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Common cold
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<h2 id="signs-and-symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2> <p>The typical symptoms of a cold include <a href="/facts/Cough/mqyhR6zj">cough</a>, <a href="/facts/Runny_nose/DJxxlKqs">runny nose</a>, <a href="/facts/Sneeze/Nxj3dJbc">sneezing</a>, <a href="/facts/Nasal_congestion/xClWzxrg">nasal congestion</a>, and a <a href="/facts/Sore_throat/00WHEyla">sore throat</a>, sometimes accompanied by <a href="/facts/Myalgia/AbVybHB8">muscle ache</a>, <a href="/facts/Fatigue_(medical)/C2oo4Hvg">fatigue</a>, <a href="/facts/Headache/mdmmC9DP">headache</a>, and <a href="/facts/Anorexia_(symptom)/G7RsaXp9">loss of appetite</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> A sore throat is present in about 40% of cases, a cough in about 50%,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> and muscle aches in about 50%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> In adults, a <a href="/facts/Fever/waVxR2Ac">fever</a> is generally not present but it is common in infants and young children.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> The cough is usually mild compared to that accompanying <a href="/facts/Influenza/nWuFzh6L">influenza</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> While a cough and a fever indicate a higher likelihood of influenza in adults, a great deal of similarity exists between these two conditions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> A number of the viruses that cause the common cold may also result in <a href="/facts/Asymptomatic/6ewHqlEU">asymptomatic infections</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p><p>The color of the <a href="/facts/Mucus/hnlBuHAy">mucus</a> or nasal secretion may vary from clear to yellow to green and does not indicate the class of agent causing the infection.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> </p> <h3>Progression</h3> <p>A cold usually begins with fatigue, a feeling of being <a href="/facts/Chills/lqjTeJ1H">chilled</a>, sneezing, and a headache, followed in a couple of days by a runny nose and cough.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> Symptoms may begin within sixteen hours of exposure<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> and typically peak two to four days after onset.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> They usually resolve in seven to ten days, but some can last for up to three weeks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> The average duration of cough is eighteen days<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> and in some cases people develop a <a href="/facts/Post-viral_cough/5J9RgQC6">post-viral cough</a> which can linger after the infection is gone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> In children, the cough lasts for more than ten days in 35–40% of cases and continues for more than 25 days in 10%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="causes">Causes</h2> <h3>Viruses</h3> <p>The common cold is an infection of the upper <a href="/facts/Respiratory_tract/nnG9UEmr">respiratory tract</a> which can be caused by many different viruses. The most commonly implicated is a <a href="/facts/Rhinovirus/2jDL2oWU">rhinovirus</a> (30–80%), a type of <a href="/facts/Picornavirus/QmeWDCDr">picornavirus</a> with 99 known <a href="/facts/Serotype/fUllA0xY">serotypes</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> Other commonly implicated viruses include <a href="/facts/Coronavirus/LvV5mvl9">coronaviruses</a>, <a href="/facts/Adenovirus/JLX5IKHt">adenoviruses</a>, <a href="/facts/Enterovirus/9MyW6zdk">enteroviruses</a>, <a href="/facts/Parainfluenza/ATeTVf5K">parainfluenza</a> and <a href="/facts/Respiratory_syncytial_virus/ckD64j8a">RSV</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> Frequently more than one virus is present.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> In total, more than 200 viral types are associated with colds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> The viral cause of some common colds (20–30%) is unknown.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> </p> <h3>Transmission</h3> <p>The common cold virus is typically transmitted via airborne droplets, direct contact with infected nasal secretions, or <a href="/facts/Fomites/0sTjFaIR">fomites</a> (contaminated objects).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> Which of these routes is of primary importance has not been determined.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> As with all respiratory pathogens once presumed to transmit via respiratory droplets, it is highly likely to be carried by the aerosols generated during routine breathing, talking, and singing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> The viruses may survive for prolonged periods in the environment (over 18 hours for rhinoviruses) and can be picked up by people's hands and subsequently carried to their eyes or noses where infection occurs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> Transmission from animals is considered highly unlikely; an outbreak documented at a British scientific base on <a href="/facts/Adelaide_Island/egvMYFAj">Adelaide Island</a> after seventeen weeks of isolation was thought to have been caused by transmission from a contaminated object or an asymptomatic human carrier, rather than from the <a href="/facts/Siberian_Husky/qnsqGPgh">husky dogs</a> which were also present at the base.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> </p><p>Transmission is common in daycare and schools due to the proximity of many children with little immunity and poor hygiene.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> These infections are then brought home to other members of the family.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> There is no evidence that recirculated air during commercial flight is a method of transmission.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> People sitting close to each other appear to be at greater risk of infection.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> </p> <h3>Other</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Herd_immunity/8y11dyAI">Herd immunity</a>, generated from previous exposure to cold viruses, plays an important role in limiting viral spread, as seen with younger populations that have greater rates of respiratory infections.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> Poor immune function is a risk factor for disease.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Sleep_deprivation/uAUkKVEM">Insufficient sleep</a> and <a href="/facts/Malnutrition/KasQy5MR">malnutrition</a> have been associated with a greater risk of developing infection following rhinovirus exposure; this is believed to be due to their effects on immune function.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Breast_feeding/cdWXyYDX">Breast feeding</a> decreases the risk of <a href="/facts/Acute_otitis_media/m9g53GBM">acute otitis media</a> and <a href="/facts/Lower_respiratory_tract_infections/YPY5vY6p">lower respiratory tract infections</a> among other diseases,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> and it is recommended that breast feeding be continued when an infant has a cold.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> In the developed world breast feeding may not be protective against the common cold in and of itself.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2> <p>The symptoms of the common cold are believed to be primarily related to the <a href="/facts/Immune/vLPpzSNL">immune</a> response to the virus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> The mechanism of this immune response is virus-specific. For example, the rhinovirus is typically acquired by direct contact; it binds to humans via <a href="/facts/ICAM-1/H2bKaUyN">ICAM-1 receptors</a> and the <a href="/facts/Cadherin_related_family_member_3/KaCKDjxU">CDHR3 receptor</a> through unknown mechanisms to trigger the release of <a href="/facts/Inflammatory_mediators/Ura86MIy">inflammatory mediators</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> These inflammatory mediators then produce the symptoms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> It does not generally cause damage to the nasal <a href="/facts/Epithelium/ecKHcHC3">epithelium</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a> The respiratory syncytial virus (<a href="/facts/Human_respiratory_syncytial_virus/ckD64j8a">RSV</a>), on the other hand, is contracted by direct contact and airborne droplets. It then replicates in the nose and throat before spreading to the <a href="/facts/Lower_respiratory_tract/nnG9UEmr">lower respiratory tract</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> RSV does cause epithelium damage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> Human <a href="/facts/Parainfluenza/ATeTVf5K">parainfluenza</a> virus typically results in inflammation of the nose, throat, and <a href="/facts/Bronchus/t83cUXou">bronchi</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> In young children, when it affects the <a href="/facts/Vertebrate_trachea/zMSEwjAy">trachea</a>, it may produce the symptoms of <a href="/facts/Croup/gVhfHCEW">croup</a>, due to the small size of their airways.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2> <p>The distinction between viral <a href="/facts/Upper_respiratory_tract_infections/DL59KLz4">upper respiratory tract infections</a> is loosely based on the location of symptoms, with the common cold affecting primarily the nose (rhinitis), throat (pharyngitis), and lungs (bronchitis).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> There can be significant overlap, and more than one area can be affected.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> Self-diagnosis is frequent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> Isolation of the viral agent involved is rarely performed,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a> and it is generally not possible to identify the virus type through symptoms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="prevention">Prevention</h2> <p>The only useful ways to reduce the spread of cold viruses are physical and <a href="/facts/Engineering_controls/3DGz2C1p">engineering</a> measures<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a> such as using <a href="/facts/Correct_hand_washing_technique/BTgUfoRo">correct hand washing technique</a>, <a href="/facts/Respirator/rYFJThhR">respirators</a>, and improvement of indoor air. In the healthcare environment, gowns and disposable gloves are also used.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a> Droplet precautions cannot reliably protect against <a href="/facts/Airborne_transmission/hpm1oR83">inhalation</a> of common-cold-laden aerosols. Instead, airborne precautions such as <a href="/facts/Respirator/rYFJThhR">respirators</a>, <a href="/facts/Ventilation_(architecture)/6p7CVPTj">ventilation</a>, and <a href="/facts/HEPA/RTWmW8aE">HEPA</a>/<a href="/facts/Minimum_efficiency_reporting_value/wrgBxr7E">high MERV</a> filters, are the only reliable protection against cold-laden aerosols.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a> Isolation or <a href="/facts/Quarantine/LyQM2k6K">quarantine</a> is not used as the disease is so widespread and symptoms are non-specific. There is no vaccine to protect against the common cold.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Vaccination/3SfpzPsd">Vaccination</a> has proven difficult as there are so many viruses involved and because they <a href="/facts/Viral_evolution/bes2hak7">mutate</a> rapidly.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a> Creation of a broadly effective vaccine is, therefore, highly improbable.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a> </p><p>Regular hand washing appears to be effective in reducing the transmission of cold viruses, especially among children.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a> Whether the addition of <a href="/facts/Antiviral_drug/Xgbd2eI2">antivirals</a> or <a href="/facts/Antibacterial/sF1kIfxg">antibacterials</a> to normal hand washing provides greater benefit is unknown.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a> Wearing face masks when around people who are infected may be beneficial; however, there is insufficient evidence for maintaining a greater <a href="/facts/Social_distancing/DFFUCCaU">social distance</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a> </p><p>It is unclear whether <a href="/facts/Zinc/80b1qgk3">zinc</a> supplements affect the likelihood of contracting a cold.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="management">Management</h2> <p>Treatments of the common cold primarily involve <a href="/facts/Symptomatic_treatment/zQlnUC9x">medications and other therapies for symptomatic relief</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a> Getting plenty of rest, drinking fluids to maintain hydration, and <a href="/facts/Gargling/3BMkhWRu">gargling</a> with warm salt water are reasonable conservative measures.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a> Much of the benefit from symptomatic treatment is, however, attributed to the <a href="/facts/Placebo_effect/3fw50t53">placebo effect</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a> As of 2010,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Common_cold&action=edit">[update]</a> no medications or herbal remedies had been conclusively demonstrated to shorten the duration of infection.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a> </p> <h3>Symptomatic</h3> <p>Treatments that may help with symptoms include <a href="/facts/Analgesics/xLj4XBcq">pain medication</a> and <a href="/facts/Antipyretic/lBVzyUFN">medications for fevers</a> such as <a href="/facts/Ibuprofen/vsKBTfVl">ibuprofen</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Paracetamol/SNDfQWcf">acetaminophen (paracetamol)</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a> However, it is not clear whether acetaminophen helps with symptoms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a> It is not known if over-the-counter <a href="/facts/Cough_medicine/2Qe0AjMx">cough medications</a> are effective for treating an <a href="/facts/Acute_(medicine)/jvxNdA6B">acute</a> cough.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a> Cough medicines are not recommended for use in children due to a lack of evidence supporting effectiveness and the potential for harm.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a> In 2009, Canada restricted the use of <a href="/facts/Over-the-counter/QI3FcgRf">over-the-counter</a> cough and cold medication in children six years and under due to concerns regarding risks and unproven benefits.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a> The misuse of <a href="/facts/Dextromethorphan/Jq9UgD4M">dextromethorphan</a> (an over-the-counter cough medicine) has led to its ban in a number of countries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Corticosteroid/jeL2QeIL">Intranasal corticosteroids</a> have not been found to be useful.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a> </p><p>In adults, short term use of <a href="/facts/Nasal_decongestants/4lT8perH">nasal decongestants</a> may have a small benefit.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Antihistamine/HuMC25lt">Antihistamines</a> may improve symptoms in the first day or two; however, there is no longer-term benefit and they have adverse effects such as drowsiness.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a> Other decongestants such as <a href="/facts/Pseudoephedrine/b2rMjnLv">pseudoephedrine</a> appear effective in adults.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a> Combined oral analgesics, antihistaminics, and decongestants are generally effective for older children and adults.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Ipratropium/yH45rpLf">Ipratropium</a> nasal spray may reduce the symptoms of a runny nose but has little effect on stuffiness.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a> Ipratropium may also help with coughs in adults.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a> The safety and effectiveness of nasal decongestant use in children is unclear.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a> </p><p>Due to lack of studies, it is not known whether increased fluid intake improves symptoms or shortens respiratory illness.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a> As of 2017, heated and humidified air, such as via RhinoTherm, is of unclear benefit.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a> One study has found <a href="/facts/Chest_rub/oen4s8XX">chest vapor rub</a> to provide some relief of nocturnal cough, congestion, and sleep difficulty.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a> </p><p>Some experts advise against <a href="/facts/Physical_exercise/egYQjt8A">physical exercise</a> if there are symptoms such as fever, widespread <a href="/facts/Myalgia/AbVybHB8">muscle aches</a> or <a href="/facts/Fatigue_(medical)/C2oo4Hvg">fatigue</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a> It is regarded as safe to perform moderate exercise if the symptoms are confined to the <a href="/facts/Human_head/5ydPfI0C">head</a>, including <a href="/facts/Runny_nose/DJxxlKqs">runny nose</a>, <a href="/facts/Nasal_congestion/xClWzxrg">nasal congestion</a>, <a href="/facts/Sneezing/Nxj3dJbc">sneezing</a>, or a minor <a href="/facts/Sore_throat/00WHEyla">sore throat</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a> There is a popular belief that having a hot drink can help with cold symptoms, but evidence to support this is very limited.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a> </p> <h3>Antibiotics and antivirals</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Antibiotics/sF1kIfxg">Antibiotics</a> have no effect against viral infections, including the common cold.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a> Due to their side effects, antibiotics cause overall harm but nevertheless are still frequently prescribed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126"><sup>126</sup></a> Some of the reasons that antibiotics are so commonly prescribed include people's expectations for them, physicians' desire to help, and the difficulty in excluding complications that may be amenable to antibiotics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127"><sup>127</sup></a> There are no effective <a href="/facts/Antiviral_drug/Xgbd2eI2">antiviral drugs</a> for the common cold even though some preliminary research has shown benefits.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128"><sup>128</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129"><sup>129</sup></a> </p> <h3>Zinc</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Zinc_and_the_common_cold/5t1cQ2cS">Zinc and the common cold</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/Zinc_supplements/80b1qgk3">Zinc supplements</a> may shorten the duration of colds by up to 33% and reduce the severity of symptoms if supplementation begins within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130"><sup>130</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131"><sup>131</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132"><sup>132</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133"><sup>133</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134"><sup>134</sup></a> Some zinc remedies directly applied to the inside of the nose have led to the <a href="/facts/Anosmia/1XxX2R0h">loss of the sense of smell</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135"><sup>135</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136"><sup>136</sup></a> A 2017 review did not recommend the use of zinc for the common cold for various reasons;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137"><sup>137</sup></a> whereas a 2017 and 2018 review both recommended the use of zinc, but also advocated further research on the topic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138"><sup>138</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139"><sup>139</sup></a> </p> <h3>Alternative medicine</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Alternative_treatments_used_for_the_common_cold/a2aQ9w8j">Alternative treatments used for the common cold</a></p> <p>While there are many <a href="/facts/Alternative_medicine/XwFG5qtK">alternative medicines</a> and <a href="/facts/Traditional_Chinese_medicine/51rSRXua">Chinese herbal medicines</a> supposed to treat the common cold, there is insufficient <a href="/facts/Evidence-based_medicine/InK1lB9l">scientific evidence</a> to support their use.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140"><sup>140</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141"><sup>141</sup></a> As of 2015, there is weak evidence to support <a href="/facts/Nasal_irrigation/3K4DbgDp">nasal irrigation</a> with <a href="/facts/Saline_(medicine)/wNMLPtho">saline</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142"><sup>142</sup></a> There is no firm evidence that <a href="/facts/Echinacea/oI4ASUYg">Echinacea</a> products or <a href="/facts/Garlic/NschLR1S">garlic</a> provide any meaningful benefit in treating or preventing colds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143"><sup>143</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144"><sup>144</sup></a> </p> <h3>Vitamins C and D</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Vitamin_C_and_the_common_cold/9RQIKQoU">Vitamin C and the common cold</a></p> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Vitamin_D_and_respiratory_tract_infections/Ax8ytLpQ">Vitamin D and respiratory tract infections</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/Vitamin_C/IA2f1fTm">Vitamin C</a> <a href="/facts/Dietary_supplement/SHXNNxaS">supplementation</a> does not affect the incidence of the common cold, but may reduce its duration if taken on a regular basis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145"><sup>145</sup></a> There is no conclusive evidence that <a href="/facts/Vitamin_D/No0zQB2W">vitamin D</a> supplementation is efficacious in the prevention or treatment of respiratory tract infections.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146"><sup>146</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="prognosis">Prognosis</h2> <p>The common cold is generally mild and self-limiting with most symptoms generally improving in a week.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147"><sup>147</sup></a> In children, half of cases resolve in 10 days and 90% in 15 days.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148"><sup>148</sup></a> Severe complications, if they occur, are usually in the very old, the very young, or those who are <a href="/facts/Immunosuppressed/22GHUHkr">immunosuppressed</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149"><sup>149</sup></a> Secondary bacterial infections may occur resulting in <a href="/facts/Sinusitis/czg09cPT">sinusitis</a>, <a href="/facts/Pharyngitis/PF8tKu39">pharyngitis</a>, or an <a href="/facts/Acute_otitis_media/m9g53GBM">ear infection</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150"><sup>150</sup></a> It is estimated that sinusitis occurs in 8% and ear infection in 30% of cases.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151"><sup>151</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2> <p>The common cold is the most common human disease<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152"><sup>152</sup></a> and affects people all over the globe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153"><sup>153</sup></a> Adults typically have two to three infections annually,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154"><sup>154</sup></a> and children may have six to ten colds a year (and up to twelve colds a year for school children).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155"><sup>155</sup></a> Rates of symptomatic infections increase in the elderly due to declining immunity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156"><sup>156</sup></a> </p> <h3>Weather</h3> <p>A common misconception is that one can "catch a cold" merely through prolonged exposure to cold weather.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157"><sup>157</sup></a> Although it is now known that colds are viral infections, the prevalence of many such viruses are indeed seasonal, occurring more frequently during cold weather.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158"><sup>158</sup></a> The reason for the seasonality has not been conclusively determined.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159"><sup>159</sup></a> Possible explanations may include cold temperature-induced changes in the respiratory system,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160"><sup>160</sup></a> decreased immune response,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161"><sup>161</sup></a> and low humidity causing an increase in viral transmission rates, perhaps due to dry air allowing small viral droplets to disperse farther and stay in the air longer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162"><sup>162</sup></a> </p><p>The apparent seasonality may also be due to social factors, such as people spending more time indoors near infected people,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163"><sup>163</sup></a> and especially children at school.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164"><sup>164</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165"><sup>165</sup></a> Although normal exposure to cold does not increase one's risk of infection, severe exposure leading to significant reduction of body temperature (<a href="/facts/Hypothermia/lIYDCIAv">hypothermia</a>) may put one at a greater risk for the common cold: although controversial, the majority of evidence suggests that it may increase susceptibility to infection.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166"><sup>166</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>While the cause of the common cold was identified in the 1950s, the disease appears to have been with humanity since its early history.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167"><sup>167</sup></a> Its symptoms and treatment are described in the Egyptian <a href="/facts/Ebers_papyrus/7KWeHwXs">Ebers papyrus</a>, the oldest existing medical text, written before the 16th century BCE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168"><sup>168</sup></a> The name "cold" came into use in the 16th century, due to the similarity between its symptoms and those of exposure to cold weather.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169"><sup>169</sup></a> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, the <a href="/facts/Common_Cold_Unit/mVByu0ac">Common Cold Unit</a> (CCU) was set up by the <a href="/facts/Medical_Research_Council_(UK)/gFd1kR2B">Medical Research Council</a> in 1946 and it was where the rhinovirus was discovered in 1956.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170"><sup>170</sup></a> In the 1970s, the CCU demonstrated that treatment with <a href="/facts/Interferon/63XfwpEh">interferon</a> during the incubation phase of rhinovirus infection protects somewhat against the disease,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171"><sup>171</sup></a> but no practical treatment could be developed. The unit was closed in 1989, two years after it completed research of <a href="/facts/Zinc_gluconate/P7xmUG4I">zinc gluconate lozenges</a> in the prevention and treatment of rhinovirus colds, the only successful treatment in the history of the unit.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172"><sup>172</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="research-directions">Research directions</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Antiviral_drug/Xgbd2eI2">Antivirals</a> have been tested for effectiveness in the common cold; as of 2009, none had been both found effective and licensed for use.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173"><sup>173</sup></a> There are trials of the anti-viral drug <a href="/facts/Pleconaril/cPl68pGD">pleconaril</a> which shows promise against <a href="/facts/Picornavirus/QmeWDCDr">picornaviruses</a> as well as trials of BTA-798.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174"><sup>174</sup></a> The oral form of pleconaril had safety issues and an aerosol form is being studied.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175"><sup>175</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Genome/31Sm08JT">genomes</a> of all known human rhinovirus strains have been sequenced.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176"><sup>176</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="societal-impact">Societal impact</h2> <p>The economic impact of the common cold is not well understood in much of the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177"><sup>177</sup></a> In the United States, the common cold leads to 75–100 million physician visits annually at a conservative cost estimate of $7.7 billion per year. Americans spend $2.9 billion on over-the-counter drugs and another $400 million on prescription medicines for symptom relief.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178"><sup>178</sup></a> More than one-third of people who saw a doctor received an antibiotic prescription, which has implications for <a href="/facts/Antibiotic_resistance/jsbAywgx">antibiotic resistance</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179"><sup>179</sup></a> An estimated 22–189 million school days are missed annually due to a cold. As a result, parents missed 126 million workdays to stay home to care for their children. When added to the 150 million workdays missed by employees who have a cold, the total economic impact of cold-related work loss exceeds $20 billion per year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180"><sup>180</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181"><sup>181</sup></a> This accounts for 40% of time lost from work in the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182"><sup>182</sup></a> </p> <p>Notes </p> <p>Bibliography </p> <ul><li>Eccles R, Weber O, eds. (2009). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rRIdiGE42IEC"><i>Common Cold</i></a> (Illustrated ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-7643-9912-2.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Common cold. <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Allan GM, Arroll B (February 2014). "Prevention and treatment of the common cold: making sense of the evidence". CMAJ. 186 (3): 190–9. doi:10.1503/cmaj.121442. PMC 3928210. PMID 24468694. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928210" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928210</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Arroll B (March 2011). "Common cold". BMJ Clinical Evidence. 2011 (3): 1510. PMC 3275147. PMID 21406124. Common colds are defined as upper respiratory tract infections that affect the predominantly nasal part of the respiratory mucosa <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3275147" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3275147</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Allan GM, Arroll B (February 2014). "Prevention and treatment of the common cold: making sense of the evidence". CMAJ. 186 (3): 190–9. doi:10.1503/cmaj.121442. PMC 3928210. PMID 24468694. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928210" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928210</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Common Colds: Protect Yourself and Others". CDC. 6 October 2015. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Eccles R (November 2005). "Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 5 (11): 718–25. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X. PMC 7185637. PMID 16253889. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7185637" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7185637</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Common Colds: Protect Yourself and Others". CDC. 6 October 2015. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Heikkinen T, Järvinen A (January 2003). "The common cold". Lancet. 361 (9351): 51–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12162-9. PMC 7112468. PMID 12517470. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7112468" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7112468</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Common Colds: Protect Yourself and Others". CDC. 6 October 2015. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Common Cold". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2021. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/community/for-patients/common-illnesses/colds.html" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/community/for-patients/common-illnesses/colds.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Common Colds: Protect Yourself and Others". CDC. 6 October 2015. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Allan GM, Arroll B (February 2014). "Prevention and treatment of the common cold: making sense of the evidence". CMAJ. 186 (3): 190–9. doi:10.1503/cmaj.121442. PMC 3928210. PMID 24468694. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928210" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928210</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Eccles p. 112 <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Allan GM, Arroll B (February 2014). "Prevention and treatment of the common cold: making sense of the evidence". CMAJ. 186 (3): 190–9. doi:10.1503/cmaj.121442. PMC 3928210. PMID 24468694. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928210" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928210</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Cold Versus Flu". 11 August 2016. Archived from the original on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170106173600/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/coldflu.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170106173600/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/coldflu.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Common Colds: Protect Yourself and Others". CDC. 6 October 2015. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Colds: How to Prevent Them". Yale Medicine. Retrieved 21 November 2024. <a href="https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/colds#:~:text=There%20is%20no%20cure%20for%20colds;%20there%20only%20is%20treatment,Foxman." target="_blank">https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/colds#:~:text=There%20is%20no%20cure%20for%20colds;%20there%20only%20is%20treatment,Foxman.</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"Common Colds: Protect Yourself and Others". CDC. 6 October 2015. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Common cold". nhs.uk. 18 October 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2024. <a href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/common-cold/" target="_blank">https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/common-cold/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Eccles p. 209 <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"Common Colds: Protect Yourself and Others". CDC. 6 October 2015. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Zinc – Fact Sheet for Health Professionals". Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health. 10 July 2019. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2019. Although studies examining the effect of zinc treatment on cold symptoms have had somewhat conflicting results, overall zinc appears to be beneficial under certain circumstances.... In September of 2007, Caruso and colleagues published a structured review of the effects of zinc lozenges, nasal sprays, and nasal gels on the common cold [69]. Of the 14 randomized, placebo-controlled studies included, 7 (5 using zinc lozenges, 2 using a nasal gel) showed that the zinc treatment had a beneficial effect and 7 (5 using zinc lozenges, 1 using a nasal spray, and 1 using lozenges and a nasal spray) showed no effect. More recently, a Cochrane review concluded that "zinc (lozenges or syrup) is beneficial in reducing the duration and severity of the common cold in healthy people, when taken within 24 hours of onset of symptoms" [73]. The author of another review completed in 2004 also concluded that zinc can reduce the duration and severity of cold symptoms [68]. However, more research is needed to determine the optimal dosage, zinc formulation and duration of treatment before a general recommendation for zinc in the treatment of the common cold can be made [73]. As previously noted, the safety of intranasal zinc has been called into question because of numerous reports of anosmia (loss of smell), in some cases long-lasting or permanent, from the use of zinc-containing nasal gels or sprays [17–19]. <a href="https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional" target="_blank">https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Kim SY, Chang YJ, Cho HM, Hwang YW, Moon YS (September 2015). "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the common cold". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (9): CD006362. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006362.pub4. PMC 10040208. PMID 26387658. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10040208" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10040208</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Harris AM, Hicks LA, Qaseem A (March 2016). "Appropriate Antibiotic Use for Acute Respiratory Tract Infection in Adults: Advice for High-Value Care From the American College of Physicians and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention". Annals of Internal Medicine. 164 (6): 425–34. doi:10.7326/M15-1840. PMID 26785402. S2CID 746771. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Allan GM, Arroll B (February 2014). "Prevention and treatment of the common cold: making sense of the evidence". CMAJ. 186 (3): 190–9. doi:10.1503/cmaj.121442. PMC 3928210. PMID 24468694. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928210" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928210</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Malesker MA, Callahan-Lyon P, Ireland B, Irwin RS (November 2017). "Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Treatment for Acute Cough Associated With the Common Cold: CHEST Expert Panel Report". Chest. 152 (5): 1021–1037. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2017.08.009. PMC 6026258. PMID 28837801. A suggestion for the use of zinc lozenges in healthy adults with cough due to common cold was considered by the expert panel. However, due to weak evidence, the potential side effects of zinc, and the relatively benign and common nature of the condition being treated, the panel did not approve inclusion of this suggestion. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6026258" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6026258</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Eccles p. 1 <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Arroll B (March 2011). "Common cold". BMJ Clinical Evidence. 2011 (3): 1510. PMC 3275147. PMID 21406124. Common colds are defined as upper respiratory tract infections that affect the predominantly nasal part of the respiratory mucosa <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3275147" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3275147</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Simasek M, Blandino DA (February 2007). "Treatment of the common cold". American Family Physician. 75 (4): 515–20. PMID 17323712. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. <a href="http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070215/515.html" target="_blank">http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070215/515.html</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>"Common Colds: Protect Yourself and Others". CDC. 6 October 2015. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Eccles R, Weber O (2009). Common cold. Basel: Birkhäuser. p. 3. ISBN 978-3-7643-9894-1. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. <a href="978-3-7643-9894-1" target="_blank">978-3-7643-9894-1</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Eccles p. 24 <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Arroll B (March 2011). "Common cold". BMJ Clinical Evidence. 2011 (3): 1510. PMC 3275147. PMID 21406124. Common colds are defined as upper respiratory tract infections that affect the predominantly nasal part of the respiratory mucosa <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3275147" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3275147</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Eccles R (November 2005). "Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 5 (11): 718–25. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X. PMC 7185637. 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PMID 28849871. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6483632" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6483632</a> <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:118"><p>Paul IM, Beiler JS, King TS, Clapp ER, Vallati J, Berlin CM (December 2010). "Vapor rub, petrolatum, and no treatment for children with nocturnal cough and cold symptoms". Pediatrics. 126 (6): 1092–9. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-1601. PMC 3600823. PMID 21059712. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3600823" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3600823</a> <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:119"><p>Laskowski ER (9 February 2017). "Is it OK to exercise if I have a cold?". Mayo Clinic. Archived from the original on 19 July 2017. 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National Health Service. 10 December 2008. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125101914/https://www.nhs.uk/news/food-and-diet/hot-drinks-ease-cold-and-flu/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20201125101914/https://www.nhs.uk/news/food-and-diet/hot-drinks-ease-cold-and-flu/</a> <a href="#fnref:123" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:124"><p>Kenealy T, Arroll B (June 2013). "Antibiotics for the common cold and acute purulent rhinitis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013 (6): CD000247. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000247.pub3. PMC 7044720. PMID 23733381. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7044720" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7044720</a> <a href="#fnref:124" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:125"><p>Kenealy T, Arroll B (June 2013). "Antibiotics for the common cold and acute purulent rhinitis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013 (6): CD000247. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000247.pub3. PMC 7044720. PMID 23733381. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7044720" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7044720</a> <a href="#fnref:125" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:126"><p>Eccles p. 238 <a href="#fnref:126" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:127"><p>Eccles p. 234 <a href="#fnref:127" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:128"><p>Simasek M, Blandino DA (February 2007). "Treatment of the common cold". American Family Physician. 75 (4): 515–20. PMID 17323712. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. <a href="http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070215/515.html" target="_blank">http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070215/515.html</a> <a href="#fnref:128" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:129"><p>Eccles p. 218 <a href="#fnref:129" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:130"><p>"Zinc – Fact Sheet for Health Professionals". Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health. 10 July 2019. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2019. Although studies examining the effect of zinc treatment on cold symptoms have had somewhat conflicting results, overall zinc appears to be beneficial under certain circumstances.... In September of 2007, Caruso and colleagues published a structured review of the effects of zinc lozenges, nasal sprays, and nasal gels on the common cold [69]. Of the 14 randomized, placebo-controlled studies included, 7 (5 using zinc lozenges, 2 using a nasal gel) showed that the zinc treatment had a beneficial effect and 7 (5 using zinc lozenges, 1 using a nasal spray, and 1 using lozenges and a nasal spray) showed no effect. More recently, a Cochrane review concluded that "zinc (lozenges or syrup) is beneficial in reducing the duration and severity of the common cold in healthy people, when taken within 24 hours of onset of symptoms" [73]. The author of another review completed in 2004 also concluded that zinc can reduce the duration and severity of cold symptoms [68]. However, more research is needed to determine the optimal dosage, zinc formulation and duration of treatment before a general recommendation for zinc in the treatment of the common cold can be made [73]. As previously noted, the safety of intranasal zinc has been called into question because of numerous reports of anosmia (loss of smell), in some cases long-lasting or permanent, from the use of zinc-containing nasal gels or sprays [17–19]. <a href="https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional" target="_blank">https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional</a> <a href="#fnref:130" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:131"><p>Singh M, Das RR (June 2013). Singh M (ed.). "Zinc for the common cold". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (6): CD001364. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001364.pub4. PMID 23775705. (Retracted, see doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001364.pub5, PMID 25924708, Retraction Watch) <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:131" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:132"><p>Rondanelli M, Miccono A, Lamburghini S, Avanzato I, Riva A, Allegrini P, et al. (2018). "Self-Care for Common Colds: The Pivotal Role of Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Zinc, and Echinacea in Three Main Immune Interactive Clusters (Physical Barriers, Innate and Adaptive Immunity) Involved during an Episode of Common Colds-Practical Advice on Dosages and on the Time to Take These Nutrients/Botanicals in order to Prevent or Treat Common Colds". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2018: 5813095. doi:10.1155/2018/5813095. PMC 5949172. PMID 29853961. Considering zinc, the supplementation may shorten the duration of colds by approximately 33%. CC patients may be instructed to try zinc within 24 hours of onset of symptoms. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5949172" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5949172</a> <a href="#fnref:132" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:133"><p>Hemilä H, Fitzgerald JT, Petrus EJ, Prasad A (2017). "Zinc Acetate Lozenges May Improve the Recovery Rate of Common Cold Patients: An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis". Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 4 (2): ofx059. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofx059. PMC 5410113. PMID 28480298. The 3-fold increase in the rate of recovery from the common cold is a clinically important effect. The optimal formulation of zinc lozenges and an ideal frequency of their administration should be examined. Given the evidence of efficacy, common cold patients may be instructed to try zinc acetate lozenges within 24 hours of onset of symptoms. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5410113" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5410113</a> <a href="#fnref:133" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:134"><p>Hemilä H, Petrus EJ, Fitzgerald JT, Prasad A (November 2016). "Zinc acetate lozenges for treating the common cold: an individual patient data meta-analysis". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 82 (5): 1393–1398. doi:10.1111/bcp.13057. PMC 5061795. PMID 27378206. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5061795" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5061795</a> <a href="#fnref:134" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:135"><p>"Zinc – Fact Sheet for Health Professionals". Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health. 10 July 2019. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2019. Although studies examining the effect of zinc treatment on cold symptoms have had somewhat conflicting results, overall zinc appears to be beneficial under certain circumstances.... In September of 2007, Caruso and colleagues published a structured review of the effects of zinc lozenges, nasal sprays, and nasal gels on the common cold [69]. Of the 14 randomized, placebo-controlled studies included, 7 (5 using zinc lozenges, 2 using a nasal gel) showed that the zinc treatment had a beneficial effect and 7 (5 using zinc lozenges, 1 using a nasal spray, and 1 using lozenges and a nasal spray) showed no effect. More recently, a Cochrane review concluded that "zinc (lozenges or syrup) is beneficial in reducing the duration and severity of the common cold in healthy people, when taken within 24 hours of onset of symptoms" [73]. The author of another review completed in 2004 also concluded that zinc can reduce the duration and severity of cold symptoms [68]. However, more research is needed to determine the optimal dosage, zinc formulation and duration of treatment before a general recommendation for zinc in the treatment of the common cold can be made [73]. As previously noted, the safety of intranasal zinc has been called into question because of numerous reports of anosmia (loss of smell), in some cases long-lasting or permanent, from the use of zinc-containing nasal gels or sprays [17–19]. <a href="https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional" target="_blank">https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional</a> <a href="#fnref:135" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:136"><p>"Loss of Sense of Smell with Intranasal Cold Remedies Containing Zinc". Food and Drug Administration. 2009. Archived from the original on 4 June 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150604024153/https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/DrugSafetyPodcasts/ucm167282.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150604024153/https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/DrugSafetyPodcasts/ucm167282.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:136" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:137"><p>Malesker MA, Callahan-Lyon P, Ireland B, Irwin RS (November 2017). "Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Treatment for Acute Cough Associated With the Common Cold: CHEST Expert Panel Report". Chest. 152 (5): 1021–1037. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2017.08.009. PMC 6026258. PMID 28837801. A suggestion for the use of zinc lozenges in healthy adults with cough due to common cold was considered by the expert panel. However, due to weak evidence, the potential side effects of zinc, and the relatively benign and common nature of the condition being treated, the panel did not approve inclusion of this suggestion. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6026258" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6026258</a> <a href="#fnref:137" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:138"><p>Rondanelli M, Miccono A, Lamburghini S, Avanzato I, Riva A, Allegrini P, et al. (2018). "Self-Care for Common Colds: The Pivotal Role of Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Zinc, and Echinacea in Three Main Immune Interactive Clusters (Physical Barriers, Innate and Adaptive Immunity) Involved during an Episode of Common Colds-Practical Advice on Dosages and on the Time to Take These Nutrients/Botanicals in order to Prevent or Treat Common Colds". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2018: 5813095. doi:10.1155/2018/5813095. PMC 5949172. PMID 29853961. Considering zinc, the supplementation may shorten the duration of colds by approximately 33%. CC patients may be instructed to try zinc within 24 hours of onset of symptoms. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5949172" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5949172</a> <a href="#fnref:138" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:139"><p>Hemilä H, Fitzgerald JT, Petrus EJ, Prasad A (2017). "Zinc Acetate Lozenges May Improve the Recovery Rate of Common Cold Patients: An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis". Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 4 (2): ofx059. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofx059. PMC 5410113. PMID 28480298. The 3-fold increase in the rate of recovery from the common cold is a clinically important effect. The optimal formulation of zinc lozenges and an ideal frequency of their administration should be examined. Given the evidence of efficacy, common cold patients may be instructed to try zinc acetate lozenges within 24 hours of onset of symptoms. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5410113" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5410113</a> <a href="#fnref:139" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:140"><p>Simasek M, Blandino DA (February 2007). "Treatment of the common cold". American Family Physician. 75 (4): 515–20. PMID 17323712. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. <a href="http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070215/515.html" target="_blank">http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070215/515.html</a> <a href="#fnref:140" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:141"><p>Wu T, Zhang J, Qiu Y, Xie L, Liu GJ (January 2007). "Chinese medicinal herbs for the common cold". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1): CD004782. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004782.pub2. 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