturmtiger/sYDV2acJ">Sturmpanzer VI Sturmtiger</a></li></ul>
<h3>Hungary</h3>

<ul><li>1943 – <a href="/facts/43M_Zr%25C3%25ADnyi_II/S5e7zxN0">43M Zrínyi II</a></li>
<li>1944 – <a href="/facts/44M_Zr%25C3%25ADnyi_I/gSjo934R">44M Zrínyi I</a></li></ul>
<h3>Sweden</h3>

<ul><li>1943 – <a href="/facts/Landsverk_L-60/zqIhgQWY">Stormpjäs fm/43</a></li>
<li>1944 – <a href="/facts/Stridsvagn_m%2f41/Ht2TKsL2">Stormpjäs fm/43-44</a></li>
<li>1944 – <a href="/facts/Stormartillerivagn_m%2f43/8g3MyVwn">Stormartillerivagn m/43</a></li>
<li>1953 – <a href="/facts/Infanterikanonvagn_72/We2sleIJ">Infanterikanonvagn 72</a></li>
<li>1957 – <a href="/facts/Infanterikanonvagn_73/8FV9omAa">Infanterikanonvagn 73</a></li>
<li>1957 – <a href="/facts/Infanterikanonvagn_102/We2sleIJ">Infanterikanonvagn 102</a></li>
<li>1957 – <a href="/facts/Infanterikanonvagn_103/We2sleIJ">Infanterikanonvagn 103</a></li>
<li>1976 – <a href="/facts/Infanterikanonvagn_91/DDyUHbeK">Infanterikanonvagn 91</a></li>
<li>1994 – <a href="/facts/Combat_Vehicle_90/mzuCaG5L">Stridsfordon 90105</a></li>
<li>1998 – <a href="/facts/Combat_Vehicle_90/mzuCaG5L">Stridsfordon 90120</a></li></ul>
<h3>USA</h3>

<ul><li>1941 – <a href="/facts/T18_Howitzer_Motor_Carriage/51rv1JIC">T18 HMC</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a></li>
<li>1942 – <a href="/facts/Howitzer_motor_carriage_M8/8kRoBw9B">M8 Scott</a></li>
<li>1944 – <a href="/facts/M4_Sherman/hxXAa8sp">M4 Sherman 105</a></li>
<li>1953 – <a href="/facts/M56_Scorpion/4EwkCUt4">M56 Scorpion</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a></li>
<li>1956 – <a href="/facts/M50_Ontos/89nFgwhe">M50 Ontos</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a></li>
<li>1969 – <a href="/facts/M551_Sheridan/w2uarVr6">M551 Sheridan</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a></li>
<li>1985 – <a href="/facts/CCVL/TrT8Gdqh">CCVL</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a></li>
<li>1992 – <a href="/facts/M8_armored_gun_system/TrT8Gdqh">M8 AGS</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a></li>
<li>2002 – <a href="/facts/M1128_mobile_gun_system/7az3CDSt">M1128 Stryker</a> (LAV-105)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a></li>
<li>2021 – <a href="/facts/XM1302_Mobile_Protected_Firepower/jgpverzl">XM1302 MPF</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a></li>
<li>2022 – <a href="/facts/M10_Booker/xB8DDc6p">M10 Booker</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Jagdpanzer/xu8s9XS8">Jagdpanzer</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Panzerj%25C3%25A4ger/4evo1KMo">Panzerjäger</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Sturmgesch%25C3%25BCtz/Afx32Vxd">Sturmgeschütz</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_infantry_support_guns/broalh8C">List of infantry support guns</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Blennemann, Dirk (2003). Hitler's Army: The Evolution And Structure Of German Forces 1933-1945. Boston: Da Capo Press. pp. 66–63. ISBN 978-0306812606. <a href="978-0306812606" target="_blank">978-0306812606</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Bull, Stephen (2004). Encyclopedia of Military Technology and Innovation (2004 ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 229. ISBN 978-1573565578. <a href="978-1573565578" target="_blank">978-1573565578</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Bradford, James (2006). International Encyclopedia of Military History (2006 ed.). Routledge Books. pp. 123–124. ISBN 978-0415936613. <a href="978-0415936613" target="_blank">978-0415936613</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Blennemann, Dirk (2003). Hitler's Army: The Evolution And Structure Of German Forces 1933-1945. Boston: Da Capo Press. pp. 66–63. ISBN 978-0306812606. <a href="978-0306812606" target="_blank">978-0306812606</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Blennemann, Dirk (2003). Hitler's Army: The Evolution And Structure Of German Forces 1933-1945. Boston: Da Capo Press. pp. 66–63. ISBN 978-0306812606. <a href="978-0306812606" target="_blank">978-0306812606</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Gudmundsson, Bruce (2004). On Armor. Westport, Connecticut: Prager Books. pp. 114–126. ISBN 978-0812216202. <a href="978-0812216202" target="_blank">978-0812216202</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Gudmundsson, Bruce (2004). On Armor. Westport, Connecticut: Prager Books. pp. 114–126. ISBN 978-0812216202. <a href="978-0812216202" target="_blank">978-0812216202</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Gudmundsson, Bruce (2004). On Armor. Westport, Connecticut: Prager Books. pp. 114–126. ISBN 978-0812216202. <a href="978-0812216202" target="_blank">978-0812216202</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Gudmundsson, Bruce (2004). On Armor. Westport, Connecticut: Prager Books. pp. 114–126. ISBN 978-0812216202. <a href="978-0812216202" target="_blank">978-0812216202</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Tucker-Jones, Anthony (2016). German Assault Guns and Tank Destroyers 1940 - 1945: Rare Photographs from Wartime Archives. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Books, Ltd. p. 114. ISBN 978-1473845992. <a href="978-1473845992" target="_blank">978-1473845992</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Levine, Mark (2000). D-Day to Berlin: The Northwest Europe Campaign, 1944-45. Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-0811733861. <a href="978-0811733861" target="_blank">978-0811733861</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Levine, Mark (2000). D-Day to Berlin: The Northwest Europe Campaign, 1944-45. Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-0811733861. <a href="978-0811733861" target="_blank">978-0811733861</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Gabel, Christopher; Estes, Kenneth (August 1999). Hoffman, George; Starry, Donn (eds.). Camp Colt to Desert Storm: The History of U.S. Armored Forces. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. pp. 149–156, 479–481. ISBN 978-0813121307. <a href="978-0813121307" target="_blank">978-0813121307</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Underhill, Garrett (November–December 1972). "The Story Of Soviet Armor: Assault Guns And Self-Propelled Artillery". Armor. Fort Knox, Kentucky: US Army Armor Center: 28–38. <a href="/wiki/Armor_magazine" target="_blank">/wiki/Armor_magazine</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">sp15 (Sep 29, 2018). "Swedish tanks: Ikv 91 revisited". From the swedish archives. WordPress.com. Retrieved 2022-05-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) <a href="https://fromtheswedisharchives.wordpress.com/2018/09/29/swedish-tanks-ikv-91-revisited/" target="_blank">https://fromtheswedisharchives.wordpress.com/2018/09/29/swedish-tanks-ikv-91-revisited/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Warford, James (July–September 2016). "Armored Vehicle Development Behind The Curtain: The Secret Life Of The Soviet SU-122-54 Assault Gun". Armor. Fort Knox, Kentucky: US Army Armor Center: 12–14. <a href="/wiki/Armor_magazine" target="_blank">/wiki/Armor_magazine</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Underhill, Garrett (November–December 1972). "The Story Of Soviet Armor: Assault Guns And Self-Propelled Artillery". Armor. Fort Knox, Kentucky: US Army Armor Center: 28–38. <a href="/wiki/Armor_magazine" target="_blank">/wiki/Armor_magazine</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Thomas L. Jentz (1996): Panzertruppen: The Complete Guide to the Creation & Combat Employment of Germany's Tank Force, vol.2, 1943-1945, p.68 <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">"75 mm Howitzer Motor Carriage T18". tanks-encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2025-01-24. <a href="https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/75-mm-howitzer-motor-carriage-t18/" target="_blank">https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/75-mm-howitzer-motor-carriage-t18/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Estes, Kenneth W. M50 Ontos and M56 Scorpion 1956–70: US Tank Destroyers of the Vietnam War. pp. 4, 33, 36. <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Estes, Kenneth W. M50 Ontos and M56 Scorpion 1956–70: US Tank Destroyers of the Vietnam War. pp. 4, 33, 36. <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">"M551 Armored Reconnaissance/Airborne Assault Vehicle". inetres.com. Retrieved 2025-01-24. <a href="https://www.inetres.com/gp/military/cv/tank/M551.html" target="_blank">https://www.inetres.com/gp/military/cv/tank/M551.html</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Freeman, Major Marshall A. (5 April 1991). The Army Needs a Strategic Armored Gun System—Now! (PDF) (War College Individual Study Project). U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks. pp. 12–14, 16. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA236965.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA236965.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Freeman, Major Marshall A. (5 April 1991). The Army Needs a Strategic Armored Gun System—Now! (PDF) (War College Individual Study Project). U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks. pp. 12–14, 16. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA236965.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA236965.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Freeman, Major Marshall A. (5 April 1991). The Army Needs a Strategic Armored Gun System—Now! (PDF) (War College Individual Study Project). U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks. pp. 12–14, 16. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA236965.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA236965.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">By extension of the M8 AGS program and the following MPF program. <a href="/wiki/M8_armored_gun_system" target="_blank">/wiki/M8_armored_gun_system</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Nicholas Moran (2023-01-08). "Inside the Chieftain's Hatch Snapshot: XM10 Booker". youtube.com. The Chieftain. Retrieved 2025-01-24. <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Moran" target="_blank">/wiki/Nicholas_Moran</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Nicholas Moran (2023-01-19). "Ten Responses to the MPF Discussion". youtube.com. The Chieftain. Retrieved 2025-01-24. <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Moran" target="_blank">/wiki/Nicholas_Moran</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Assault gun open-in-new

Assault gun