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Osage script
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<h2 id="letters">Letters</h2> <p class="note">For the pronunciation of the letters of the alphabet, see <a href="/facts/Osage_language/jc4utrLv">Osage language § Phonology</a> or the links below.</p> <h3>Vowels</h3> <p>The 2014 vowel letters are as follows: </p> Osage vowels<table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Oral</th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Nasal_vowel/E8MYuu0T">Nasal</a></th></tr><tr><th>Osage</th><th>Latin</th><th>Osage</th><th>Latin</th></tr><tr><td>𐒰 𐓘</td><td>A a</td><td>𐒰͘ 𐓘͘</td><td>Ą ą</td></tr><tr><td>𐒱 𐓙</td><td>Ai ai</td><td>𐒲 𐓚</td><td>Aį aį</td></tr><tr><td>𐒳 𐓛</td><td>Ə ə</td><td>𐒳͘ 𐓛͘</td><td>Ə̨ ə̨</td></tr><tr><td>𐒷 𐓟</td><td>E e</td><td>𐒸 𐓠</td><td>Eį eį</td></tr><tr><td>𐒻 𐓣</td><td>I i</td><td>𐒻͘ 𐓣͘</td><td>Į į</td></tr><tr><td>𐓂 𐓪</td><td>O o</td><td>𐓂͘ 𐓪͘</td><td>Ǫ ǫ</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>𐓃 𐓫</td><td>Oį oį</td></tr><tr><td>𐓎 𐓶</td><td>U u</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Long vowels are indicated with a macron, high tone by an acute accent, and a long vowel with high tone by a double acute accent: e.g. oral ⟨𐒰̄ 𐓘̄⟩ <i>Ā ā</i>, ⟨𐒰́ 𐓘́⟩ <i>Á á</i>, ⟨𐒰̋ 𐓘̋⟩ <i>Ā́ ā́</i>, nasal ⟨𐒰̄͘ 𐓘̄͘⟩ <i>Ą̄ ą̄</i>, ⟨𐒰́͘ 𐓘́͘⟩ <i>Ą́ ą́</i>, ⟨𐒰̋͘ 𐓘̋͘⟩ <i>Ą̄́ ą̄́</i>. </p><p><i>Ə</i> and <i>Ə̨</i> are not phonemic, but unstressed allophones of <i>A</i> and <i>Ą</i>. </p><p>The <i>a</i> comes from Latin ⟨A⟩ (without the crossbar, as in the <a href="/facts/NASA_insignia/l0LegH7S">NASA insignia</a> "worm" logo), <i>e</i> from Latin cursive ⟨<i>Ɑ</i>⟩ (the 'long' sound of the English letter <i>a</i> is rather like Osage <i>e</i>). The source for <i>i</i> is obscure, though Latin ⟨I⟩ does appear inside ⟨Λ⟩ for the diphthong <i>ai</i>. </p> <h3>Consonants</h3> <p>The 2014 consonant letters and digraphs are as follows. As in Latin orthography, the <a href="/facts/Ejective_consonant/TDKaffPV">ejective consonants</a> are written with a diacritic, and the strongly aspirated stops with digraphs. The pre-aspirated stops were originally written as digraphs with <i>h</i>, but since they vary by dialect with <a href="/facts/Geminate/SWW77Fxw">geminates</a>, the 2014 revision included new letters for them derived by adding a cross-bar. </p> Osage consonants<table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Tenuis</th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ejective_consonant/TDKaffPV">Ejective</a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">Aspirated</a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Pre-aspirated/QDst88ku">Pre-aspirated</a>/<a href="/facts/Geminate/SWW77Fxw">geminate</a></th></tr><tr><th>Osage</th><th>Latin</th><th>Osage</th><th>Latin</th><th>Osage</th><th>Latin</th><th>Osage</th><th>Latin</th></tr><tr><td>𐒴</td><td>Br</td></tr><tr><td>𐒵</td><td>Č</td><td colspan="4"></td><td>𐒶</td><td>Hč</td></tr><tr><td>𐒹</td><td>H</td></tr><tr><td>𐒺</td><td>Hy</td></tr><tr><td>𐒼</td><td>K</td><td>𐒼ʼ</td><td>Kʼ</td><td>𐒼𐓐𐒼𐓇</td><td>KxKš</td><td>𐒽</td><td>Hk</td></tr><tr><td>𐒾</td><td>Ky</td></tr><tr><td>𐒿</td><td>L</td></tr><tr><td>𐓀</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><td>𐓁</td><td>N</td></tr><tr><td>𐓄</td><td>P</td><td>𐓄ʼ</td><td>Pʼ</td><td>𐓄𐓐𐓄𐓇</td><td>PxPš</td><td>𐓅</td><td>Hp</td></tr><tr><td>𐓆</td><td>S</td></tr><tr><td>𐓇</td><td>Š</td></tr><tr><td>𐓈</td><td>T</td><td colspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2">𐓈𐓐𐓌</td><td rowspan="2">TxCh</td><td>𐓉</td><td>Ht</td></tr><tr><td>𐓊</td><td>C (Ts)</td><td>𐓊ʼ</td><td>Cʼ</td><td>𐓋</td><td>Hc</td></tr><tr><td>𐓍</td><td>Ð</td></tr><tr><td>𐓏</td><td>W</td></tr><tr><td>𐓐</td><td>X</td></tr><tr><td>𐓑</td><td>Ɣ (gh)</td></tr><tr><td>𐓒</td><td>Z</td></tr><tr><td>𐓓</td><td>Ž</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Px</i> and <i>pš</i> are allophones, as are <i>kx</i> ~ <i>kš</i> and <i>tx</i> ~ <i>ch</i> (tsh). <i>Hy</i> and <i>ky</i> are sequences rather than single consonants. </p><p>The source of <i>𐓄</i> is Latin ⟨P⟩, that of <i>t</i> is Latin ⟨D⟩ (an alternative transcription of Osage <i>t</i>), <i>č</i> is from ⟨Ch⟩, <i>k</i> from ⟨K⟩. <i>C</i> is from ⟨T⟩ with the Osage <i>s</i>. <i>S</i> and <i>z</i> are the top halves of ⟨S⟩ and ⟨Z⟩; <i>š</i> and <i>ž</i> are derived from adding a tail to the full letters, much like Latin ⟨ʒ⟩. <i>Br</i> is a ligatures of the letters <i>br</i>. <i>M, n</i> and <i>l</i> appear to be from their cursive Latin forms, and <i>ð</i> is a ligature of ⟨Th⟩, which is how it is often transcribed. <i>W</i> is a partial ⟨w⟩. <i>X</i> is from cursive ⟨<i>x</i>⟩; it was originally at a 45-degree (<i>x</i>-like) angle before it was split into <i>x</i> and inverted <i>gh</i>. <i>H</i> is obscure, but <i>hy</i> may be from the ⟨<i>s</i>⟩ of ⟨<i>sh</i>⟩, and <i>h</i> from <i>hy</i>. Ligatures for <i>sc</i> (<i>sts</i>) and <i>sk</i> were retired when the alphabet was reformed for Unicode encoding. </p> <h2 id="punctuation">Punctuation</h2> <p>Words are separated by a space. Syllables were originally separated by a <a href="/facts/Full_stop/w0Ylafwn">full stop</a>, but that practice has ceased with increasing literacy. </p> <h2 id="2014-reforms">2014 reforms</h2> <p>A meeting to reform the script in 2014 in preparation for Unicode encoding agreed on five changes: </p> <ul><li>Casing pairs were introduced.</li> <li>Digraphs <i>hC</i> (or superscript <i>ʰC</i>) for the pre-aspirate consonants were replaced with dedicated letters, <i>Ꞓ</i>.</li> <li>Ligatures for <i>sc</i> (<i>sts</i>) and <i>sk</i> were retired.</li> <li>The nasal marks (ˆ following the letter for monophthongs, an underscore for diphthongs) were replaced by a dot (above-right for monophthongs, internally for diphthongs)</li> <li>The letter <i>x</i>, originally set at a 45-degree angle, was made two letters, upright <i>x</i> and inverted <i>gh</i>.</li></ul> <h2 id="unicode">Unicode</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Osage_(Unicode_block)/FHV4PHkF">Osage (Unicode block)</a></p> <p>The Osage alphabet was added to the <a href="/facts/Unicode/DDu3MfPV">Unicode</a> Standard in June, 2016 with the release of version 9.0. </p><p>The Unicode block for Osage is U+104B0–U+104FF: </p> <table><tbody><tr><td colspan="17"><a href="/facts/Osage_(Unicode_block)/FHV4PHkF">Osage</a>[1][2]<a href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U104B0.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>5</td><td>6</td><td>7</td><td>8</td><td>9</td><td>A</td><td>B</td><td>C</td><td>D</td><td>E</td><td>F</td></tr><tr><td>U+104Bx</td><td>𐒰</td><td>𐒱</td><td>𐒲</td><td>𐒳</td><td>𐒴</td><td>𐒵</td><td>𐒶</td><td>𐒷</td><td>𐒸</td><td>𐒹</td><td>𐒺</td><td>𐒻</td><td>𐒼</td><td>𐒽</td><td>𐒾</td><td>𐒿</td></tr><tr><td>U+104Cx</td><td>𐓀</td><td>𐓁</td><td>𐓂</td><td>𐓃</td><td>𐓄</td><td>𐓅</td><td>𐓆</td><td>𐓇</td><td>𐓈</td><td>𐓉</td><td>𐓊</td><td>𐓋</td><td>𐓌</td><td>𐓍</td><td>𐓎</td><td>𐓏</td></tr><tr><td>U+104Dx</td><td>𐓐</td><td>𐓑</td><td>𐓒</td><td>𐓓</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>𐓘</td><td>𐓙</td><td>𐓚</td><td>𐓛</td><td>𐓜</td><td>𐓝</td><td>𐓞</td><td>𐓟</td></tr><tr><td>U+104Ex</td><td>𐓠</td><td>𐓡</td><td>𐓢</td><td>𐓣</td><td>𐓤</td><td>𐓥</td><td>𐓦</td><td>𐓧</td><td>𐓨</td><td>𐓩</td><td>𐓪</td><td>𐓫</td><td>𐓬</td><td>𐓭</td><td>𐓮</td><td>𐓯</td></tr><tr><td>U+104Fx</td><td>𐓰</td><td>𐓱</td><td>𐓲</td><td>𐓳</td><td>𐓴</td><td>𐓵</td><td>𐓶</td><td>𐓷</td><td>𐓸</td><td>𐓹</td><td>𐓺</td><td>𐓻</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="17">Notes1.^ As of Unicode version 16.02.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929062416/http://www.osagetribe.com/language/info_sub_page.aspx?subpage_id=8">2014 Language Presentation at Osage Nation</a>, includes non-native sound files for some letters</li> <li><a href="http://www.native-languages.org/osage_guide.htm">Presentation at Native-languages.org</a>, along with various romanizations</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140227210539/http://discover.umn.edu/news/design-architecture/typeface-adapts-osage-language-unicode">"Saving a language, a people"</a>. <a href="/facts/University_of_Minnesota_College_of_Design/7oSxmzPx">College of Design</a>, <a href="/facts/University_of_Minnesota/vN1uQvP5">University of Minnesota</a>. October 30, 2013. Archived from <a href="http://discover.umn.edu/news/design-architecture/typeface-adapts-osage-language-unicode">the original</a> on February 27, 2014. Retrieved February 21, 2014.</li> <li><a href="https://www.kosu.org/post/watch-herman-lookout-revitalizing-osage-language">Interview with Herman Mongrain Lookout on invention of the script</a> on <i>Invisible Nations</i>, <a href="/facts/KOSU/zU4FaNn9">KOSU</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Osage Nation Language Department". Archived from the original on 2011-11-20. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111120021201/http://www.osagetribe.com/language/about_us.aspx" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20111120021201/http://www.osagetribe.com/language/about_us.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Everson, Michael; Lookout, Herman Mongrain; Pratt, Cameron (2014-09-21). "Final proposal to encode the Osage script in the UCS: ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2, Document N4619" (PDF). The Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 2015-01-10. <a href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2014/14214-n4619-osage.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2014/14214-n4619-osage.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Unicode version 9.0.0". The Unicode Consortium. 2016-06-21. <a href="http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode9.0.0/" target="_blank">http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode9.0.0/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>