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<h2 id="roman">Roman</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Roman_villa/77VyspwY">Roman villa</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/Roman_villa/77VyspwY">Roman villas</a> included: </p> <ul><li>the <i>villa urbana</i>, a suburban or country seat that could easily be reached from <a href="/facts/Ancient_Rome/cGqIuxPd">Rome</a> or another city for a night or two. They often featured decorated rooms and porticoes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></li> <li>the <i><a href="/facts/Villa_rustica/RT2ckyLc">villa rustica</a></i>, the farm-house estate that was permanently occupied by the servants who had charge generally of the estate, which would centre on the villa itself, perhaps only seasonally occupied.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> The Roman <i>villae rusticae</i> at the heart of <i><a href="/facts/Latifundium/7cJTWyvk">latifundia</a></i> were the earliest versions of what later and elsewhere became called <a href="/facts/Manorialism/bvqYxBcJ">manors</a> and <a href="/facts/Plantation/jucwoWpV">plantations</a>.</li> <li>the <i><a href="/facts/Otium/3d2kDGYv">otium</a> villa</i>, for rural retirement or pleasure.</li></ul> <p>In terms of design, there was often little difference in the main residence between these types at any particular level of size, but the presence or absence of farm outbuildings reflected the size and function of the estate. </p><p>Not included as <i>villae</i> were the <i><a href="/facts/Domus/EvDQGaJ5">domus</a></i>, city houses for the élite and privileged classes, and the <i><a href="/facts/Insula_(building)/M9mELA9G">insulae</a></i>, blocks of <a href="/facts/Apartment_building/AnqWV09E">apartment buildings</a> for the rest of the population. In <i><a href="/facts/Satyricon/CDpXzuJm">Satyricon</a></i> (1st century CE), <a href="/facts/Petronius/VAFIbA2u">Petronius</a> described the wide range of Roman dwellings. Another type of villae is the "villa maritima", a seaside villa, located on the coast. </p> <p>A concentration of Imperial villas existed on the <a href="/facts/Gulf_of_Naples/ChluDCSC">Gulf of Naples</a>, on the Isle of <a href="/facts/Capri/HBwfnBQf">Capri</a>, at <a href="/facts/Mount_Circeo/pdxpJFuT">Monte Circeo</a> and at <a href="/facts/Antium/Hs7otpQ5">Antium</a>. Examples include the <a href="/facts/Villa_of_the_Papyri/hrSoH9Sk">Villa of the Papyri</a> in <a href="/facts/Herculaneum/PFkCSNq6">Herculaneum</a>; and the <a href="/facts/Villa_of_the_Mysteries/tGq8q0sw">Villa of the Mysteries</a> and <a href="/facts/House_of_the_Vettii/hrcY3B6x">Villa of the Vettii</a> in <a href="/facts/Pompeii/TJ8jt7M6">Pompeii</a>. </p><p>There was an important villa maritima in <a href="/facts/Barcola/kdxzyXsr">Barcola</a> near Trieste. This villa was located directly on the coast and was divided into terraces in a representation area in which luxury and power was displayed, a separate living area, a garden, some facilities open to the sea and a thermal bath. Not far from this noble place, which was already popular with the Romans because of its favorable microclimate, one of the most important Villa Maritima of its time, the <a href="/facts/Miramare_Castle/7wv3hdT2">Miramare Castle</a>, was built in the 19th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p>Wealthy Romans also escaped the summer heat in the hills round Rome, especially around Tibur (<a href="/facts/Tivoli,_Lazio/D7nc0Mw1">Tivoli</a> and <a href="/facts/Frascati/TzegLoyN">Frascati</a>), such as at <a href="/facts/Hadrian%27s_Villa/X3UBwCUo">Hadrian's Villa</a>. <a href="/facts/Cicero/A37U7jaN">Cicero</a> allegedly possessed no fewer than seven villas, the oldest of which was near <a href="/facts/Arpino/UFuRPGea">Arpinum</a>, which he inherited. <a href="/facts/Pliny_the_Younger/jdhG8I8b">Pliny the Younger</a> had three or four, of which the example near Laurentium is the best known from his descriptions. </p><p>Roman writers refer with satisfaction to the self-sufficiency of their <i>latifundium</i> villas, where they drank their own <a href="/facts/Ancient_Rome_and_wine/gVWzubla">wine</a> and pressed their own <a href="/facts/Olive_oil/ae1Qnt2I">oil</a>. This was an affectation of urban aristocrats playing at being old-fashioned virtuous Roman farmers; it has been said that the economic independence of later rural villas was a symptom of the increasing economic fragmentation of the <a href="/facts/Roman_Empire/l4E1aUuV">Roman Empire</a>. </p> <h3>In Roman Britannia</h3> <p>Archaeologists have meticulously examined numerous <a href="/facts/List_of_Roman_villas_in_England/TNfVIckV">Roman villas in England</a>. Like their Italian counterparts, they were complete working agrarian societies of fields and <a href="/facts/Vineyard/HCEJJcA2">vineyards</a>, perhaps even <a href="/facts/Tile/vk9El8Ty">tileworks</a> or <a href="/facts/Quarry/s6fhrNhe">quarries</a>, ranged round a high-status power centre with its baths and gardens.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> The grand villa at <a href="/facts/Woodchester/BSugvzpf">Woodchester</a> preserved its <a href="/facts/Mosaic/6QQYFQUe">mosaic</a> floors when the <a href="/facts/Anglo-Saxon/qWLes0LP">Anglo-Saxon</a> parish church was built (not by chance) upon its site. Grave-diggers preparing for burials in the churchyard as late as the 18th century had to punch through the intact mosaic floors. The even more palatial <i>villa rustica</i> at <a href="/facts/Fishbourne_Roman_Palace/l4jScpCs">Fishbourne</a> near <a href="/facts/Winchester/ed9fIArJ">Winchester</a> was built (uncharacteristically) as a large open rectangle, with <a href="/facts/Portico/9yF8G3F6">porticos</a> enclosing gardens entered through a portico. Towards the end of the 3rd century, Roman towns in <a href="/facts/Roman_Britain/1Ez37u7L">Britain</a> ceased to expand: like patricians near the centre of the empire, Roman Britons withdrew from the cities to their villas, which entered on a palatial building phase, a "golden age" of villa life. <i>Villae rusticae</i> are essential in the Empire's economy. </p> <p>Two kinds of villa-plan in Roman Britain may be characteristic of Roman villas in general. The more usual plan extended wings of rooms all opening onto a linking portico, which might be extended at right angles, even to enclose a <a href="/facts/Courtyard/oPj2NUEs">courtyard</a>. The other kind featured an aisled central hall like a <a href="/facts/Basilica/NWx4yWIC">basilica</a>, suggesting the villa owner's magisterial role. The villa buildings were often independent structures linked by their enclosed courtyards. <a href="/facts/Timber_framing/XN7NyKbo">Timber-framed</a> construction, carefully fitted with <a href="/facts/Mortise_and_tenon/PNETaTV2">mortises and tenons</a> and <a href="/facts/Dowel/3QzE6W6M">dowelled</a> together, set on stone footings, were the rule, replaced by stone buildings for the important ceremonial rooms. Traces of window <a href="/facts/Roman_glass/64k8HdYR">glass</a> have been found, as well as ironwork window <a href="/facts/Grille_(architecture)/pec3bxNp">grilles</a>. </p> <h3><a href="/facts/Monastery_of_Saint_Anthony/JYNCgKI2">Monastery</a> villas of Late Antiquity</h3> <p>With the <a href="/facts/Decline_of_the_Roman_Empire/EjUtGSJm">decline and collapse</a> of the <a href="/facts/Western_Roman_Empire/PkeT92o9">Western Roman Empire</a> in the fourth and fifth centuries, the villas were more and more isolated and came to be protected by walls. In England the villas were abandoned, <a href="/facts/Looting/7utcsI9z">looted</a>, and burned by <a href="/facts/Anglo-Saxon/qWLes0LP">Anglo-Saxon</a> invaders in the fifth century, but the concept of an isolated, self-sufficient agrarian working community, housed close together, survived into Anglo-Saxon culture as the <i><a href="/facts/Vill/fW5zGM7c">vill</a></i>, with its inhabitants – if formally bound to the land – as <i><a href="/facts/Villein/vQlBb5Wb">villeins</a></i>. </p><p>In regions on the Continent, <a href="/facts/Aristocracy_(class)/Ij9GVxCE">aristocrats</a> and territorial magnates donated large working villas and overgrown abandoned ones to individual <a href="/facts/Monk/mDhTrNcB">monks</a>; these might become the nuclei of <a href="/facts/Monastery/t8MRXpsM">monasteries</a>. In this way, the Italian villa system of <a href="/facts/Late_Antiquity/sPTl0dyD">late Antiquity</a> survived into the <a href="/facts/Early_Medieval/9FrTq3rt">early Medieval</a> period in the form of monasteries that withstood the disruptions of the <a href="/facts/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)/sm4MTPVq">Gothic War (535–554)</a> and the <a href="/facts/Lombards/C4r74rGL">Lombards</a>. About 529 <a href="/facts/Benedict_of_Nursia/6NbRzSI2">Benedict of Nursia</a> established his influential monastery of <a href="/facts/Monte_Cassino/qBb2kJcB">Monte Cassino</a> in the ruins of a villa at <a href="/facts/Subiaco,_Italy/Sh09mDuc">Subiaco</a> that had belonged to <a href="/facts/Nero/1w3NteNP">Nero</a>. </p><p>From the sixth to the eighth century, <a href="/facts/Gallo-Roman/mhYGcc0o">Gallo-Roman</a> villas in the <a href="/facts/Merovingian/mz0Sv722">Merovingian</a> royal <a href="/facts/Fisc/PIzw8hSb">fisc</a> were repeatedly donated as sites for monasteries under royal patronage in <a href="/facts/Gaul/fSpNpRqy">Gaul</a> – <a href="/facts/Saint-Maur-des-Foss%C3%A9s/qqI5r2JC">Saint-Maur-des-Fossés</a> and <a href="/facts/Fleury_Abbey/zWvY1K8l">Fleury Abbey</a> provide examples. In Germany a famous example is <a href="/facts/Echternach/W9TjsSSm">Echternach</a>; as late as 698, <a href="/facts/Willibrord/3ChPTRj6">Willibrord</a> established an abbey at a Roman villa of Echternach near <a href="/facts/Trier/vzsWUI3X">Trier</a>, presented to him by <a href="/facts/Adela_and_Irmina/bVBpAgtU">Irmina</a>, daughter of <a href="/facts/Dagobert_II/dPGDhCAs">Dagobert II</a>, king of the <a href="/facts/Franks/RHyCqfkd">Franks</a>. <a href="/facts/Kintzheim/E8LeQGdt">Kintzheim</a> was <i>Villa Regis</i>, the "villa of the king". Around 590, <a href="/facts/Saint_Eligius/r4TthKfE">Saint Eligius</a> was born in a highly placed <a href="/facts/Gallo-Roman_culture/mhYGcc0o">Gallo-Roman</a> family at the 'villa' of Chaptelat near <a href="/facts/Limoges/DKlFv4be">Limoges</a>, in <a href="/facts/Aquitaine/p9s8I93k">Aquitaine</a> (now France). The <a href="/facts/Abbey/AWbEHRgm">abbey</a> at <a href="/facts/Stavelot/FpC6xHQX">Stavelot</a> was founded ca 650 on the domain of a former villa near <a href="/facts/Li%C3%A8ge/QjGaj3M9">Liège</a> and the abbey of <a href="/facts/V%C3%A9zelay/5tvnbHRU">Vézelay</a> had a similar founding. </p> <h2 id="post-roman-era">Post-Roman era</h2> <p>As Europe's influence spread to other cultures, the form, and use of the villa would also spread as well.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> In post-Roman times a <i>villa</i> referred to a self-sufficient, usually fortified Italian or <a href="/facts/Gallo-Roman_culture/mhYGcc0o">Gallo-Roman</a> farmstead. It was economically as self-sufficient as a <i><a href="/facts/Village/jhnY07n2">village</a></i> and its inhabitants, who might be legally tied to it as <a href="/facts/Serfs/HyajBMeR">serfs</a> were <i><a href="/facts/Villein/vQlBb5Wb">villeins</a></i>. The <a href="/facts/Merovingian_dynasty/mz0Sv722">Merovingian</a> <a href="/facts/Franks/RHyCqfkd">Franks</a> inherited the concept, followed by the Carolingian French but the later French term was <i>basti</i> or <i>bastide.</i> </p><p><i>Villa</i>/<i>Vila</i> (or its cognates) is part of many Spanish and Portuguese placenames, like <a href="/facts/Vila_Real_(disambiguation)/Du1akkwI">Vila Real</a> and <a href="/facts/Villadiego/sKhFM5m9">Villadiego</a>: a <i>villa</i>/<i>vila</i> is a town with a <a href="/facts/Charter/MjzrwVDd">charter</a> (<i><a href="/facts/Fuero/MCN5B4op">fuero</a></i> or <i><a href="/facts/Foral/Dej5wwuD">foral</a></i>) of lesser importance than a <i>ciudad</i>/<i>cidade</i> ("city"). When it is associated with a personal name, <i>villa</i> was probably used in the original sense of a country estate rather than a chartered town. Later evolution has made the Hispanic distinction between <i>villas</i> and <i>ciudades</i> a purely honorific one. <a href="/facts/Madrid/B63nL2DB">Madrid</a> is the <i>Villa y <a href="/facts/Court/QuVoTFmh">Corte</a></i>, the villa considered to be separate from the formerly mobile <a href="/facts/Noble_court/zjbwYtod">royal court</a>, but the much smaller <a href="/facts/Ciudad_Real/jHIJQEW3">Ciudad Real</a> was declared <i>ciudad</i> by the Spanish crown. </p> <h2 id="italian-renaissance">Italian Renaissance</h2> <h3>Tuscany</h3> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Medici_villas/3eJtAYrB">Medici villas</a></p> <p>In 14th and 15th century Italy, a <i>villa</i> once more connoted a country house, like the first <a href="/facts/Medici_villas/3eJtAYrB">Medici villas</a>, the <a href="/facts/Villa_del_Trebbio/vXnECSQv">Villa del Trebbio</a> and that at <a href="/facts/Cafaggiolo/atm654Vq">Cafaggiolo</a>, both strong fortified houses built in the 14th century in the <a href="/facts/Mugello_region/CYYSmfDz">Mugello region</a> near <a href="/facts/Florence/Mx0uhNma">Florence</a>. In 1450, <a href="/facts/Giovanni_di_Cosimo_de%27_Medici/eqA8T7QA">Giovanni de' Medici</a> commenced on a hillside the <a href="/facts/Villa_Medici_in_Fiesole/2CsInWXX">Villa Medici in Fiesole</a>, <a href="/facts/Tuscany/Ivw1ogrE">Tuscany</a>, probably the first villa created under the instructions of <a href="/facts/Leon_Battista_Alberti/CykJ6jJQ">Leon Battista Alberti</a>, who theorized the features of the new idea of villa in his <i><a href="/facts/De_re_aedificatoria/jagpe8Up">De re aedificatoria</a></i>. </p> <p>These first examples of <a href="/facts/Renaissance_architecture/pxUu6e8w">Renaissance</a> villa predate the age of <a href="/facts/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici/0wIhcfkl">Lorenzo de' Medici</a>, who added the <a href="/facts/Poggio_a_Caiano/4m7Yr4bo">Villa di Poggio a Caiano</a> by <a href="/facts/Giuliano_da_Sangallo/IzuuDpYp">Giuliano da Sangallo</a>, begun in 1470, in <a href="/facts/Poggio_a_Caiano/4m7Yr4bo">Poggio a Caiano</a>, <a href="/facts/Province_of_Prato/5YNzXUhN">Province of Prato</a>, <a href="/facts/Tuscany/Ivw1ogrE">Tuscany</a>. </p><p>From Tuscany the idea of <i>villa</i> was spread again through <a href="/facts/Italian_Renaissance/BqPWuNmz">Renaissance Italy</a> and Europe. </p> <h4>Tuscan villa gardens</h4> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Italian_Renaissance_garden/21n0I5W4">Italian Renaissance garden</a></p> <p>The <a href="/facts/Quattrocento/2ULt7Hql">Quattrocento</a> villa gardens were treated as a fundamental and aesthetic link between a residential building and the outdoors, with views over a humanized agricultural <a href="/facts/Landscape/pU9HneR0">landscape</a>, at that time the only desirable aspect of <a href="/facts/Nature/CRC3KQUg">nature</a>. Later villas and gardens include the <a href="/facts/Palazzo_Pitti/QIDzyKly">Palazzo Pitti</a> and <a href="/facts/Boboli_Gardens/6NTct1Sw">Boboli Gardens</a> in Florence, and the <a href="/facts/Villa_di_Pratolino/twKyN4PR">Villa di Pratolino</a> in <a href="/facts/Vaglia/DJCLKkw3">Vaglia</a>. </p> <h3>Rome</h3> <p>Rome had more than its share of villas with easy reach of the small sixteenth-century city: the progenitor, the first <i><a href="/facts/Roman_villa/77VyspwY">villa suburbana</a></i> built since Antiquity, was the <a href="/facts/Belvedere_(structure)/69JCSCxa">Belvedere</a> or <i>palazzetto</i>, designed by <a href="/facts/Antonio_del_Pollaiuolo/v7EIDTfH">Antonio del Pollaiuolo</a> and built on the slope above the <a href="/facts/Vatican_Palace/j8t6oIrN">Vatican Palace</a>. </p> <p>The <a href="/facts/Villa_Madama/lIpoRQcz">Villa Madama</a>, the design of which, attributed to Raphael and carried out by <a href="/facts/Giulio_Romano_(painter)/vTY8v3YW">Giulio Romano</a> in 1520, was one of the most influential private houses ever built; elements derived from Villa Madama appeared in villas through the 19th century. <a href="/facts/Villa_Albani/cKr33LLW">Villa Albani</a> was built near the Porta Salaria. Other are the <a href="/facts/Villa_Borghese_gardens/Ea0HKdtr">Villa Borghese</a>; the <a href="/facts/Villa_Doria_Pamphili/pd0V5pGG">Villa Doria Pamphili</a> (1650); the <a href="/facts/Villa_Giulia/qYhSGgUe">Villa Giulia</a> of <a href="/facts/Pope_Julius_III/GUgtbLsD">Pope Julius III</a> (1550), designed by <a href="/facts/Giacomo_Barozzi_da_Vignola/3XRPIaMl">Vignola</a>. The Roman villas <a href="/facts/Villa_Ludovisi/rPyeCoU6">Villa Ludovisi</a> and Villa Montalto, were destroyed during the late nineteenth century in the wake of the <a href="/facts/Real_estate_bubble/kSxJ87kj">real estate bubble</a> that took place in Rome after the seat of government of a united Italy was established at Rome. </p><p>The cool hills of <a href="/facts/Frascati/TzegLoyN">Frascati</a> gained the <a href="/facts/Villa_Aldobrandini/L7mjsEkX">Villa Aldobrandini</a> (1592); the <a href="/facts/Villa_Falconieri/kfCLM61a">Villa Falconieri</a> and the <a href="/facts/Villa_Mondragone/0zJkCkRr">Villa Mondragone</a>. The <a href="/facts/Villa_d%27Este/fdHTlGYz">Villa d'Este</a> near <a href="/facts/Tivoli,_Italy/D7nc0Mw1">Tivoli</a> is famous for the water play in its terraced <a href="/facts/History_of_gardens/GJ7SIlxw">gardens</a>. The <a href="/facts/Villa_Medici/ogvSDhqx">Villa Medici</a> was on the edge of Rome, on the <a href="/facts/Pincian_Hill/UzMjpCTC">Pincian Hill</a>, when it was built in 1540. Besides these designed for seasonal pleasure, usually located within easy distance of a city, other Italian villas were remade from a <i><a href="/facts/Rocca_(architecture)/dbb9DLQc">rocca</a></i> or castello, as the family seat of power, such as <a href="/facts/Villa_Caprarola/hkD42W2n">Villa Caprarola</a> for the <a href="/facts/House_of_Farnese/cc4eXqJg">Farnese</a>. </p><p>Near <a href="/facts/Siena/RjsKVRBu">Siena</a> in Tuscany, the <a href="/facts/Villa_Cetinale/sqjoJM3D">Villa Cetinale</a> was built by Cardinal <a href="/facts/Flavio_Chigi_(1631-1693)/d26IwGNk">Flavio Chigi</a>. He employed <a href="/facts/Carlo_Fontana/GItjVXlo">Carlo Fontana</a>, pupil of <a href="/facts/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini/wv3RwTG1">Gian Lorenzo Bernini</a> to transform the villa and dramatic gardens in a <a href="/facts/Roman_Baroque/MzSF14fx">Roman Baroque</a> style by 1680. The <a href="/facts/Villa_Lante/pyuyIj77">Villa Lante</a> garden is one of the most sublime creations of the Italian villa in the landscape, completed in the 17th century. </p> <h3>Venice</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Palladian_architecture/vztcDImu">Palladian architecture</a> and <a href="/facts/Palladian_villas_of_the_Veneto/HKV1yCwv">Palladian villas of the Veneto</a></p> <p>In the later 16th century in the northeastern <a href="/facts/Italian_Peninsula/Gv8FNjbQ">Italian Peninsula</a> the <a href="/facts/Palladian_villas_of_the_Veneto/HKV1yCwv">Palladian villas of the Veneto</a>, designed by <a href="/facts/Andrea_Palladio/Ys2dTuYU">Andrea Palladio</a> (1508–1580), were built in <a href="/facts/Vicenza/0vWc4ukH">Vicenza</a> in the <a href="/facts/Republic_of_Venice/5aqUw6gJ">Republic of Venice</a>. Palladio always designed his villas with reference to their setting. He often unified all the farm buildings into the architecture of his extended villas while focusing on symmetry and perfect proportion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>Examples are the <a href="/facts/Villa_Emo/lgMHWTp1">Villa Emo</a>, the <a href="/facts/Villa_Godi/q9LX3vnB">Villa Godi</a>, the <a href="/facts/Villa_Forni_Cerato/uKwn6gkx">Villa Forni Cerato</a>, the <a href="/facts/Villa_Capra_%22La_Rotonda%22/LtmlUs7L">Villa Capra "La Rotonda"</a>, and <a href="/facts/Villa_Foscari/bwhVr4qs">Villa Foscari</a>. </p><p>The Villas are grouped into an association (Associazione Ville Venete) and offer touristic itineraries and accommodation possibilities. </p> <h2 id="villas-elsewhere">Villas elsewhere</h2> <h3>17th century</h3> <p>Soon after in <a href="/facts/Greenwich/ognrRWm2">Greenwich</a> England, following his 1613–1615 <a href="/facts/Grand_Tour/51soNb5d">Grand Tour</a>, <a href="/facts/Inigo_Jones/Yc5NeAgy">Inigo Jones</a> designed and built the <a href="/facts/Queen%27s_House/U2S7XP8P">Queen's House</a> between 1615 and 1617 in an early <a href="/facts/Palladian_architecture/vztcDImu">Palladian architecture</a> style adaptation in another country. The Palladian villa style renewed its influence in different countries and eras and remained influential for over four hundred years, with the <a href="/facts/Neo-Palladian/vztcDImu">Neo-Palladian</a> a part of the late 17th century and on <a href="/facts/Renaissance_Revival_architecture/t9oXA3Ss">Renaissance Revival architecture</a> period. </p> <h3>18th and 19th centuries</h3> <p>In the early 18th century the English took up the term, and applied it to compact houses in the country,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> especially those accessible from London: <a href="/facts/Chiswick_House/GvgPckA8">Chiswick House</a> is an example of such a "party villa". Thanks to the revival of interest in Palladio and <a href="/facts/Inigo_Jones/Yc5NeAgy">Inigo Jones</a>, soon <a href="/facts/Palladian_architecture/vztcDImu">Neo-Palladian</a> villas dotted the valley of the <a href="/facts/River_Thames/XnQWN52L">River Thames</a> and English countryside. <a href="/facts/Marble_Hill_House/yHgaoHc2">Marble Hill House</a> in England was conceived originally as a "villa" in the 18th-century sense.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>In many ways the late 18th century <a href="/facts/Monticello/ymJ5GYkS">Monticello</a>, by <a href="/facts/Thomas_Jefferson/8yxtcjKK">Thomas Jefferson</a> in <a href="/facts/Virginia/g2kucGdn">Virginia</a>, United States is a <a href="/facts/Palladian_Revival/vztcDImu">Palladian Revival</a> villa. Other examples of the period and style are <a href="/facts/Hammond-Harwood_House/1h24p8zh">Hammond-Harwood House</a> in <a href="/facts/Annapolis,_Maryland/X4WV6NXR">Annapolis, Maryland</a>; and many pre-<a href="/facts/American_Civil_War/A9FT3ksD">American Civil War</a> or antebellum <a href="/facts/Plantations/jucwoWpV">plantations</a>, such as <a href="/facts/Westover_Plantation/xzYmtz4E">Westover Plantation</a> and many other <a href="/facts/List_of_James_River_plantations/B2s0cBkn">James River plantations</a> as well dozens of <a href="/facts/Antebellum_architecture/yYDcBd12">Antebellum era plantations</a> in the rest of the <a href="/facts/Old_South/Kcr0zGTy">Old South</a> functioned as the Roman <a href="/facts/Latifundium/7cJTWyvk">Latifundium</a> villas had. A later revival, in the <a href="/facts/Gilded_Age/DFnIodSc">Gilded Age</a> and early 20th century, produced <a href="/facts/The_Breakers/8kQMTPF8">The Breakers</a> in <a href="/facts/Newport,_Rhode_Island/C0UsPEff">Newport, Rhode Island</a>, <a href="/facts/Filoli/aVcfy4vN">Filoli</a> in <a href="/facts/Woodside,_California/1AWUjI6C">Woodside, California</a>, and <a href="/facts/Dumbarton_Oaks/261nx265">Dumbarton Oaks</a> in <a href="/facts/Georgetown,_Washington,_D.C./HaTUJkwQ">Georgetown, Washington, D.C.</a>; by architects-landscape architects such as <a href="/facts/Richard_Morris_Hunt/tll85Jvh">Richard Morris Hunt</a>, <a href="/facts/Willis_Polk/nr7c9P65">Willis Polk</a>, and <a href="/facts/Beatrix_Farrand/uFF5uznb">Beatrix Farrand</a>. </p><p>In the nineteenth century, the term <i>villa</i> was extended to describe any large <a href="/facts/Suburb/8Nv6KVJr">suburban</a> house that was free-standing in a <a href="/facts/Landscape/pU9HneR0">landscaped</a> plot of ground. By the time 'semi-detached villas' were being erected at the turn of the twentieth century, the term collapsed under its extension and overuse. </p> <p>The second half of the nineteenth century saw the creation of large "Villenkolonien" in the German speaking countries, wealthy residential areas that were completely made up of large mansion houses and often built to an artfully created masterplan. Many large mansions for the wealthy German industrialists were built as well, such as <a href="/facts/Villa_H%C3%BCgel/dyDxKSrJ">Villa Hügel</a> in <a href="/facts/Essen/5tjU3Iux">Essen</a>. The Villenkolonie of <a href="/facts/Lichterfelde_West/Dhdlwt1q">Lichterfelde West</a> in Berlin was conceived after an extended trip by the architect through the South of England. Representative <a href="/facts/Historicism_(art)/xdgCAAYR">historicist</a> mansions in Germany include the <a href="/facts/Heiligendamm/xrIYdyVg">Heiligendamm</a> and other <a href="/facts/Resort_architecture/j2DE81nG">resort architecture</a> mansions at the Baltic Sea, <a href="/facts/Rose_Island_(Lake_Starnberg)/uUxJe6fs">Rose Island</a> and <a href="/facts/King%27s_House_on_Schachen/8ffgXd43">King's House on Schachen</a> in the <a href="/facts/Bavarian_Alps/uWR8PRDf">Bavarian Alps</a>, <a href="/facts/Villa_Dessauer/1t3z2lqw">Villa Dessauer</a> in <a href="/facts/Bamberg/A87RIFs9">Bamberg</a>, <a href="/facts/Wahnfried/IaDlhX18">Villa Wahnfried</a> in <a href="/facts/Bayreuth/YtaWvrgl">Bayreuth</a>, <a href="/facts/Schloss_Drachenburg/xpyJUhbl">Drachenburg</a> near <a href="/facts/Bonn/eCSu8vB1">Bonn</a>, <a href="/facts/Hammerschmidt_Villa/87MHlhpM">Hammerschmidt Villa</a> in <a href="/facts/Bonn/eCSu8vB1">Bonn</a>, the <a href="/facts/Liebermann_Villa/r70s5wSc">Liebermann Villa</a> and <a href="/facts/Schloss_Britz/pQL1wLQw">Britz House</a> in Berlin, <a href="/facts/Albrechtsberg_Palace_(Dresden)/zVIN5RJJ">Albrechtsberg</a>, Eckberg, Villa Stockhausen and Villa San Remo [de] in <a href="/facts/Dresden/nKVXxIgq">Dresden</a>, <a href="/facts/Villa_Waldberta/qyMdlsUV">Villa Waldberta</a> in <a href="/facts/Feldafing/LsEL68Ub">Feldafing</a>, Villa Kennedy [de] in <a href="/facts/Frankfurt/Pw4Xj9A4">Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/facts/Jenisch_House/yFgMojEY">Jenisch House</a> and <a href="/facts/Budge-Palais/8MdvmsRs">Budge-Palais</a> in <a href="/facts/Hamburg/kmAAsYtT">Hamburg</a>, Villa Andreae [de] and Villa Rothschild [de; ar; fr] in <a href="/facts/K%C3%B6nigstein_im_Taunus/y4lUIFzo">Königstein</a>, <a href="/facts/Villa_Stuck/UJmIWtCw">Villa Stuck</a> and Pacelli-Palais [de] in <a href="/facts/Munich/Pr6zw2ev">Munich</a>, Schloss Klink at <a href="/facts/M%C3%BCritz/f0KAtUX2">Lake Müritz</a>, <a href="/facts/Villa_Ludwigsh%C3%B6he/oQEhYcsj">Villa Ludwigshöhe</a> in <a href="/facts/Rhineland-Palatinate/Ny2D4pbe">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>, <a href="/facts/Villa_Haux/mR8zuTW8">Villa Haux</a> in <a href="/facts/Stuttgart/H4DCyM2U">Stuttgart</a> and <a href="/facts/Weinberg_House_(Waren)/eQYPeWPf">Weinberg House</a> in <a href="/facts/Waren_(M%C3%BCritz)/8eKN6feB">Waren</a>. </p><p>In France the <a href="/facts/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Ferri%C3%A8res/BjrMCpz0">Château de Ferrières</a> is an example of the Italian <a href="/facts/Neo-Renaissance/t9oXA3Ss">Neo-Renaissance</a> style villa – and in Britain the <a href="/facts/Mentmore_Towers/CNAJnSn9">Mentmore Towers</a>. A representative building of this style in Germany is <a href="/facts/Villa_Haas/gW2hAKRP">Villa Haas</a> (designed by Ludwig Hofmann) in <a href="/facts/Hesse/kEmEjUK9">Hesse</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <p><a href="/facts/Villa_Hakasalmi/Rpclc3A8">Villa Hakasalmi</a> in <a href="/facts/Helsinki/9za9r3jS">Helsinki</a> (built in 1834–46) represents Empire-era villa architecture. It was the home of <a href="/facts/Aurora_Karamzin/n1rMDRYF">Aurora Karamzin</a> (1808–1902) at the end of the 19th century and is now the <a href="/facts/City_museum/9RWJAQNb">city museum</a> of Helsinki, <a href="/facts/Finland/G5Ak6T91">Finland</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h3>20th – 21st centuries</h3> <h4>Europe</h4> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Monaco_villas/CJhweB75">Monaco villas</a></p> <p>During the 19th and 20th century, the term "villa" became widespread for detached mansions in Europe. Special forms are for instance <a href="/facts/Spa_architecture/nUdyPoL0">spa villas</a> (<i>Kurvillen</i> in German) and <a href="/facts/Resort_architecture/j2DE81nG">seaside villas</a> (<i>Bädervillen</i> in German), that became especially popular at the end of the 19th century. The tradition established back then continued throughout the 20th century and even until today. </p><p>Another trend was the erection of rather minimalist mansions in the <a href="/facts/Bauhaus/v2sWtxcj">Bauhaus</a> style since the 1920s, that also continues until today. </p><p>In Denmark, Norway and Sweden "villa" denotes most forms of <a href="/facts/Single-family_detached_home/c3Hlc0Ip">single-family detached homes</a>, regardless of size and standard. </p> <h4>Americas</h4> <p>The villa concept lived and lives on in the <a href="/facts/Hacienda/XlnvyQDW">haciendas</a> of Latin America and the <a href="/facts/Estancia/ntATB5cl">estancias</a> of Brazil and Argentina. The oldest are original Portuguese and <a href="/facts/Spanish_Colonial_architecture/NPJBuQlI">Spanish Colonial architecture</a>; followed after independences in the Americas from Spain and Portugal, by the <a href="/facts/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture/ow1l1KD7">Spanish Colonial Revival</a> style with regional variations. In the 20th century <a href="/facts/International_Style_(architecture)/gp4KYQ9g">International Style</a> villas were designed by <a href="/facts/Roberto_Burle_Marx/ejySJHcE">Roberto Burle Marx</a>, <a href="/facts/Oscar_Niemeyer/UbSYBGEC">Oscar Niemeyer</a>, <a href="/facts/Luis_Barrag%C3%A1n/PBfy6Muh">Luis Barragán</a>, and other architects developing a unique Euro-Latin synthesized aesthetic. </p><p>Villas are particularly well represented in <a href="/facts/California/zLW2vdQJ">California</a> and the West Coast of the United States, where they were originally commissioned by well travelled "upper-class" patrons moving on from the <a href="/facts/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States/ne8u6doe">Queen Anne style</a> <a href="/facts/Victorian_architecture/cbdUd65l">Victorian architecture</a> and <a href="/facts/Beaux-Arts_architecture/fgwS00Tr">Beaux-Arts architecture</a>. Communities such as <a href="/facts/Montecito,_California/wKcklyQT">Montecito</a>, <a href="/facts/Pasadena,_California/Y6AEEI03">Pasadena</a>, <a href="/facts/Bel_Air,_Los_Angeles/R6wrtX8G">Bel Air</a>, <a href="/facts/Beverly_Hills,_California/enbBhsjT">Beverly Hills</a>, and <a href="/facts/San_Marino,_California/21YdcQ08">San Marino</a> in Southern California, and <a href="/facts/Atherton,_California/MszQzAeU">Atherton</a> and <a href="/facts/Piedmont,_California/zr7oX3Av">Piedmont</a> in the <a href="/facts/San_Francisco_Bay_Area/MG53NJ36">San Francisco Bay Area</a> are a few examples of villa density. </p><p>The popularity of <a href="/facts/Mediterranean_Revival_architecture/K5HAfKQd">Mediterranean Revival architecture</a> in its various iterations over the last century has been consistently used in that region and in <a href="/facts/Florida/cF245A3Q">Florida</a>. Just a few of the notable early architects were <a href="/facts/Wallace_Neff/GCwdlbmx">Wallace Neff</a>, <a href="/facts/Addison_Mizner/7patcvhj">Addison Mizner</a>, <a href="/facts/Stanford_White/ax7LwEYr">Stanford White</a>, and <a href="/facts/George_Washington_Smith_(architect)/BWsVTymS">George Washington Smith</a>. A few examples are the <a href="/facts/Harold_Lloyd_Estate/o91HXuSu">Harold Lloyd Estate</a> in <a href="/facts/Beverly_Hills,_California/enbBhsjT">Beverly Hills, California</a>, Medici scale <a href="/facts/Hearst_Castle/t32kKrRf">Hearst Castle</a> on the <a href="/facts/Central_Coast_of_California/v9XbSu7I">Central Coast of California</a>, and <a href="/facts/Villa_Montalvo/XoavEzBA">Villa Montalvo</a> in the <a href="/facts/Santa_Cruz_Mountains/NfPuQTHN">Santa Cruz Mountains</a> of <a href="/facts/Saratoga,_California/PPK2Jfcp">Saratoga, California</a>, <a href="/facts/Villa_Vizcaya/1pdoJHWu">Villa Vizcaya</a> in <a href="/facts/Coconut_Grove,_Miami/upx8InlC">Coconut Grove, Miami</a>, <a href="/facts/American_Craftsman/yrWcEXkk">American Craftsman</a> versions are the <a href="/facts/Gamble_House_(Pasadena,_California)/nJQSMsB7">Gamble House</a> and the villas by <a href="/facts/Greene_and_Greene/EWmKdf89">Greene and Greene</a> in <a href="/facts/Pasadena,_California/Y6AEEI03">Pasadena, California</a> </p> <h4>Modern villas</h4> <p><a href="/facts/Modern_architecture/T3F1gFrv">Modern architecture</a> has produced some important examples of buildings known as villas: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Villa_Noailles/IhJfDJlT">Villa Noailles</a> by <a href="/facts/Robert_Mallet-Stevens/fS3JARgD">Robert Mallet-Stevens</a> in <a href="/facts/Hy%C3%A8res/CHlXNbQ1">Hyères</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/facts/Villa_Savoye/4eTPtMJU">Villa Savoye</a> by <a href="/facts/Le_Corbusier/uVvg2nGU">Le Corbusier</a> in <a href="/facts/Poissy/z8RDqNoF">Poissy</a>, France<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Villa_Mairea/QEPEVwBU">Villa Mairea</a> by <a href="/facts/Alvar_Aalto/vhHeMTTz">Alvar Aalto</a> in <a href="/facts/Noormarkku/IF5S75Ce">Noormarkku</a>, Finland<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Villa_Tugendhat/m3sDIE82">Villa Tugendhat</a> by <a href="/facts/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe/9vC2LK1S">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe</a> in <a href="/facts/Brno/jRsKTI4s">Brno</a>, Czech Republic</li> <li><a href="/facts/Villa_Lewaro/tvGvtBMs">Villa Lewaro</a> by <a href="/facts/Vertner_Tandy/kGz28q97">Vertner Tandy</a> in <a href="/facts/Irvington,_New_York/E6dKhjH9">Irvington, New York</a></li></ul> <p>Country-villa examples: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Hollyhock_House/u7N4qB7H">Hollyhock House</a> (1919) by <a href="/facts/Frank_Lloyd_Wright/bdIS237F">Frank Lloyd Wright</a> in <a href="/facts/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles/hF4zF5n6">Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gropius_House/jKVt2YqM">Gropius House</a> by <a href="/facts/Walter_Gropius/BdbkskNf">Walter Gropius</a> (1937) in <a href="/facts/Lincoln,_Massachusetts/195esTL1">Lincoln, Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fallingwater/1eCYbS8Y">Fallingwater</a> by Frank Lloyd Wright (1939) in <a href="/facts/Pennsylvania/HGqC5bBm">Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Farnsworth_House/lBGNIqBf">Farnsworth House</a> by <a href="/facts/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe/9vC2LK1S">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe</a> in <a href="/facts/Plano,_Illinois/YUXqRD3Y">Plano, Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kaufmann_Desert_House/XjDD8ENa">Kaufmann Desert House</a> by <a href="/facts/Richard_Neutra/HzNNzhpk">Richard Neutra</a> (1946) in <a href="/facts/Palm_Springs,_California/5oBSWMtm">Palm Springs, California</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Auldbrass_Plantation/D4GVdKXG">Auldbrass Plantation</a> by Frank Lloyd Wright (1940–1951) in <a href="/facts/Beaufort_County,_South_Carolina/LHlxA1Mn">Beaufort County, South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pal%C3%A1cio_da_Alvorada/KHddgEeE">Palácio da Alvorada</a> by <a href="/facts/Oscar_Niemeyer/UbSYBGEC">Oscar Niemeyer</a> (1958) in <a href="/facts/Bras%C3%ADlia/Jxk9MCNu">Brasília</a>, Brazil</li> <li><a href="/facts/Getty_Villa/b4uYQkyt">Getty Villa</a>, in <a href="/facts/Pacific_Palisades,_Los_Angeles/1p1KWKfc">Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles</a></li></ul> <h4>Other</h4> <p>Today, the term "villa" is often applied to <a href="/facts/Vacation_rental/pBXGdcz5">vacation rental</a> properties. In the United Kingdom the term is used for high quality detached homes in warm destinations, particularly <a href="/facts/Florida/cF245A3Q">Florida</a> and the Mediterranean. The term is also used in Pakistan, and in some of the Caribbean islands such as <a href="/facts/Jamaica/jeDulmwE">Jamaica</a>, <a href="/facts/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy/8sWqsl5c">Saint Barthélemy</a>, <a href="/facts/Saint_Martin_(island)/Gpr6V6Bv">Saint Martin</a>, <a href="/facts/Guadeloupe/vwgVTYPm">Guadeloupe</a>, <a href="/facts/British_Virgin_Islands/Wl66NGLT">British Virgin Islands</a>, and others. It is similar for the coastal resort areas of <a href="/facts/Baja_California_Sur/cyotI1I3">Baja California Sur</a> and mainland Mexico, and for <a href="/facts/Hospitality_industry/gtNEIdFI">hospitality industry</a> <a href="/facts/Destination_resort/1vzlzK6q">destination resort</a> "luxury <a href="/facts/Bungalow/BthnrLN6">bungalows</a>" in various locations worldwide. </p><p>In Indonesia, the term "villa" is applied to Dutch colonial country houses (<i>landhuis</i>). Nowadays, the term is more popularly applied to vacation rental usually located in countryside area. </p><p>In Australia, "villas" or "villa units" are terms used to describe a type of <a href="/facts/Townhouse/c4PXgQky">townhouse</a> complex which contains, possibly smaller attached or detached houses of up to 3–4 bedrooms that were built since the early 1980s. </p><p><a href="/facts/Housing_in_New_Zealand/2d6nt8kw">In New Zealand</a>, "villa" refers almost exclusively to <a href="/facts/Victorian_era/HQxGp7wh">Victorian</a> and <a href="/facts/Edwardian_era/GxyzQQqe">Edwardian</a> wooden <a href="/facts/Weatherboard/qS59jok4">weatherboard</a> houses mainly built between 1880 and 1914, characterised by high ceilings (often 3.7 m or 12 ft), <a href="/facts/Sash_window/bvY8HJYC">sash windows</a>, and a long entrance hall.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>In South Korea, the term "villa" refers to small multi-household house with 4 floors or less.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p><p>In Cambodia, "villa" is used as a loanword in the local language of Khmer, and is generally used to describe any type of detached townhouse that features yard space. The term does not apply to any particular architectural style or size, the only features that distinguish a Khmer villa from another building are the yard space and being fully detached. The terms "twin-villa" and "mini-villa" have been coined meaning semi-detached and smaller versions respectively. Generally, these would be more luxurious and spacious houses than the more common row houses. The yard space would also typically feature some form of garden, trees or greenery. Generally, these would be properties in major cities, where there is more wealth and hence more luxurious houses. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Dacha/0aa5pnwT">Dacha</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Estate_(land)/kdns4YfJ">Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Great_house/ahPnLAlj">Great house</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Manor_house/9jNlcART">Manor house</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mansion/effexf1D">Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ultimate_bungalow/32gaA8jI">Ultimate bungalow</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Smarthistory – Roman domestic architecture: the villa". smarthistory.org. Retrieved 2024-11-21. <a href="https://smarthistory.org/the-villa/" target="_blank">https://smarthistory.org/the-villa/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Roman Housing (Houses and Villas)". Pompeii Sites. Retrieved 2024-11-21. <a href="https://pompeiisites.org/en/pompeii-map/analysis/roman-housing/" target="_blank">https://pompeiisites.org/en/pompeii-map/analysis/roman-housing/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Smarthistory – Roman domestic architecture: the villa". smarthistory.org. Retrieved 2024-11-21. <a href="https://smarthistory.org/the-villa/" target="_blank">https://smarthistory.org/the-villa/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Country Estates in Roman Britain". English Heritage. Retrieved 2024-11-21. <a href="https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/story-of-england/romans/country-estates/" target="_blank">https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/story-of-england/romans/country-estates/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Zeno Saracino: "Pompei in miniatura": la storia di "Vallicula" o Barcola. In: Trieste All News. 29 September 2018. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Country Estates in Roman Britain". English Heritage. Retrieved 2024-11-21. <a href="https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/story-of-england/romans/country-estates/" target="_blank">https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/story-of-england/romans/country-estates/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Taylor, Authors: Vanessa Bezemer Sellers, Geoffrey. "The Idea and Invention of the Villa | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History". The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Retrieved 2024-11-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/villa/hd_villa.htm" target="_blank">https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/villa/hd_villa.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2024-11-22. <a href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/712/" target="_blank">https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/712/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>These are not to be confused with the English country houses, which were centres of political and cultural power and show surrounded by the estates that supported them, such as Holkham Hall, Alnwick Castle or Woburn Abbey; in Ireland Castletown House and Russborough House are comparable examples. <a href="/wiki/English_country_house" target="_blank">/wiki/English_country_house</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Sir John Summerson, Architecture in Britain, 1530 to 1830: ch. 22 "Palladian permeation: the villa" provides a standard overview of the building type. <a href="/wiki/John_Summerson" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Summerson</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Klaus F. Müller: Park und Villa Haas – Historismus, Kunst und Lebensstil. Verlag Edition Winterwork, 2012, ISBN 978-3-86468-160-8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Museokortti-kohde: Hakasalmi Villa". www.museot.fi. <a href="https://museot.fi/searchmuseums/index.php?museo_id=21100" target="_blank">https://museot.fi/searchmuseums/index.php?museo_id=21100</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"New Housing law in Spain 2024". www.brassahomes.com. <a href="https://www.brassahomes.com/blog/new-housing-law-in-spain-2024/" target="_blank">https://www.brassahomes.com/blog/new-housing-law-in-spain-2024/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Bienvenue à la villa Savoye à Poissy". www.villa-savoye.fr. <a href="https://www.villa-savoye.fr/en" target="_blank">https://www.villa-savoye.fr/en</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Gibson, Eleanor (31 July 2016). "dezeen.com, Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye encapsulates the Modernist style". <a href="https://www.dezeen.com/2016/07/31/villa-savoye-le-corbusier-poissy-france-modernist-style-unesco-world-heritage/" target="_blank">https://www.dezeen.com/2016/07/31/villa-savoye-le-corbusier-poissy-france-modernist-style-unesco-world-heritage/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Villa Mairea – Villa Mairea". <a href="https://villamairea.fi/en/" target="_blank">https://villamairea.fi/en/</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"Villa Mairea by Alvar Aalto at GreatBuildings". GreatBuildings. <a href="http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Villa_Mairea.html" target="_blank">http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Villa_Mairea.html</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Villa | BRANZ Renovate". BRANZ Renovate. 2010-06-07. Retrieved 2021-07-31. <a href="https://www.renovate.org.nz/villa/" target="_blank">https://www.renovate.org.nz/villa/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Villa Casa Mia | Villa Renovate". Villa Casa Mia Renovate. 2014-08-07. Retrieved 2022-01-01. <a href="https://www.villacasamia.com" target="_blank">https://www.villacasamia.com</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"[Survive & Thrive] Korean 'villas' are not what you expect". The Korea Herald. 18 April 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023. <a href="https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20230418000537" target="_blank">https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20230418000537</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>