Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Praziquantel
open-in-new
<h2 id="medical-uses">Medical uses</h2> <p>Praziquantel is used to treat diseases caused by infection with several types of internal/gastrointestinal, and external parasites, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Echinococcosis/0FnVxknd">Hydatid disease</a> caused by infection of various organs with larval stages of tapeworms of the genus <i><a href="/facts/Echinococcus/Geyow0yg">Echinococcus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cysticercosis/hjmcMsbR">Cysticercosis</a> caused by infection of the brain and/or muscles with the eggs and larvae of the pork tapeworm <i><a href="/facts/Taenia_solium/JxQfjxVn">Taenia solium</a></i> (though it has been judged less effective than <a href="/facts/Albendazole/FzA8fAF0">albendazole</a> in treatment of <a href="/facts/Neurocysticercosis/7UJlGexv">neurocysticercosis</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Taeniasis/57TCR8lp">Taeniasis</a> caused by intestinal infection with <i><a href="/facts/Taenia_saginata/wlcUBfRI">Taenia saginata</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Taenia_solium/JxQfjxVn">Taenia solium</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Diphyllobothriasis/cxBSMy7n">Diphyllobothriasis</a> caused by intestinal infection with <i><a href="/facts/Diphyllobothrium_latum/az42U6f7">Diphyllobothrium latum</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hymenolepiasis/omNxItDh">Hymenolepiasis</a> caused by <i><a href="/facts/Hymenolepis_nana/8EEC25Fx">Hymenolepis nana</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Hymenolepis_diminuta/GyMHgStY">Hymenolepis diminuta</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bertielliasis/jQ0k1KPB">Bertielliasis</a> caused by intestinal infection with <i><a href="/facts/Bertiella_studeri/qYSeeQ9Q">Bertiella studeri</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li>In dogs and cats, whose gastrointestinal tracts are infected with the tapeworms <i><a href="/facts/Dipylidium_caninum/YhhBCdpa">Dipylidium caninum</a></i> or <i><a href="/facts/Taenia_taeniaeformis/nWCLq0Gc">Taenia taeniaeformis</a></i>, respectively;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> praziquantel is also often used in fixed combination with <a href="/facts/Pyrantel_embonate/wUHm5c9V">pyrantel embonate</a> against the roundworms (<a href="/facts/Ascaris/kK1ub8Rs">ascarids</a>): <i><a href="/facts/Toxocara_cati/1XGgLlmU">Toxocara cati</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Toxascaris_leonina/PUF8rdte">Toxascaris leonina</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> Praziquantel is also effective against <i><a href="/facts/Echinococcus_multilocularis/51mM73WX">Echinococcus multilocularis</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Schistosomiasis/qXtvvvUo">Schistosomiasis</a> caused by <a href="/facts/Trematodes/d3J87oDn">trematodes</a> of the genus <i><a href="/facts/Schistosoma/aBmHzzJV">Schistosoma</a></i>:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> As of 2005, praziquantel is the primary treatment for human <a href="/facts/Schistosomiasis/qXtvvvUo">schistosomiasis</a>, for which it is usually effective in a single dose.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Clonorchiasis/s86RzFkT">Clonorchiasis</a> brought on by the Chinese liver fluke <i><a href="/facts/Clonorchis_sinensis/YFc6cj7C">Clonorchis sinensis</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Opisthorchiasis/0vQokeLV">Opisthorchiasis</a> brought on by the liver flukes <i><a href="/facts/Opisthorchis_viverrini/Y530lW7H">Opisthorchis viverrini</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Opisthorchis_felineus/zQ2d9PgQ">Opisthorchis felineus</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Paragonimiasis/SaMfXPqx">Paragonimiasis</a> caused by infection with lung flukes, mostly of the species <i><a href="/facts/Paragonimus_westermani/6EhU9Hy0">Paragonimus westermani</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fasciolopsiasis/MKkzWnzP">Fasciolopsiasis</a> caused by the giant intestinal fluke <i><a href="/facts/Fasciolopsis_buski/uLYWfUgQ">Fasciolopsis buski</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Echinostomiasis/WJQvJ9vJ">Echinostomiasis</a> caused by infection with intestinal flukes of the genus <i><a href="/facts/Echinostoma/WJQvJ9vJ">Echinostoma</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Metagonimiasis/PMDunm51">Metagonimiasis</a> caused by infection with intestinal flukes of the genus <i><a href="/facts/Metagonimus/4vefN3BJ">Metagonimus</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li> <li>Heterophyiasis caused by the intestinal fluke <i><a href="/facts/Heterophyes_heterophyes/dbHgbf3X">Heterophyes heterophyes</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li> <li>Gastrodiscoidiasis caused by the intestinal fluke <i><a href="/facts/Gastrodiscoides/kguqBoad">Gastrodiscoides hominis</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="side-effects">Side effects</h2> <p>The majority of side effects develop due to the release of the contents of the parasites as they are killed and the consequent host immune reaction. The heavier the parasite burden, the heavier and more frequent the side effects normally are. </p> <ul><li>Central nervous system (CNS): Frequently occurring side effects are <a href="/facts/Dizziness/eI8UvmS5">dizziness</a>, <a href="/facts/Headache/mdmmC9DP">headache</a>, and malaise. <a href="/facts/Drowsiness/mIlFhyf0">Drowsiness</a>, <a href="/facts/Somnolence/mIlFhyf0">somnolence</a>, <a href="/facts/Fatigue_(physical)/C2oo4Hvg">fatigue</a>, and <a href="/facts/Vertigo_(medical)/2RDjIkuh">vertigo</a> have also been seen. Almost all patients with cerebral <a href="/facts/Cysticercosis/hjmcMsbR">cysticercosis</a> experience CNS side effects related to the cell-death of the parasites (headache, worsening of pre-existing neurological problems, <a href="/facts/Seizures/zuIrQyze">seizures</a>, <a href="/facts/Arachnoiditis/8eIT0Qe9">arachnoiditis</a>, and <a href="/facts/Meningism/DRP4D7YU">meningism</a>). These side effects may be life-threatening and can be reduced by coadministration of <a href="/facts/Corticosteroid/jeL2QeIL">corticosteroids</a>. All patients with cerebral <a href="/facts/Cysticercosis/hjmcMsbR">cysticercosis</a> are strongly recommended to be hospitalized during treatment.</li> <li>Gastrointestinal tract: About 90% of all patients have abdominal pain or cramps with or without nausea and vomiting. <a href="/facts/Diarrhea/6TBHaRdA">Diarrhea</a> may develop and may be severe with colic. Sweating, fever, and sometimes bloody stools may occur together with diarrhea.</li> <li>Liver: Asymptomatic and transient increases of liver enzymes (<a href="/facts/Aspartate_transaminase/ksTwpdqx">AST</a> and <a href="/facts/Alanine_transaminase/PAUfv2UK">ALT</a>) are noted frequently (up to 27%). No case of symptomatic liver damage has been seen so far.</li> <li>Sensitivity reactions: <a href="/facts/Urticaria/zMkVo9qL">Urticaria</a>, <a href="/facts/Rash/W97qGpq6">rash</a>, <a href="/facts/Pruritus/MBWq6SPc">pruritus</a> and <a href="/facts/Eosinophilia/RkFrKK10">eosinophilia</a> in white blood cell counts</li> <li>Other locations/body as a whole: Lower back pain, myalgia, arthralgia, fever, sweating, various cardiac <a href="/facts/Arrhythmias/ooEpr46Q">arrhythmias</a>, and <a href="/facts/Hypotension/BhrdVVRS">hypotension</a></li></ul> <h3>Pregnancy</h3> <p>The WHO states praziquantel is safe during pregnancy (although does not recommend use during the first trimester).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> Animal studies have failed to reveal evidence of fetal harm. Praziquantel is effective in reducing schistosomiasis during pregnancy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> Another trial found that treatment with praziquantel did not increase the rates of low birthweight, fetal death, or congenital anomalies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="drug-interactions">Drug interactions</h2> <p>The antibiotic <a href="/facts/Rifampicin/9naa8C5l">rifampicin</a> decreases plasma concentrations of praziquantel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Carbamazepine/Hd1By1Mj">Carbamazepine</a> and <a href="/facts/Phenytoin/uFvxbwf2">phenytoin</a> are reported to reduce the bioavailability of praziquantel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Chloroquine/YU9bn818">Chloroquine</a> also reduces its bioavailability.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p><p>The drug <a href="/facts/Cimetidine/MX2vzIVg">cimetidine</a> heightens praziquantel bioavailability.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="mechanism-of-action">Mechanism of action</h2> <p>The drug's mode of action is not exactly known at present, but experimental evidence indicates praziquantel increases the permeability of the membranes of schistosome cells towards calcium ions. The drug thereby induces contraction of the parasites' muscle, resulting in paralysis in the contracted state. The dying parasites are dislodged from their site of action in the host organism and may enter systemic circulation or may be destroyed by host immune reaction (<a href="/facts/Phagocytosis/eBrv2XKV">phagocytosis</a>). Additional mechanisms including focal disintegrations and disturbances of oviposition (laying of eggs) are seen in other types of sensitive parasites. </p><p>Another hypothesis regarding the mechanism of action is that it interferes with <a href="/facts/Adenosine/MwyTJ2wR">adenosine</a> uptake in worms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> This effect may have therapeutical relevance given that the schistosome, as the <a href="/facts/Taenia_(flatworm)/JGmIB9gl"><i>Taenia</i></a> and the <i><a href="/facts/Echinococcus/Geyow0yg">Echinococcus</a></i> (other praziquantel-sensitive parasites), is unable to synthesize <a href="/facts/Purine/9ogLp0Wc">purines</a>, such as adenosine, <i>de novo</i>. </p><p>Bayer's Animal Health Division website states, "Praziquantel is active against cestodes (tapeworms). Praziquantel is absorbed, metabolized in the liver, and excreted in the bile. Upon entering the digestive tract from the bile, cestocidal activity is exhibited. Following exposure to praziquantel, the tapeworm loses its ability to resist digestion by the mammalian host. Because of this, whole tapeworms, including the <a href="/facts/Cestoda/DP40WIv2">scolices</a> (plural of "scolex"), are very rarely passed after administration of praziquantel. In many instances, only disintegrated and partially digested pieces of tapeworms will be seen in the stool. The majority of tapeworms are digested and are not found in the feces."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p><p>Praziquantel is administered as a <a href="/facts/Racemic_mixture/STEagtrD">racemate</a>, but only the (<i>R</i>)-<a href="/facts/Enantiomer/wjPv5J3y">enantiomer</a> is biologically active; the enantiomers may be separated using a resolution of an <a href="/facts/Amine/JvfYJfP6">amine</a> obtained from praziquantel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</h2> <p>Praziquantel is well absorbed (about 80%) from the <a href="/facts/Gastrointestinal_tract/nK2zwqBS">gastrointestinal tract</a>. However, due to extensive <a href="/facts/First_pass_effect/jfDsbq7S">first-pass metabolism</a>, only a relatively small amount enters systemic circulation. Praziquantel has a <a href="/facts/Blood_serum/a22tvug9">serum</a> <a href="/facts/Half-life/kGVH8BAB">half-life</a> of 0.8 to 1.5 hours in adults with normal renal and liver function. <a href="/facts/Metabolite/nAyywVtA">Metabolites</a> have a half-life of 4 to 5 hours. In patients with significantly impaired liver function (<a href="/facts/Child-Pugh_score/sQ4QgW53">Child-Pugh score</a> B and C), the serum half-life is increased to 3 to 8 hours. Praziquantel and its metabolites are mainly excreted renally; within 24 h after a single oral dose, 70 to 80% is found in urine, but less than 0.1% as the unchanged drug. Praziquantel is metabolized through the <a href="/facts/Cytochrome_P450/alxusFD0">cytochrome P450</a> pathway via <a href="/facts/CYP3A4/MqD09gEj">CYP3A4</a>. Agents that <a href="/facts/Enzyme_induction_and_inhibition/xsqdeWf3">induce or inhibit</a> CYP3A4 such as <a href="/facts/Phenytoin/uFvxbwf2">phenytoin</a>, <a href="/facts/Rifampin/9naa8C5l">rifampin</a>, and <a href="/facts/Azole_antifungals/Nj3CWSM2">azole</a> antifungals will affect the metabolism of praziquantel. </p><p>Praziquantel has a particularly dramatic effect on patients with <a href="/facts/Schistosomiasis/qXtvvvUo">schistosomiasis</a>. Studies of those treated have shown that within six months of receiving a dose of praziquantel, up to 90% of the damage done to internal organs due to schistosomiasis infection can be reversed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>Praziquantel was developed in the laboratories for parasitological research of <a href="/facts/Bayer_AG/fnYepBcG">Bayer AG</a> and <a href="/facts/Merck_KGaA/5wXLtNQF">Merck KGaA</a> in Germany (Elberfeld and Darmstadt) in the mid-1970s. </p> <h2 id="society-and-culture">Society and culture</h2> <h3>Brand names</h3> <ul><li>Biltricide (<a href="/facts/Bayer/fnYepBcG">Bayer</a>) Tablets (for human use)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></li> <li>Cesol (<a href="/facts/Merck_Group/5wXLtNQF">Merck</a>) Tablets</li> <li>Cestoved (Vedco) both tablets and injectable for veterinary use</li> <li>Cysticide (Merck) Tablets</li> <li>Distocide (Shin Poong Pharm. Co., Ltd.) tablet (for human use)</li> <li>Distoside (Chandra Bhagat Pharma Pvt Ltd) tablet (for human use)</li> <li>Droncit (Bayer) for veterinary use</li> <li>Drontal (combination with <a href="/facts/Pyrantel_pamoate/wUHm5c9V">pyrantel pamoate</a>) (Bayer) for veterinary use</li> <li>D-Worm (<a href="/facts/Farnum/CGeouP05">Farnum</a>) for veterinary use; note that D-Worm also makes roundworm medicine containing <a href="/facts/Piperidine/dU6YTIC6">piperidine</a> which is not effective against tapeworms.</li> <li>Fish Tapes (Thomas Labs) for aquarium use</li> <li>Interceptor Plus chewable tablets (combination with <a href="/facts/Milbemycin/BhAGvp2w">milbemycin</a>) (<a href="/facts/Elanco/2pA296Ex">Elanco</a>) for veterinary use. Note regular Interceptor only has milbemycin and does not contain praziquantel.</li> <li>Kaicide (Taiwan)</li> <li>Milbemax (combination with <a href="/facts/Milbemycin_oxime/vC92pBwt">milbemycin oxime</a>) (<a href="/facts/Novartis/jDregKez">Novartis</a>) for veterinary use</li> <li>Popantel (Jurox)</li> <li>PraziPro (<a href="/facts/Hikari_(company)/6f6ozYYb">Hikari</a>) for aquarium use</li> <li>Praz-Tastic (NFP/National Fish Pharmaceuticals) for aquarium use</li> <li>Pure Prazi (COTS Koi/Children of the Sun Koi) for aquarium use</li> <li>PraziPure (J.K.O., Inc. d/b/a Kodama Koi Farm & Kodama Koi Garden; licensed by COTS Koi) for aquarium use</li> <li>Profender (combination with <a href="/facts/Emodepside/DXwGAvPY">emodepside</a>) (Bayer) for veterinary use</li> <li>Tape Worm Tabs (<a href="/facts/Trade_Winds/GUU8Vor3">Trade Winds</a>) for veterinary use</li> <li>Zentozide (<a href="/facts/Berich/5HWkJjnl">Berich</a> (Thailand) Co)</li></ul> <h3>Regulatory approval</h3> <p>Praziquantel is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p><p>Praziquantel is not licensed for use in humans in the UK, but it can be imported when necessary on a named-patient basis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> It is available in the UK as a veterinary anthelmintic. </p><p>Praziquantel is approved in the US for the treatment of schistosomiasis and liver flukes, although it is effective in other infections.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="veterinary-medicine">Veterinary medicine</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Salmon_poisoning_disease/ySw223t6">Salmon poisoning disease</a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Diplozoon_paradoxum/gF5z8Bqm">Diplozoon paradoxum</a></i> and other <a href="/facts/Trematoda/d3J87oDn">Trematoda</a> infections of many fish species<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></li></ul> <p>In March 2025, the <a href="/facts/Committee_for_Veterinary_Medicinal_Products/mAbakeaT">Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products</a> of the <a href="/facts/European_Medicines_Agency/h9FTtCYc">European Medicines Agency</a> adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the veterinary medicinal product 'Prazivetin premix for medicated feeding stuff' intended for sea bream.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> The applicant for this veterinary medicinal product is Vethellas S.A.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> The main benefit of Prazivetin is its efficacy against infestations of the gills caused by the monogenean <i><a href="/facts/Sparicotyle_chrysophrii/RX5APWLk">Sparicotyle chrysophrii</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Look up <i>praziquantel</i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. <ul><li><a href="http://reference.medscape.com/drug/biltricide-praziquantel-342666">"Praziquantel (Rx) Biltricide"</a>. <i>Medscape</i>. WebMD. Retrieved 1 November 2015.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Praziquantel". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016. <a href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/praziquantel.html" target="_blank">https://www.drugs.com/monograph/praziquantel.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Praziquantel". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016. <a href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/praziquantel.html" target="_blank">https://www.drugs.com/monograph/praziquantel.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>World Health Organization (2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR (eds.). WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. pp. 88, 593. hdl:10665/44053. ISBN 9789241547659. <a href="9789241547659" target="_blank">9789241547659</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Praziquantel". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016. <a href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/praziquantel.html" target="_blank">https://www.drugs.com/monograph/praziquantel.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>World Health Organization (2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR (eds.). WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. pp. 88, 593. hdl:10665/44053. ISBN 9789241547659. <a href="9789241547659" target="_blank">9789241547659</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>World Health Organization (2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR (eds.). WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. pp. 88, 593. hdl:10665/44053. ISBN 9789241547659. <a href="9789241547659" target="_blank">9789241547659</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Praziquantel". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016. <a href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/praziquantel.html" target="_blank">https://www.drugs.com/monograph/praziquantel.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Praziquantel". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016. <a href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/praziquantel.html" target="_blank">https://www.drugs.com/monograph/praziquantel.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Praziquantel". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016. <a href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/praziquantel.html" target="_blank">https://www.drugs.com/monograph/praziquantel.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/371090. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02. <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" target="_blank">/wiki/World_Health_Organization</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Matthaiou DK, Panos G, Adamidi ES, Falagas ME (March 2008). Carabin H (ed.). "Albendazole versus praziquantel in the treatment of neurocysticercosis: a meta-analysis of comparative trials". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2 (3): e194. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000194. PMC 2265431. PMID 18335068. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2265431" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2265431</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"CDC - Taeniasis - Resources for Health Professionals". CDC. 20 May 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2024. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/taeniasis/health_professionals/index.html" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/taeniasis/health_professionals/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"CDC - Diphyllobothrium - Resources for Health Professionals". CDC. 20 May 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2024. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/diphyllobothrium/health_professionals/index.html" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/diphyllobothrium/health_professionals/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"CDC - Hymenolepis - Resources for Health Professionals". CDC. 20 May 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2024. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hymenolepis/health_professionals/index.html" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hymenolepis/health_professionals/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"CDC - DPDx - Bertiella infection - Treatment Information". CDC. 29 November 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2024. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/bertiella/tx.html" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/bertiella/tx.html</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Drontal Data Sheet; Drontal Cat & Cat XL Film-coated Tablets, Bayer plc (PDF), Newbury, England: Bayer plc, Animal Health Division, p. 2, archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2015, retrieved 23 September 2015 <a href="https://www.drontal.com/static/drontal/DrontalCat&CatXLFilm-coatedTablets.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.drontal.com/static/drontal/DrontalCat&CatXLFilm-coatedTablets.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Bowman DD, Hendrix CM, Lindsay DS, Barr SC (2002). Feline clinical parasitology (First ed.). Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University. p. 275. ISBN 0-8138-0333-0. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. <a href="0-8138-0333-0" target="_blank">0-8138-0333-0</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Drontal Data Sheet; Drontal Cat & Cat XL Film-coated Tablets, Bayer plc (PDF), Newbury, England: Bayer plc, Animal Health Division, p. 2, archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2015, retrieved 23 September 2015 <a href="https://www.drontal.com/static/drontal/DrontalCat&CatXLFilm-coatedTablets.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.drontal.com/static/drontal/DrontalCat&CatXLFilm-coatedTablets.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Bowman DD, Hendrix CM, Lindsay DS, Barr SC (2002). Feline clinical parasitology (First ed.). Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University. p. 275. ISBN 0-8138-0333-0. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. <a href="0-8138-0333-0" target="_blank">0-8138-0333-0</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Drontal Data Sheet; Drontal Cat & Cat XL Film-coated Tablets, Bayer plc (PDF), Newbury, England: Bayer plc, Animal Health Division, p. 2, archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2015, retrieved 23 September 2015 <a href="https://www.drontal.com/static/drontal/DrontalCat&CatXLFilm-coatedTablets.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.drontal.com/static/drontal/DrontalCat&CatXLFilm-coatedTablets.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Tchuenté LA, Shaw DJ, Polla L, Cioli D, Vercruysse J (December 2004). "Efficacy of praziquantel against Schistosoma haematobium infection in children". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 71 (6): 778–782. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2004.71.778. PMID 15642971. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4269%2Fajtmh.2004.71.778" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.4269%2Fajtmh.2004.71.778</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>The Carter Center. "Schistosomiasis Control Program". Archived from the original on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 17 July 2008. <a href="http://www.cartercenter.org/health/schistosomiasis/index.html" target="_blank">http://www.cartercenter.org/health/schistosomiasis/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Shen C, Kim J, Lee JK, Bae YM, Choi MH, Oh JK, et al. (June 2007). "Collection of Clonorchis sinensis adult worms from infected humans after praziquantel treatment". The Korean Journal of Parasitology. 45 (2): 149–152. doi:10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.149. PMC 2526309. PMID 17570980. Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. <a href="https://archive.today/20121220070503/http://www.parasitol.or.kr/kjp/abstracts/2007_149.html" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20121220070503/http://www.parasitol.or.kr/kjp/abstracts/2007_149.html</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>"Opisthorchiasis - Treatment Information". CDC - DPDx. 29 November 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2015. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/opisthorchiasis/tx.html" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/opisthorchiasis/tx.html</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>"CDC - Paragonimiasis - General Information - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)". www.cdc.gov. 19 April 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/paragonimus/gen_info/faqs.html" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/paragonimus/gen_info/faqs.html</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>"CDC - Paragonimiasis - Resources for Health Professionals". www.cdc.gov. 24 May 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/paragonimus/health_professionals/index.html" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/paragonimus/health_professionals/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Mas-Coma S, Bargues MD, Valero MA (October 2005). "Fascioliasis and other plant-borne trematode zoonoses". International Journal for Parasitology. 35 (11–12): 1255–1278. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.07.010. PMID 16150452. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Toledo R, Álvarez-Izquierdo M, Guillermo-Esteban J, Muñoz-Antoli C (March 2022). "Neglected food-borne trematodiases: echinostomiasis and gastrodiscoidiasis". Parasitology. 149 (10): 1319–1326. doi:10.1017/s0031182022000385. PMC 10090775. PMID 35343418. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10090775" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10090775</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Rim HJ, Chu DS, Lee JS, Joo KH, Won CY (December 1978). "[Anthelmintic Effects Of Various Drugs Against Metagonimiasis]". Kisaengch'unghak Chapchi. The Korean Journal of Parasitology. 16 (2): 117–122. doi:10.3347/kjp.1978.16.2.117. PMID 12902772. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Taraschewski H, Mehlhorn H, Bunnag D, Andrews P, Thomas H (November 1986). "Effects of praziquantel on human intestinal flukes (Fasciolopsis buski and Heterophyes heterophyes)". Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. Series A: Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Virology, Parasitology. 262 (4): 542–550. doi:10.1016/s0176-6724(86)80148-1. PMID 3799097. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Toledo R, Álvarez-Izquierdo M, Guillermo-Esteban J, Muñoz-Antoli C (March 2022). "Neglected food-borne trematodiases: echinostomiasis and gastrodiscoidiasis". Parasitology. 149 (10): 1319–1326. doi:10.1017/s0031182022000385. PMC 10090775. PMID 35343418. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10090775" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10090775</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>"WHO } Guideline". World Health Organisation: Schistosomiasis. Archived from the original on 17 June 2007. Retrieved 4 March 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070617184031/http://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/strategy/en/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070617184031/http://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/strategy/en/</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>"WHO } Strategy" (PDF). WHO (2022) "WHO Guideline on control and elimination of human schistosomiasis" ISBN 978-92-4-004160-8. Retrieved 2 October 2024. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK578392/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK578392.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK578392/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK578392.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Tweyongyere R, Mawa PA, Emojong NO, Mpairwe H, Jones FM, Duong T, et al. (March 2009). "Effect of praziquantel treatment of Schistosoma mansoni during pregnancy on intensity of infection and antibody responses to schistosome antigens: results of a randomised, placebo-controlled trial". BMC Infectious Diseases. 9 (32): 32. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-9-32. PMC 2666740. PMID 19296834. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2666740" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2666740</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Olveda RM, Acosta LP, Tallo V, Baltazar PI, Lesiguez JL, Estanislao GG, et al. (February 2016). "Efficacy and safety of praziquantel for the treatment of human schistosomiasis during pregnancy: a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 16 (2): 199–208. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00345-X. PMC 4752899. PMID 26511959. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4752899" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4752899</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Ridtitid W, Wongnawa M, Mahatthanatrakul W, Punyo J, Sunbhanich M (November 2002). "Rifampin markedly decreases plasma concentrations of praziquantel in healthy volunteers". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 72 (5): 505–513. doi:10.1067/mcp.2002.129319. PMID 12426514. S2CID 30853881. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Quinn DI, Day RO (June 1995). "Drug interactions of clinical importance. An updated guide". Drug Safety. 12 (6): 393–452. doi:10.2165/00002018-199512060-00005. PMID 8527014. S2CID 34890344. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Masimirembwa CM, Naik YS, Hasler JA (January 1994). "The effect of chloroquine on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of praziquantel in rats and in humans". Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. 15 (1): 33–43. doi:10.1002/bdd.2510150103. PMID 8161714. S2CID 45098166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Metwally A, Bennett JL, Botros S, Ebeid F (April 1995). "Effect of cimetidine, bicarbonate and glucose on the bioavailability of different formulations of praziquantel". Arzneimittel-Forschung. 45 (4): 516–518. PMID 7779153. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/PMID_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Jung H, Medina R, Castro N, Corona T, Sotelo J (June 1997). "Pharmacokinetic study of praziquantel administered alone and in combination with cimetidine in a single-day therapeutic regimen". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 41 (6): 1256–1259. doi:10.1128/AAC.41.6.1256. PMC 163896. PMID 9174180. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC163896" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC163896</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Angelucci F, Basso A, Bellelli A, Brunori M, Pica Mattoccia L, Valle C (August 2007). "The anti-schistosomal drug praziquantel is an adenosine antagonist". Parasitology. 134 (Pt 9): 1215–1221. doi:10.1017/S0031182007002600. PMID 17428352. S2CID 22482704. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 18 May 2007. Retrieved 24 March 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)[full citation needed] <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070518114008/http://bayer.naccvp.com/view_label.php" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070518114008/http://bayer.naccvp.com/view_label.php</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Woelfle M, Seerden JP, de Gooijer J, Pouwer K, Olliaro P, Todd MH (September 2011). Geary TG (ed.). "Resolution of praziquantel". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 5 (9): e1260. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001260. PMC 3176743. PMID 21949890. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3176743" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3176743</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>The Carter Center. "Schistosomiasis Control Program". Archived from the original on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 17 July 2008. <a href="http://www.cartercenter.org/health/schistosomiasis/index.html" target="_blank">http://www.cartercenter.org/health/schistosomiasis/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>"BILTRICIDE- praziquantel tablet, film coated (NDC Code(s): 50419-747-01)". DailyMed. July 2015. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2015. <a href="http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=34ce1cdd-648e-4f1e-8512-bf3d4cc22eb9" target="_blank">http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=34ce1cdd-648e-4f1e-8512-bf3d4cc22eb9</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/371090. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02. <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" target="_blank">/wiki/World_Health_Organization</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>"Antihelmintics - Medicines for Worms; threadword, roundworm". Patient. Archived from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015. <a href="https://patient.info//health/antihelmintics-medicines-for-worms" target="_blank">https://patient.info//health/antihelmintics-medicines-for-worms</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>Brunton L, Chabner B, Knollman B (10 January 2011). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Twelfth Edition (12 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education / Medical. ISBN 9780071624428.[page needed] <a href="9780071624428" target="_blank">9780071624428</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Schmahl G, Taraschewski H (1987). "Treatment of fish parasites. 2. Effects of praziquantel, niclosamide, levamisole-HCl, and metrifonate on monogenea (Gyrodactylus aculeati, Diplozoon paradoxum)". Parasitology Research. 73 (4): 341–351. doi:10.1007/bf00531089. PMID 3615395. S2CID 12241452. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>"Prazivetin EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 13 March 2025. Retrieved 19 March 2025. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged. <a href="https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/veterinary/EPAR/prazivetin" target="_blank">https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/veterinary/EPAR/prazivetin</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>"Prazivetin EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 13 March 2025. Retrieved 19 March 2025. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged. <a href="https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/veterinary/EPAR/prazivetin" target="_blank">https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/veterinary/EPAR/prazivetin</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>"Prazivetin EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 13 March 2025. Retrieved 19 March 2025. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged. <a href="https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/veterinary/EPAR/prazivetin" target="_blank">https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/veterinary/EPAR/prazivetin</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>