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Protector (title)
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<h2 id="political-and-administrative">Political and administrative</h2> <h3>Heads of state</h3> <h4>Iran</h4> <p><i>Wakil ar-Ra`aya</i> (rendered as Protector of the People) was a title of the Persian imperial Monarch under the <a href="/facts/Zand_dynasty/cYg8558f">Zand</a> dynasty, as those rulers refused (except the last as noted) the style <a href="/facts/Shahanshah/5fHmcDtU">Shahanshah</a>. The founding ruler of the Zand dynasty adopted the style; it appears that his successors used the same style, although documentation is obscure. </p> <ul><li>1773 - 1 March 1779 Mohammad Karim Khan Zand (b. c.1707 - d. 1779)</li> <li>6 March 1779 - 1779 Abu al-Fath Khan Zand (1st time) (b. 1755 - d. 1787) - <i>jointly with</i> 6 March 1779 - 19 June 1779 <a href="/facts/Mohammad-Ali_Khan_Zand/NS1Nn9XC">Mohammad Ali Khan Zand</a> (b. 1760 - d. 1...)</li> <li>19 June 1779 - 22 August 1779 Abu al-Fath Khan Zand (2nd time)</li> <li>22 August 1779 - 14 March 1781 <a href="/facts/Sadeq_Khan_Zand/zjwS38YH">Mohammad Sadeq Khan Zand</a> (d. 1782)</li> <li>15 March 1781 - 11 February 1785 <a href="/facts/Ali-Morad_Khan_Zand/RY0etTJp">Ali Morad Khan Zand</a> (d. 1785)</li> <li>12 February 1785 - 17 February 1785 Baqer Khan Khorasakani</li> <li>18 February 1785 - 23 January 1789 <a href="/facts/Jafar_Khan_Zand/rzmXXuuM">Jaafar Khan Zand</a> (d. 1789)</li> <li>23 January 1789 - 10 May 1789 Seyd Morad Khan Zand</li> <li>10 May 1789 - 30 October 1794 <a href="/facts/Lotf_Ali_Khan_Zand/b0II5UVf">Lotf Ali Khan Zand</a> (b. c.1766 - d. 1794); he again adopted the traditional style <a href="/facts/Shah/5fHmcDtU">Shahanshah</a> March 1794 - 30 October 1794</li></ul> <h4>Europe</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Lord_Protector/tfTw1Fwp">Lord Protector</a> (plural: Lords Protectors) is a title that has been used at times in British constitutional law for the head of state.</li> <li>In <a href="/facts/Iceland/E4KGYs2j">Iceland</a>, one Sovereign was styled <i>Alls Íslands Verndari og Hæstráðandi til Sjós og Lands</i> ("Protector and supreme authority of all of Iceland on land and sea") 25 June - 22 August 1809 (an intermezzo between Danish Governors styled <i>Stiftamtmadur)</i>: <a href="/facts/J%C3%B8rgen_J%C3%B8rgensen/r7oHkS9r">Jørgen Jørgensen</a> (b. 1780 - d. 1841; nicknamed <i>Hundadagakonungur</i> "the Dog-Day King").</li> <li>In <a href="/facts/Estonia/PVjB16TI">Estonia</a>, <i>State-protector</i> was a common rendering of <a href="/facts/Riigihoidja/CIkFNc0Y">Riigihoidja</a>, a Head of State and Head of Government, from 24 January 1934 to 24 April 1938 (acting to 3 September 1937). One example of this title's holder is Konstantin Päts (b. 1874 - d. 1956), who was earlier five times State Elder, thereafter the first and only President before the Soviet takeover.</li> <li>In <a href="/facts/Finland/G5Ak6T91">Finland</a> (linguistically close to Estonian), State Protector is a common rendering, besides Regent, of two Finnish Heads of State 18 May 1918 - 27 July 1919, the first incumbent being also the last of the previous — untitled — acting heads of state.</li> <li>In the <a href="/facts/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth/Tt0zAlQD">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, King <a href="/facts/Karl_X_Gustaf/LHJabKxp">Karl X Gustaf</a> of Sweden (b. 1622 - d. 1660) (<a href="/facts/Polish_language/lzpvYDvV">Polish</a>: <i>Karol X Gustaw</i>), was styled <i>Protektor Rzeczypospolitej</i> in Polish ("Protector of the Republic") as challenger to the duly elected king Jan II Kazimierz during the middle part of his reign (17 January 1649 - 16 September 1668).</li></ul> <h4>Americas</h4> <ul><li>in the <a href="/facts/Dominican_Republic/u36V3Nsb">Dominican Republic</a>: 4 August 1865 - 15 November 1865, his first non-consecutive presidential term: <a href="/facts/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Cabral/vwG3LBT3">José María Cabral y de Luna</a> (b. 1819 - d. 1899)</li> <li>in <a href="/facts/Haiti/yjgyeK9w">Haiti</a>: <a href="/facts/Sylvain_Salnave/oR6z1L6X">Sylvain Salnave</a> (b. 1826 - d. 1870), one of the three members of the previous Provisional Government, was President 4 May 1867 - 27 December 1869 and <i>Protector of the Republic</i> to 16 June 1867</li> <li>in present <a href="/facts/Nicaragua/PsyPGXxm">Nicaragua</a>: on 20 April 1823 general <a href="/facts/Jos%C3%A9_Anacleto_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez/pkXHmN2A">José Anacleto Ordóñez</a> was proclaimed <i>General en Jefe del Ejército, Protector y Libertador de Granada</i>; he acted as head of state (e.g. in a treaty ), but set up a Governing <a href="/facts/Military_junta/XtbDfGNT">Junta</a> (it's unclear whether he was a member) which continued to govern after Granada's accession to the <a href="/facts/Central_American_Federation/DpL3LCwV">Central American Federation</a> on July 2</li> <li>in <a href="/facts/Peru/dBt7XrYD">Peru</a>: 3 August 1821 - 20 September 1822 general <a href="/facts/Jos%C3%A9_Francisco_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn/SjnWvSw3">José Francisco de San Martín</a> y Matorras (b. 1778 - d. 1850)</li> <li>in the <a href="/facts/Peru-Bolivian_Confederation/xehnPmSq">Peru-Bolivian Confederation</a>: <a href="/facts/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Santa_Cruz_y_Calahumana/uhUGoAFH">José Andrés de Santa Cruz y Villavicencio y Calumana</a> (b. 1792 - d. 1865; Military) Supreme Protector 28 October 1836 - 20 February 1839 (also <a href="/facts/Bolivia/YNBoDKKR">Bolivian</a> President 24 May 1829 - 20 February 1839)</li> <li>in <a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazil</a>, 12 October 1822 - 15 November 1889, the imperial style was <i>Imperador Constitucional e Defensor Perpétuo</i> (Constitutional Emperor and perpetual defender)</li></ul> <h3>Foreign hegemons</h3> <h4>Napoleonic France</h4> <ul><li>in most of Germany, east of the Rhine, except Prussia, from 25 July 1806 to 19 October 1813, the French Emperor, <a href="/facts/Napoleon_I_of_France/8TKBIjPM">Napoleon I</a>, bore the additional title of <i>protecteur de la Confédération du Rhin</i>, i.e. Protector of the <a href="/facts/Confederation_of_the_Rhine/HsgHkdct">Confederation of the Rhine</a>, generally known as <i>Rheinbund</i> ('Rhenan League'), uniting the German princes that had bowed to the conqueror. The actual presidency of its diet and council of Kings was held by a German prince, the <a href="/facts/F%C3%BCrstprimas/kUayAnaC">Fürstprimas</a> ('Prince-primate').</li> <li>Bonaparte had a similar position in Switzerland (then called the <a href="/facts/Helvetic_Republic/8GJR7yze">Helvetic Republic</a>/<a href="/facts/Swiss_Confederation_(Napoleonic)/sjNPmxYC">Swiss Confederation</a>) under French occupation, but there his style was <i>Médiateur de la Confédération Helvétique</i> (Mediator, 1809 - 31 December 1813), while the chairmanship of the Diet (legislative assembly, since 10 March 1803), the acting Head of the Confederation, with the title <i><a href="/facts/Landammann/5LcG32c7">Landammann</a> der Schweiz</i> (in German)/<i>Landamman de la Suisse</i> (in French)/<i><a href="/facts/Landamano/5LcG32c7">Landamano</a> della Svizzera</i> (in Italian), fell simply to the <a href="/facts/Chief_magistrate/cU3SBBwG">chief magistrate</a> of the canton hosting it.</li></ul> <h4>Nazi Germany</h4> <ul><li>Nazi Germany was represented by a Reichsprotektor ('Reich protector') in the Czech puppet-state it installed on 16 March 1939 under the explicit name <i>Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren</i>, the "<a href="/facts/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia/rSrRLwxP">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a>". (This excluded the ethnically German regions, which were annexed as <i>Reichsgau</i> <a href="/facts/Sudetenland/r9pXRhIv">Sudetenland</a>.) The Reichsprotektor held the real executive power, not the native President and Prime Minister. The German incumbents, after a month under a Military Governor, were: <ul><li>5 April 1939 – 20 August 1943 <a href="/facts/Konstantin_von_Neurath/KbYA2tx2">Konstantin von Neurath</a>, <i><a href="/facts/Freiherr/lAk5WoNb">Freiherr</a></i> (1873 – 1956) NSDAP</li> <li>27 September 1941 – 4 June 1942 <a href="/facts/Reinhard_Heydrich/XEmTkNJr">Reinhard Heydrich</a> (1904 – 1942) NSDAP (acting for Neurath)</li> <li>27 May 1942 – 28 May 1942 <a href="/facts/Karl_Hermann_Frank/mf9bUcUM">Karl Hermann Frank</a> (1898 – 1946) NSDAP (acting for the mortally wounded Heydrich)</li> <li>28 May 1942 – 14 October 1943 <a href="/facts/Kurt_Daluege/gqt2zue7">Kurt Daluege</a> (1897 – 1946) NSDAP (acting [to 5 June 1942] for Heydrich])</li> <li>14 October 1943 – 8 May 1945 <a href="/facts/Wilhelm_Frick/YlUqldBU">Wilhelm Frick</a> (1877 – 1946) NSDAP</li> <li>26 April 1945 – 8 May 1945 <a href="/facts/Ferdinand_Sch%C3%B6rner/r3zazbgf">Ferdinand Schörner</a> (1892 – 1973) (military commander with unrestricted executive power)</li></ul></li></ul> <h4>Fictitious</h4> <p>The self-styled <a href="/facts/Emperor_Norton/kjVfC483">Emperor Norton I of the United States</a> included among his titles "Protector of Mexico." </p> <h3>Colonial administration</h3> <ul><li>In Spanish America, a <a href="/facts/Protector_of_the_Indians/bnaVRr61">Protector of the Indians</a> was to restrain the abuses of the <a href="/facts/Conquistadores/sMtnRqCf">conquistadores</a> at the expense of the <a href="/facts/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas/LG2r6wXm">indigenous</a> <a href="/facts/Amerindian/LG2r6wXm">Indios</a>, e.g. granted to the first missionary <a href="/facts/Bishop_of_Cusco/zC7BKePK">bishop of Cusco</a> (in Peru).</li> <li>In the British Empire, a colonial official responsible for administering the <a href="/facts/Chinese_Protectorate/UskPHuK7">Chinese Protectorates</a>, entities charged with the well-being of <a href="/facts/Chinese_race/gMl0sKy0">ethnic Chinese</a> residents of the <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">British</a>-held <a href="/facts/Straits_Settlements/9aJGJuXN">Straits Settlements</a>—which included current-day <a href="/facts/Singapore/CQDkhUvD">Singapore</a>—during that territory's <a href="/facts/Colonialism/kvqx2DaV">colonial</a> period.</li> <li>In the French empire, the <i>Protecteur des Indigènes</i> 'Protector of the Natives' was a colonial official charged with the protection of an indigenous community; ironically, such 'native' status was also awarded to the (Asian) <i>immigrants</i> -thus officially named- on the island of <a href="/facts/La_R%C3%A9union/8088YvSY">La Réunion</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="religious">Religious</h2> <h3>Catholic</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Cardinal_protector/SnquIC7X">Cardinal protector</a></p> <p>Since the thirteenth century it has been customary at Rome to confide to some particular Cardinal a special solicitude in the <a href="/facts/Roman_Curia/LJ7r0uay">Roman Curia</a> for the interests of a given religious order or institute, confraternity, church, college, city, nation, etc. Such a person is known as a <i>Cardinal Protector</i>. </p> <h3>Islamic</h3> <p>The title <i>Hâdim ül Haramain ish Sharifain</i> or <i>Khādim al-Ḥaramayn al-Sharifayn</i>, <a href="/facts/Arabic/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a> for 'Servant of the Noble Sanctuaries', notably <a href="/facts/Mecca/udqyuk0k">Mecca</a> and <a href="/facts/Medina/nbDykVmK">Medina</a> (the destinations of the <a href="/facts/Hajj/eDC5AalN">hajj</a> pilgrimage; both in the <a href="/facts/Grand_Sherif/NpfxSasC">Grand Sherif</a>'s peninsular Arabian territory; the third being <a href="/facts/Jerusalem/PKJ8LT0Y">Jerusalem</a>, part of an province) was awarded to Sultan <a href="/facts/Salim_Khan_I/aVcgQv8C">Salim Khan I</a> by the Sherif of Mecca in 1517, a year after his conquest of Egypt and assuming of the title of <a href="/facts/Commander_of_the_Faithful/oAX2J5d7">Commander of the Faithful</a>, and <a href="/facts/Successor_of_the_Prophet_of_the_Lord_of_the_Universe/qQ6hCspe">Successor of the Prophet of the Lord of the Universe</a>, i.e. Caliph; both remained part of the full style of his successors on the throne. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Defensor_(disambiguation)/amPSYShF">Defensor</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Heavenly_protector/Gw1cv1vH">Heavenly protector</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lord_Protector/tfTw1Fwp">Lord Protector</a> (sometimes in the short form Protector)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Protector_of_Aborigines/Rrpnfq46">Protector of Aborigines</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Protectorate/TEBGopb9">Protectorate</a> for the use of the word for a state 'protecting' another political entity</li> <li><a href="/facts/Protectorate_of_Missions/cv6eYxD3">Protectorate of Missions</a></li></ul>