Proximity card

<h2 id="types">Types</h2>
<h3>Passive cards</h3>
<p>Passive 125 kHz cards, the more widely used type which were described above, are powered by <a href="/facts/Radio_frequency/aWku7h4R">radio frequency</a> signals from the reader device and so have a limited range and must be held close to the reader unit.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> They are used as <a href="/facts/Keycard/2SNlkH9F">keycards</a> for access control doors in office buildings. A version with more memory, <a href="/facts/Contactless_smartcard/Uf0Khy7R">contactless smartcards</a>, are used for other applications: <a href="/facts/Library_card/zueGRY1s">library cards</a>,  <a href="/facts/Contactless_payment/SIz1m8dN">contactless payment</a> systems, and <a href="/facts/Public_transit/DXhqazz5">public transit</a> fare cards.
</p>
<h3>Active cards</h3>
<p>Active 125 kHz prox cards, sometimes called <a href="/facts/Vicinity_card/Clgwh2aD">vicinity cards</a>[<i>dubious – discuss</i>], are powered by an internal lithium battery.  They can have a greater range, up to 2 meters (6 ft). Other contactless technologies like UHF (Ultra High Frequency) smart cards  can reach up to 150 meters (500 ft) and are often used for applications where the card is read inside a vehicle, such as security gates which open when a vehicle with the access card inside approaches, or <a href="/facts/Automated_toll_collection/NSeQFCU7">automated toll collection</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a>  The battery eventually runs down, however, and the card must be replaced after 2 to 7 years.
</p>
<h2 id="method-of-operation">Method of operation</h2>
<p>The card and the reader unit communicate with each other through 125 kHz radio frequency fields (13.56 MHz for the <a href="/facts/Contactless_smartcard/Uf0Khy7R">contactless smartcard</a> cards) by a process called <a href="/facts/Resonant_inductive_coupling/EhM3RMnP">resonant energy transfer</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a>  Passive cards have three components which are sealed inside the plastic: an antenna consisting of a coil of wire, a <a href="/facts/Capacitor/hyowqv7n">capacitor</a>, and an <a href="/facts/Integrated_circuit/fjn6vg7C">integrated circuit</a> (IC) which contains the user's ID number in specific formats and no other data.  The reader has its own antenna, which continuously transmits a short range radio frequency field.
</p><p>When the card is placed within range of the reader, the antenna coil and capacitor, which form a <a href="/facts/Tuned_circuit/tzEfI7Hf">tuned circuit</a>, absorb and store energy from the field, <a href="/facts/Resonance/q7VLALUz">resonating</a> at the frequency emitted by the reader. This energy is <a href="/facts/Rectifier/me8XDxND">rectified</a> to <a href="/facts/Direct_current/r9MNUx84">direct current</a> which powers the <a href="/facts/Integrated_circuit/fjn6vg7C">integrated circuit</a>.  The chip sends its ID number or other data to the antenna coil, which transmits it by radio frequency signals back to the reader unit. The reader checks whether the ID number from the card is correct, and then performs whatever function it has been programmed to do for that ID number. All the energy to power the card comes from the reader unit, so passive cards must be close to a reader to transmit their data.
</p><p>An active card contains a flat <a href="/facts/Lithium_cell/D5yfo8XS">lithium cell</a> in addition to the above components to power it. The integrated circuit contains a <a href="/facts/Receiver_(radio)/5olDTxkg">receiver</a> which uses the battery's power to <a href="/facts/Amplifier/pnRgxncC">amplify</a> the signal from the reader unit so it is stronger, allowing the card to detect the reader at a greater distance. The battery also powers a <a href="/facts/Transmitter/nFYghtKv">transmitter</a> circuit in the chip which transmits a stronger return signal to cover the greater distance.
</p>
<h2 id="standards-for-proximity-cards">Standards for proximity cards</h2>
<p>Proximity cards are all proprietary. This is also the case of the memory-based first generation of <a href="/facts/Contactless_smartcard/Uf0Khy7R">contactless smartcards</a>. This means that there is no compatibility between the readers of a specific brand and the cards of another brand.
</p><p><a href="/facts/Contactless_smartcard/Uf0Khy7R">Contactless smartcards</a> are covered by the <a href="/facts/ISO/IEC_14443/oUq2AL5f">ISO/IEC 14443</a> and/or the <a href="/facts/ISO/IEC_15693/Clgwh2aD">ISO/IEC 15693</a> OR <a href="/facts/ISO/IEC_18000/vhR33NAR">ISO/IEC 18000</a> standards.  These standards define two types of card ("A" and "B", each with different <a href="/facts/Communications_protocols/5uady7cB">communications protocols</a>) which typically have a range up to 10 cm (4 in). The related <a href="/facts/ISO/IEC_15693/Clgwh2aD">ISO/IEC 15693</a> (<a href="/facts/Vicinity_card/Clgwh2aD">vicinity card</a>) standard typically works up to a longer range of 100 centimetres (39 in).
The reality is that <a href="/facts/ISO/IEC_14443/oUq2AL5f">ISO/IEC 14443</a> as well as <a href="/facts/ISO/IEC_15693/Clgwh2aD">ISO/IEC 15693</a> can only be fully implemented on microprocessor-based cards. The best way to check if a technology meets ISO standard is to ask the manufacturer if it can be emulated on other devices without any proprietary hardware.
</p>
<h2 id="125-khz-readers-and-formats">125 kHz readers and formats</h2>
<p>The card readers communicate in various protocols, for example the <a href="/facts/Wiegand_protocol/2cJ0U7rr">Wiegand protocol</a> that consists of a data 0 and a data 1 circuit (or binary or simple on/off (digital) type circuit). Other known protocols are mono directional Clock and Data or bidirectional OSDP (RS 485), RS 232 or UART.  The earliest card formats were up to 64 bits long. As demand has increased, bit size has increased to continue to provide unique numbers. Often, the first several bits can be made identical; these are called facility or site codes. The idea is that company A has a facility code of <i>xn</i> and a card set of 0001 through 1000 and company B has a facility code of <i>yn</i> and a card set also of 0001 through 1000. For smartcards, a numbering system is internationally harmonized and allocated by Netherlands-based NEN (registration authority) according to <a href="/facts/ISO/IEC_6523/A28mXvA7">ISO/IEC 6523</a> and ISO/IEC 15459 standards.
</p>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Access_badge/9D2yaBhu">Access badge</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Access_control/08zE5Pz8">Access control</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Campus_card/qVRwUBFq">Campus card</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/CharlieCard/wUubU01r">CharlieCard</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Common_Access_Card/NmGbe0aV">Common Access Card</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Credential/wsuEjr95">Credential</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Identity_document/YovHMC8K">Identity document</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Key_(lock)/5xcFqSyy">Keycard</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Magnetic_stripe_card/1mcYEQoT">Magnetic stripe card</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Near-field_communication/awqd3Ea8">Near-field communication</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Photo_identification/m8raIrM5">Photo identification</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Physical_security/zMmzXW4w">Physical security</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Security/B4uxkyxh">Security</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Smart_card/K7b9lowS">Smart card</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Wiegand_interface/2cJ0U7rr">Wiegand interface</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>Reid, Robert N. (2005). Facility manager's guide to security: protecting your assets. The Fairmont Press. pp. 144–146. ISBN 0881734837. <a href="0881734837" target="_blank">0881734837</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>Norman, Thomas L. (2011). Electronic Access Control. Elsevier. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-0123820280. <a href="978-0123820280" target="_blank">978-0123820280</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:3"><p>Reid, Robert N. (2005). Facility manager's guide to security: protecting your assets. The Fairmont Press. pp. 144–146. ISBN 0881734837. <a href="0881734837" target="_blank">0881734837</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:4"><p>Access Control Card Handling Guide
https://www.supercircuits.com/media/docs/proxcard_handling_guide_en.pdf
 <a href="https://www.supercircuits.com/media/docs/proxcard_handling_guide_en.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.supercircuits.com/media/docs/proxcard_handling_guide_en.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:5"><p>Norman, Thomas L. (2011). Electronic Access Control. Elsevier. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-0123820280. <a href="978-0123820280" target="_blank">978-0123820280</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:6"><p>Norman, Thomas L. (2011). Electronic Access Control. Elsevier. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-0123820280. <a href="978-0123820280" target="_blank">978-0123820280</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:7"><p>Reid, Robert N. (2005). Facility manager's guide to security: protecting your assets. The Fairmont Press. pp. 144–146. ISBN 0881734837. <a href="0881734837" target="_blank">0881734837</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:8"><p>Norman, Thomas L. (2011). Electronic Access Control. Elsevier. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-0123820280. <a href="978-0123820280" target="_blank">978-0123820280</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
</ol>

Proximity card open-in-new

Proximity card