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Timeline of hydrogen technologies
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<h2 id="timeline">Timeline</h2> <h3>16th century</h3> <ul><li>c. 1520 – First recorded observation of hydrogen by <a href="/facts/Paracelsus/U6H7KEUs">Paracelsus</a> through dissolution of metals (iron, zinc, and tin) in sulfuric acid.</li></ul> <h3>17th century</h3> <ul><li>1625 – First description of hydrogen by <a href="/facts/Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont/3P0mC614">Johann Baptista van Helmont</a>. First to use the word "gas".</li> <li>1650 – <a href="/facts/Theodore_de_Mayerne/WC5JUoBh">Turquet de Mayerne</a> obtains a gas or "inflammable air" by the action of dilute sulphuric acid on iron.</li> <li>1662 – <a href="/facts/Boyle%27s_law/EuguIP5A">Boyle's law</a> (gas law relating pressure and volume).</li> <li>1670 – <a href="/facts/Robert_Boyle/6tUs448C">Robert Boyle</a> produces hydrogen by reacting metals with acid.</li> <li>1672 – "New Experiments touching the Relation between Flame and Air" by <a href="/facts/Robert_Boyle/6tUs448C">Robert Boyle</a>.</li> <li>1679 – <a href="/facts/Denis_Papin/G4lboS2q">Denis Papin</a> – <a href="/facts/Safety_valve/2QQS5g4X">safety valve</a>.</li> <li>1700 – <a href="/facts/Nicolas_Lemery/RqjPXDHa">Nicolas Lemery</a> shows that the gas produced in the sulfuric acid/iron reaction is explosive in air.</li></ul> <h3>18th century</h3> <ul><li>1755 – <a href="/facts/Joseph_Black/0HD6fdYR">Joseph Black</a> confirms that different gases exist. / <a href="/facts/Latent_heat/QCIWSGln">Latent heat</a></li> <li>1766 – <a href="/facts/Henry_Cavendish/UsIDwP3F">Henry Cavendish</a> publishes in "On Factitious Airs" a description of "<a href="/facts/Phlogiston_theory/6PDveBmv">dephlogisticated</a> air" by reacting zinc metal with <a href="/facts/Hydrochloric_acid/HqItJlUT">hydrochloric acid</a> and isolates a gas 7 to 11 times lighter than air.</li> <li>1774 – <a href="/facts/Joseph_Priestley/hQGV26wA">Joseph Priestley</a> isolates and categorizes oxygen.</li> <li>1780 – <a href="/facts/Felice_Fontana/g26yl7Lm">Felice Fontana</a> discovers the <a href="/facts/Water-gas_shift_reaction/sorqPcSn">water-gas shift reaction</a>.</li> <li>1783 – <a href="/facts/Jacques_Charles/TyjKFv8I">Jacques Charles</a> makes the first flight with his hydrogen-filled <a href="/facts/Gas_balloon/tS0lub7Q">gas balloon</a> or Charlière.</li> <li>1783 – <a href="/facts/Antoine_Lavoisier/UheVQrhu">Antoine Lavoisier</a> and <a href="/facts/Pierre_Laplace/6ktp0txb">Pierre Laplace</a> measure the <a href="/facts/Heat_of_combustion/HdQX0mPP">heat of combustion</a> of hydrogen using an <a href="/facts/Calorimetry/bzA3o7AN">ice calorimeter</a>.</li> <li>1784 – <a href="/facts/Jean-Pierre_Blanchard/DLp7rHeh">Jean-Pierre Blanchard</a> attempts a dirigible hydrogen balloon, but it was unable to steer.</li> <li>1784 – The invention of the <a href="/facts/Antoine_Lavoisier/UheVQrhu">Lavoisier</a> Meusnier iron-steam process,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> generating hydrogen by passing water vapor over a bed of red-hot iron at 600 °C.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></li> <li>1785 – <a href="/facts/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Pil%C3%A2tre_de_Rozier/MT5nVxvB">Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier</a> builds the hybrid <a href="/facts/Rozi%C3%A8re_balloon/HwXcEdCF">Rozière balloon</a>.</li> <li>1787 – <a href="/facts/Louis-Bernard_Guyton_de_Morveau/GzTxXmwH">Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau</a> and others give hydrogen its name (<i><a href="/facts/Greek_language/pzDd6eIz">Gk</a></i>: <i>hydro</i> = water, <i>-genes</i> = born of).</li> <li>1787 – <a href="/facts/Charles%27s_law/kU3S85Kq">Charles's law</a> (gas law, relating volume and temperature).</li> <li>1789 – <a href="/facts/Jan_Rudolph_Deiman/YxKHH3Q0">Jan Rudolph Deiman</a> and <a href="/facts/Adriaan_Paets_van_Troostwijk/VJuHKdMl">Adriaan Paets van Troostwijk</a> use an electrostatic machine and a <a href="/facts/Leyden_jar/GK4HTjHL">Leyden jar</a> for the first <a href="/facts/Electrolysis_of_water/Vb0hYQPW">electrolysis of water</a>.</li> <li>1800 – <a href="/facts/William_Nicholson_(chemist)/xyogcehY">William Nicholson</a> and <a href="/facts/Anthony_Carlisle/Ff8VDHJS">Anthony Carlisle</a> break down <a href="/facts/Water/0lkXnJPK">water</a> into hydrogen and <a href="/facts/Oxygen/acyn6o8r">oxygen</a> by <a href="/facts/Electrolysis/pU75nCDI">electrolysis</a> with a <a href="/facts/Voltaic_pile/9KoUfqGE">voltaic pile</a>.</li> <li>1800 – <a href="/facts/Johann_Wilhelm_Ritter/p6jWzEB2">Johann Wilhelm Ritter</a> duplicates the experiment with a rearranged set of electrodes to collect the two gases separately.</li></ul> <h3>19th century</h3> <ul><li>1801 – <a href="/facts/Humphry_Davy/aDNRfNou">Humphry Davy</a> discovers the concept of the <a href="/facts/Fuel_cell/UcMYnCW3">fuel cell</a>.</li> <li>1806 – <a href="/facts/Fran%C3%A7ois_Isaac_de_Rivaz/Vyrv7CGq">François Isaac de Rivaz</a> builds the <a href="/facts/De_Rivaz_engine/0FyKRxUP">de Rivaz engine</a>, the first <a href="/facts/Internal_combustion_engine/Ju4BXzj0">internal combustion engine</a> powered by a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen.</li> <li>1809 – <a href="/facts/Thomas_Ignatius_Maria_Forster/wMWlphzf">Thomas Forster</a> observes with a <a href="/facts/Theodolite/G4ADP1bC">theodolite</a> the drift of small free <a href="/facts/Ceiling_balloon/ypoahfoH">pilot balloons</a> filled with "inflammable gas".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li> <li>1809 – <a href="/facts/Gay-Lussac%27s_law/TLdemIq8">Gay-Lussac's law</a>, a gas law relating temperature and pressure.</li> <li>1811 – <a href="/facts/Avogadro%27s_law/r3P987Lj">Avogadro's law</a>, a gas law relating volume and amount of substance.</li> <li>1819 – <a href="/facts/Edward_Daniel_Clarke/D99bYjcA">Edward Daniel Clarke</a> invents the hydrogen gas <a href="/facts/Blowpipe_(tool)/SwzJ9bbV">blowpipe</a>.</li> <li>1820 – W. Cecil writes a letter, "On the application of hydrogen gas to produce a moving power in machinery".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li>1823 – <a href="/facts/Goldsworthy_Gurney/9yfTTQ00">Goldsworthy Gurney</a> demonstrates <a href="/facts/Limelight/G68UglYM">limelight</a>.</li> <li>1823 – <a href="/facts/D%C3%B6bereiner%27s_Lamp/XBolbhxn">Döbereiner's Lamp</a>, a <a href="/facts/Lighter/1RmolVYz">lighter</a> invented by <a href="/facts/Johann_Wolfgang_D%C3%B6bereiner/pKdvmjpt">Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner</a>.</li> <li>1823 – <a href="/facts/Goldsworthy_Gurney/9yfTTQ00">Goldsworthy Gurney</a> devises an oxy-hydrogen <a href="/facts/Blowpipe_(tool)/SwzJ9bbV">blowpipe</a>.</li> <li>1824 – <a href="/facts/Michael_Faraday/NDcc3lyt">Michael Faraday</a> invents the rubber <a href="/facts/Balloon/o9JQ2ykA">balloon</a>.</li> <li>1826 – <a href="/facts/Thomas_Drummond/EhsfxEGb">Thomas Drummond</a> builds the <a href="/facts/Limelight/G68UglYM">Drummond Light</a>.</li> <li>1826 – <a href="/facts/Samuel_Brown_(engineer)/sajuRRfV">Samuel Brown</a> tests his <a href="/facts/Internal_combustion_engine/Ju4BXzj0">internal combustion engine</a> by using it to propel a vehicle up <a href="/facts/Shooter%27s_Hill/ggb3ybDG">Shooter's Hill</a>.</li> <li>1834 – <a href="/facts/Michael_Faraday/NDcc3lyt">Michael Faraday</a> publishes <a href="/facts/Faraday%27s_laws_of_electrolysis/BeC1hUcF">Faraday's laws of electrolysis</a>.</li> <li>1834 – <a href="/facts/Beno%C3%AEt_Paul_%C3%89mile_Clapeyron/108oIBhT">Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron</a> – <a href="/facts/Ideal_gas_law/Pphokwhf">Ideal gas law</a>.</li> <li>1836 – <a href="/facts/John_Frederic_Daniell/14XtbIpK">John Frederic Daniell</a> invents a <a href="/facts/Primary_cell/udJP2wJ1">primary cell</a> in which hydrogen is eliminated in the generation of the electricity.</li> <li>1839 – <a href="/facts/Christian_Friedrich_Sch%C3%B6nbein/rIUdhMmJ">Christian Friedrich Schönbein</a> publishes the principle of the <a href="/facts/Fuel_cell/UcMYnCW3">fuel cell</a> in the "<a href="/facts/Philosophical_Magazine/yeTXVoYt">Philosophical Magazine</a>".</li> <li>1839 – <a href="/facts/William_Robert_Grove/492DxET0">William Robert Grove</a> develops the <a href="/facts/Grove_cell/URu4kt5f">Grove cell</a>.</li> <li>1842 – <a href="/facts/William_Robert_Grove/492DxET0">William Robert Grove</a> develops the first fuel cell (which he calls the gas voltaic battery).</li> <li>1849 – <a href="/facts/Eug%C3%A8ne_Bourdon/mJR5d83H">Eugène Bourdon</a> – <a href="/facts/Bourdon_gauge/fJrvoTDU">Bourdon gauge</a> (<a href="/facts/Manometer/fJrvoTDU">manometer</a>).</li> <li>1863 – <a href="/facts/Etienne_Lenoir/bKkJWTeD">Etienne Lenoir</a> makes a test drive from Paris to Joinville-le-Pont with the 1-cylinder, 2-stroke <a href="/facts/Hippomobile_(car)/kUuGCEy7">Hippomobile</a> running on <a href="/facts/Coal_gas/ekdg4VuE">coal gas</a>.</li> <li>1866 – <a href="/facts/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann/QuQl6xMy">August Wilhelm von Hofmann</a> invents the <a href="/facts/Hofmann_voltameter/9XICuNr3">Hofmann voltameter</a> for the <a href="/facts/Electrolysis_of_water/Vb0hYQPW">electrolysis of water</a>.</li> <li>1873 – <a href="/facts/Thaddeus_S._C._Lowe/eHGN96nJ">Thaddeus S. C. Lowe</a> – <a href="/facts/Water_gas/m7ozCA4k">water gas</a>; the process uses the <a href="/facts/Water_gas_shift_reaction/sorqPcSn">water gas shift reaction</a>.</li> <li>1874 – <a href="/facts/Jules_Verne/lLA0B0EF">Jules Verne</a> – <i><a href="/facts/The_Mysterious_Island/wGKEbJCe">The Mysterious Island</a></i>: "Yes, my friends, I believe that water will one day be employed as fuel, that hydrogen and oxygen which constitute it, used singly or together, will furnish an inexhaustible source of heat and light, of an intensity of which coal is not capable."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li>1884 – <a href="/facts/Charles_Renard/y0AmoSl8">Charles Renard</a> and <a href="/facts/Arthur_Constantin_Krebs/A4C5Q8Gm">Arthur Constantin Krebs</a> launch the <a href="/facts/Airship/8X3TSBdx">airship</a> <i><a href="/facts/La_France_(airship)/4zmtad2E">La France</a></i>.</li> <li>1885 – <a href="/facts/Zygmunt_Florenty_Wr%C3%B3blewski/bkpjQElT">Zygmunt Florenty Wróblewski</a> publishes hydrogen's critical temperature as 33 K; critical pressure, 13.3 atmospheres; and boiling point, 23 K.</li> <li>1889 – <a href="/facts/Ludwig_Mond/RsJ2euMn">Ludwig Mond</a> and Carl Langer coin the name <i><a href="/facts/Fuel_cell/UcMYnCW3">fuel cell</a></i> and try to build one running on air and <a href="/facts/Mond_gas/JQDcHCxh">Mond gas</a>.</li> <li>1893 – <a href="/facts/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Ostwald/Abr7Rppg">Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald</a> experimentally determines the interconnected roles of the various components of the fuel cell.</li> <li>1895 – <a href="/facts/Hydrolysis/JTvwIHPs">Hydrolysis</a>.</li> <li>1896 – Jackson D.D. and Ellms J.W., <a href="/facts/Hydrogen_production/wVo66xRK">hydrogen production</a> by <a href="/facts/Microalgae/CRf3EKk9">microalgae</a> (<i><a href="/facts/Anabaena/pVSXdnFd">Anabaena</a></i>).</li> <li>1896 – <a href="/facts/Leon_Teisserenc_de_Bort/wEDTEAKt">Leon Teisserenc de Bort</a> carries out experiments with high flying instrumental <a href="/facts/Weather_balloon/yYenKMYA">weather balloons</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li>1897 – <a href="/facts/Paul_Sabatier_(chemist)/vx0gHGxC">Paul Sabatier</a> facilitates the use of <a href="/facts/Hydrogenation/l7EzNSA7">hydrogenation</a> with the discovery of the <a href="/facts/Sabatier_reaction/eW2xfzaG">Sabatier reaction</a>.</li> <li>1898 – <a href="/facts/James_Dewar/ESJpJmmR">James Dewar</a> <a href="/facts/Liquid_hydrogen/Vpk3Gb8P">liquefies hydrogen</a> by using <a href="/facts/Regenerative_cooling/D7kBAH9R">regenerative cooling</a> and his invention, the <a href="/facts/Vacuum_flask/LsoJeFLJ">vacuum flask</a> at the Royal Institution of Great Britain in London.</li> <li>1899 – <a href="/facts/James_Dewar/ESJpJmmR">James Dewar</a> collects <a href="/facts/Solid_hydrogen/TMCKnUGg">solid hydrogen</a> for the first time.</li> <li>1900 – <a href="/facts/Count/kSkKcsK1">Count</a> <a href="/facts/Ferdinand_von_Zeppelin/MMdIRHvh">Ferdinand von Zeppelin</a> launches the first hydrogen-filled <a href="/facts/Zeppelin_LZ1/QInUGJ38">Zeppelin LZ1</a> <a href="/facts/Airship/8X3TSBdx">airship</a>.</li></ul> <h3>20th century</h3> <ul><li>1901 – <a href="/facts/Wilhelm_Normann/sNv8vjW1">Wilhelm Normann</a> introduces the <a href="/facts/Hydrogenation/l7EzNSA7">hydrogenation</a> of fats.</li> <li>1903 – <a href="/facts/Konstantin_Eduardovich_Tsiolkovskii/s2n3Nb6A">Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovskii</a> publishes "The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li>1907 – <a href="/facts/Lane_hydrogen_producer/wYUUAoKE">Lane hydrogen producer</a>.</li> <li>1909 – Count <a href="/facts/Ferdinand_von_Zeppelin/MMdIRHvh">Ferdinand Adolf August von Zeppelin</a> make the first long distance flight with the Zeppelin LZ5.</li> <li>1909 – <a href="/facts/Linde%E2%80%93Frank%E2%80%93Caro_process/M0RTsQzM">Linde–Frank–Caro process</a>.</li> <li>1910 – The first Zeppelin passenger flight with the Zeppelin LZ7.</li> <li>1910 – <a href="/facts/Fritz_Haber/cj5QTJKT">Fritz Haber</a> patents the <a href="/facts/Haber_process/DMlVT2WP">Haber process</a>.</li> <li>1912 – The first scheduled international Zeppelin passenger flights with the <a href="/facts/Zeppelin_LZ13/IQXJaoeo">Zeppelin LZ13</a>.</li> <li>1913 – <a href="/facts/Niels_Bohr/ydLPvQXT">Niels Bohr</a> explains the <a href="/facts/Rydberg_formula/xKRGYj5V">Rydberg formula</a> for the spectrum of hydrogen by imposing a quantization condition on classical orbits of the electron in hydrogen.</li> <li>1919 – The first Atlantic crossing by airship with the <a href="/facts/William_Beardmore_and_Company/5d7RFMN1">Beardmore</a> <a href="/facts/R33_class_airship/q8QdvsYD">HMA R34</a>.</li> <li>1920 – <a href="/facts/Hydrocracking/EBLtwW4g">Hydrocracking</a>, a plant for the commercial hydrogenation of brown coal is commissioned at <a href="/facts/Leuna/jb40MGx9">Leuna</a> in Germany.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li>1923 – <a href="/facts/Steam_reforming/5lNIv6rr">Steam reforming</a>, the first synthetic methanol is produced by BASF in <a href="/facts/Leuna/jb40MGx9">Leuna</a>.</li> <li>1923 – <a href="/facts/J._B._S._Haldane/sywPNzfh">J. B. S. Haldane</a> envisions in <a href="/facts/Daedalus;_or,_Science_and_the_Future/E2BaSXJr">Daedalus; or, Science and the Future</a> "great power stations where during windy weather the surplus power will be used for the electrolytic decomposition of water into oxygen and hydrogen".</li> <li>1926 – <a href="/facts/Wolfgang_Pauli/Ugk4ubXk">Wolfgang Pauli</a> and <a href="/facts/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger/wCprepF2">Erwin Schrödinger</a> show that the Rydberg formula for the spectrum of hydrogen follows from the new <a href="/facts/Quantum_mechanics/BRc3Mzgr">quantum mechanics</a>.</li> <li>1926 – <a href="/facts/Partial_oxidation/CuquvWU6">Partial oxidation</a>, Vandeveer and Parr at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Illinois/gusw7HoS">University of Illinois</a> use oxygen in the place of air for the production of <a href="/facts/Syngas/VfslxkIN">syngas</a>.</li> <li>1926 – <a href="/facts/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood/J0FwMY00">Cyril Norman Hinshelwood</a> describes the phenomenon of <a href="/facts/Chain_reaction/5UwHTKXS">chain reaction</a>.</li> <li>1926 – <a href="/facts/Umberto_Nobile/AYWt770z">Umberto Nobile</a> makes the first flight over the <a href="/facts/North_Pole/gjfItQJH">North Pole</a> with the hydrogen airship <i><a href="/facts/Norge_(airship)/MGEUHHDd">Norge</a></i>.</li> <li>1929 – <a href="/facts/Paul_Harteck/Cp7eMqtk">Paul Harteck</a> and <a href="/facts/Karl_Friedrich_Bonhoeffer/egsMMsSo">Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer</a> achieve the first synthesis of pure <a href="/facts/Spin_isomers_of_hydrogen/zhN4qBMQ">parahydrogen</a>.</li> <li>1929 – The hydrogen-filled <a href="/facts/LZ_127_Graf_Zeppelin/EzXTNwEq">LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin</a> makes a 33,234 km (20,651 mi; 17,945 nmi) circumnavigation of the world. It is the first and only airship to do so, and the second circumnavigation of the globe by air. The voyage took a total of 21 days, 5 hours, and 31 minutes.</li> <li>1930 – <a href="/facts/Rudolf_Erren/Jzh9rkaX">Rudolf Erren</a> – Erren engine – patent CH148238A – Improvements in and relating to internal combustion engines using a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen as fuel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li>1935 – <a href="/facts/Eugene_Wigner/HvWgw4KX">Eugene Wigner</a> and <a href="/facts/H.B._Huntington/woHb8xkz">H.B. Huntington</a> predict <a href="/facts/Metallic_hydrogen/Wc4P3R6I">metallic hydrogen</a>.</li> <li>1937 – The Zeppelin <a href="/facts/LZ_129_Hindenburg/aqkMcIEh">LZ 129 Hindenburg</a> is <a href="/facts/Hindenburg_disaster/QIsHrchA">destroyed by fire</a>.</li> <li>1937 – The <a href="/facts/Heinkel_HeS_1/Tme7qurs">Heinkel HeS 1</a> experimental gaseous hydrogen-fueled <a href="/facts/Centrifugal_compressor/4lwBqhkq">centrifugal</a> jet engine is tested at Hirth in March – the first working jet engine.</li> <li>1937 – The first <a href="/facts/Hydrogen-cooled_turbogenerator/8N9tzJDu">hydrogen-cooled turbogenerator</a> goes into service at <a href="/facts/Dayton,_Ohio/U8kg5Tf1">Dayton</a>, Ohio.</li> <li>1938 – The first 240 km <a href="/facts/Hydrogen_pipeline_transport/y1RrcBov">hydrogen pipeline</a> <a href="/facts/Rhine-Ruhr/JL39uEd7">Rhine-Ruhr</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li>1938 – <a href="/facts/Igor_Sikorsky/pSr0lV7v">Igor Sikorsky</a> from <a href="/facts/Sikorsky_Aircraft/efQqMHVC">Sikorsky Aircraft</a> proposes <a href="/facts/Liquid_hydrogen/Vpk3Gb8P">liquid hydrogen</a> as a fuel.</li> <li>1939 – Rudolf Erren – Erren engine – US patent 2,183,674 – Internal combustion engine using hydrogen as fuel.</li> <li>1939 – <a href="/facts/Hans_Gaffron/vJYNqRfl">Hans Gaffron</a> discovers that <a href="/facts/Algae/U1ftVKU3">algae</a> can switch between producing oxygen and hydrogen.</li> <li>1941 – The first mass application of hydrogen in <a href="/facts/Internal_combustion_engine/Ju4BXzj0">internal combustion engines</a>: Russian lieutenant Boris Shelishch in the <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Leningrad/uCkWCzu0">besieged Leningrad</a> converts some hundreds cars "<a href="/facts/GAZ-AA/cvY1BNH7">GAZ-AA</a>" which serve posts of <a href="/facts/Barrage_balloon/fPnxBT7c">barrage balloons</a> of <a href="/facts/Air_defense/fHtGQpLy">air defense</a>.</li> <li>1943 – <a href="/facts/Liquid_hydrogen/Vpk3Gb8P">Liquid hydrogen</a> is tested as <a href="/facts/Rocket_fuel/IyFhQEA2">rocket fuel</a> at <a href="/facts/Ohio_State_University/jfSr6u6u">Ohio State University</a>.</li> <li>1943 – <a href="/facts/Arne_Zetterstr%C3%B6m/mCjj54gl">Arne Zetterström</a> describes <a href="/facts/Hydrox_(breathing_gas)/1MzNNJC2">hydrox</a>.</li> <li>1947 – <a href="/facts/Willis_Lamb/srfCyHko">Willis Lamb</a> and <a href="/facts/Robert_Retherford/N12oAFeG">Robert Retherford</a> measure the small energy shift (the <a href="/facts/Lamb_shift/p4rqJV2j">Lamb shift</a>) between the 2<i>S</i>1/2 and 2<i>P</i>1/2 <a href="/facts/Atomic_orbital/tKhgl6mL">orbitals</a> of hydrogen, providing a great stimulus to the development of <a href="/facts/Quantum_electrodynamics/zPteAr6G">quantum electrodynamics</a>.</li> <li>1949 – <a href="/facts/Hydrodesulfurization/CTXmxBQu">Hydrodesulfurization</a> (<a href="/facts/Catalytic_reforming/2ybErEUI">catalytic reforming</a>) is commercialized under the name "platforming process".</li> <li>1951 – <a href="/facts/Underground_hydrogen_storage/fMhfFDgF">Underground hydrogen storage</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li>1952 – <a href="/facts/Ivy_Mike/yFqF9H72">Ivy Mike</a>, the first successful test of a nuclear explosive based on hydrogen (actually, deuterium) fusion.</li> <li>1952 – Non-<a href="/facts/Refrigerated_transport_Dewar/CrTRfa17">refrigerated transport Dewar</a>.</li> <li>1955 – W. Thomas Grubb modifies the fuel cell design by using a sulphonated polystyrene ion-exchange membrane as the electrolyte.</li> <li>1957 – Pratt & Whitney's model 304 jet engine using liquid hydrogen as fuel tested for the first time as part of the <a href="/facts/Lockheed_CL-400_Suntan/NUXxYqMc">Lockheed CL-400 Suntan</a> project.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li>1957 – The specifications for the <a href="/facts/U-1_(semi-trailer)/o6jcoDI0">U-2</a> a double axle <a href="/facts/Liquid_hydrogen_trailer/SqHsq2DM">liquid hydrogen semi-trailer</a> are issued.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li>1958 – Leonard Niedrach devises a way of depositing platinum onto the membrane, known as the Grubb-Niedrach fuel cell.</li> <li>1958 – <a href="/facts/Allis-Chalmers/Ac9HxQVB">Allis-Chalmers</a> demonstrates the <a href="/facts/Allis-Chalmers_D_Series/MWUVtTbg">D 12</a>, the first 15 kW fuel cell <a href="/facts/Tractor/gNc7kb4a">tractor</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li>1959 – <a href="/facts/Francis_Thomas_Bacon/lteBjJtm">Francis Thomas Bacon</a> builds the Bacon Cell, the first practical 5 kW hydrogen-air fuel cell to power a welding machine.</li> <li>1960 – <a href="/facts/Allis-Chalmers/Ac9HxQVB">Allis-Chalmers</a> builds the first <a href="/facts/Fuel_cell_forklift/vW0zeMXr">fuel cell forklift</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li>1961 – <a href="/facts/RL-10/xNrFPF99">RL-10</a> liquid hydrogen-fuelled <a href="/facts/Rocket_engine/XT5gaFAb">rocket engine</a> first flight.</li> <li>1964 – <a href="/facts/Allis-Chalmers/Ac9HxQVB">Allis-Chalmers</a> builds a 750-watt fuel cell to power a one-man underwater research vessel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li>1965 – The first commercial use of a fuel cell in <a href="/facts/Project_Gemini/7PYE3AV4">Project Gemini</a>.</li> <li>1965 – <a href="/facts/Allis-Chalmers/Ac9HxQVB">Allis-Chalmers</a> builds the first fuel cell <a href="/facts/Golf_cart/z3P8PXTW">golf carts</a>.</li> <li>1966 – <a href="/facts/General_Motors/rBgP3IRK">General Motors</a> presents Electrovan, the world's first fuel cell automobile.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li>1966 – <a href="/facts/Slush_hydrogen/BMKN4MwV">Slush hydrogen</a>.</li> <li>1966 – <a href="/facts/J-2_(rocket_engine)/oNtBBUD7">J-2 (rocket engine)</a> liquid hydrogen rocket engine flies..</li> <li>1967 – <a href="/facts/Akira_Fujishima/SR2u6bs6">Akira Fujishima</a> discovers the <a href="/facts/Honda-Fujishima_effect/T0KWmKcz">Honda-Fujishima effect</a>, used for <a href="/facts/Photocatalysis/XctEct26">photocatalysis</a> in the <a href="/facts/Photoelectrochemical_cell/Pq2uYSNI">photoelectrochemical cell</a>.</li> <li>1967 – <a href="/facts/Hydride_compressor/EQuQYC2V">Hydride compressor</a>.</li> <li>1970 – <a href="/facts/Nickel_hydrogen_battery/lvtXo9Gs">Nickel hydrogen battery</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li>1970 – <a href="/facts/John_Bockris/loJ13PN7">John Bockris</a> or <a href="/facts/Lawrence_W._Jones/1H2AXIbe">Lawrence W. Jones</a> coins the term <i><a href="/facts/Hydrogen_economy/TNdU0eR2">hydrogen economy</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li>1973 – The 30 km <a href="/facts/Hydrogen_pipeline_transport/y1RrcBov">hydrogen pipeline</a> in <a href="/facts/Isbergues/Qy6Tgu5h">Isbergues</a>.</li> <li>1973 – <a href="/facts/Linear_compressor/GYMAfWfH">Linear compressor</a>.</li> <li>1975 – <a href="/facts/John_Bockris/loJ13PN7">John Bockris</a> – <i>Energy, The Solar-Hydrogen Alternative</i> – <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-470-08429-4.</li> <li>1979 – <a href="/facts/HM7B/LhcJ3f3y">HM7B</a> rocket engine.</li> <li>1981 – <a href="/facts/Space_Shuttle_Main_Engine/vGkj6Vxm">Space Shuttle Main Engine</a> first flight.</li> <li>1988 – First flight of <a href="/facts/Tupolev_Tu-155/7ycjs3LB">Tupolev Tu-155</a>, a variant of the <a href="/facts/Tu-154/9Meqj5vB">Tu-154</a> airliner designed to run on hydrogen.</li> <li>1990 – The first solar-powered hydrogen production plant Solar-Wasserstoff-Bayern becomes operational.</li> <li>1996 – <a href="/facts/Vulcain_(rocket_engine)/pe01NawI">Vulcain</a> rocket engine.</li> <li>1997 – <a href="/facts/Anastasios_Melis/BKGnlsW3">Anastasios Melis</a> discovers that the deprivation of <a href="/facts/Sulfur/IK0amTfM">sulfur</a> will cause <a href="/facts/Algae/U1ftVKU3">algae</a> to switch from producing oxygen to <a href="/facts/Biological_hydrogen_production/36eVyoQy">producing hydrogen</a>.</li> <li>1998 – <a href="/facts/Type_212_submarine/k7fdjVpG">Type 212 submarine</a>.</li> <li>1999 – <a href="/facts/Hydrogen_pinch/gQfGkC8S">Hydrogen pinch</a>.</li> <li>2000 – <a href="/facts/Peter_Toennies/pnSh5w4T">Peter Toennies</a> demonstrates <a href="/facts/Superfluidity/QuePDujN">superfluidity</a> of hydrogen at 0.15 K.</li></ul> <h3>21st century</h3> <ul><li>2001 – The first type IV <a href="/facts/Hydrogen_tank/rR2w7zC9">hydrogen tanks</a> for <a href="/facts/Compressed_hydrogen/SgIHnnFc">compressed hydrogen</a> at 700 bar (10000 PSI) are demonstrated.</li> <li>2002 – <a href="/facts/Type_214_submarine/a1hkIy6L">Type 214 submarine</a>.</li> <li>2002 – The first <a href="/facts/Hydrail/5hsaaWah">hydrail</a> locomotive is demonstrated in <a href="/facts/Val-d%27Or/mAUU8Ec0">Val-d'Or</a>, <a href="/facts/Quebec/4hhNvb4t">Quebec</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li>2004 – <a href="/facts/DeepC/neljCbKE">DeepC</a>, an autonomous underwater vehicle propelled by an electric motor powered by a hydrogen fuel cell.</li> <li>2005 – <a href="/facts/Ionic_liquid_piston_compressor/8MPx8gK4">Ionic liquid piston compressor</a>.</li> <li>2013 – The first commercial 2 megawatt <a href="/facts/Power_to_gas/0GBS85GC">power to gas</a> installation in <a href="/facts/Falkenhagen/odrSneDY">Falkenhagen</a> comes online for 360 cubic meters of hydrogen per hour <a href="/facts/Hydrogen_storage/KPqx6qNG">hydrogen storage</a> into the natural gas grid.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li>2014 – The Japanese fuel cell <a href="/facts/Micro_combined_heat_and_power/MBdeXQSy">micro combined heat and power</a> (mCHP) ENE FARM project passes 100,000 sold systems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li> <li>2014 – <a href="/facts/Toyota/wHIb40oG">Toyota</a> releases its first hydrogen fuel cell car, the <a href="/facts/Toyota_Mirai/JrG7mK1A">Mirai</a>.</li> <li>2017 – <a href="/facts/Hydrogen_Council/kSSHY8I4">Hydrogen Council</a> is formed to expedite development and commercialization of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies. EMEC produces <a href="https://www.emec.org.uk/press-release-worlds-first-tidal-powered-hydrogen-generated-at-emec/">world's first tidal-powered hydrogen</a> in Orkney, Scotland.</li> <li>2019 – Researchers at the <a href="/facts/KU_Leuven/VEJryv1f">KU Leuven</a> university, <a href="/facts/Belgium/YKuMXP5j">Belgium</a>, develop a <a href="/facts/Solar_hydrogen_panel/xSwUwksm">solar hydrogen panel</a> that is able to <a href="/facts/Hydrogen_production/wVo66xRK">produce</a> 250l of <a href="/facts/Hydrogen/BoYHjl0J">H2</a> per day directly from <a href="/facts/Sunlight/WPkJRC7s">sunlight</a> and <a href="/facts/Water_vapor/DX5IUFG0">water vapor</a> utilizing <a href="/facts/Photocatalytic_water_splitting/jCUxzyVC">phytocatalytic</a> <a href="/facts/Water_splitting/zcHkXXDR">water splitting</a>, reporting a conversion efficiency of 15%<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> – about a 150-fold improvement of the efficiency figure ten years back (0.1%).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li>2021 – Enapter, co-founded by Vaitea Cowan, is awarded the 2021 <a href="/facts/Earthshot_Prize/PGRP4lFJ">Earthshot Prize</a> for the ‘Fix our Climate’ category for its AEM Electrolyser technology, which turns renewable electricity into emission-free hydrogen gas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> <a href="https://www.scottishdailyexpress.co.uk/news/scottish-news/raf-breaks-world-record-orkney-25475460">RAF gains Guinness World Record</a> for the first successful flight powered by synthetic fuel produced from green hydrogen generated by EMEC in Orkney.</li> <li>2022 – Researchers in <a href="/facts/University_of_Cambridge/0la7aX9o">Cambridge</a> develop floating <a href="/facts/Artificial_photosynthesis/heXLEFYw">artificial leaves</a> for light-driven hydrogen production. The lightweight, flexible devices are scalable and can float on water similar to lotus leaves.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li> <li>2023 – <a href="/facts/Toyota/wHIb40oG">Toyota</a>'s liquid hydrogen powered <a href="/facts/Toyota_Corolla/Qlf18Mwa">Corolla</a> participates in the <a href="/facts/Super_Taikyu_Series/SbY0waXu">Super Taikyu Fuji 24 Hours Race</a> where it beats gaseous hydrogen powered Corolla's previous record by completing 358 laps (1,634 km).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Timeline_of_sustainable_energy_research_2020%E2%80%93present/MKI3bkBh">Timeline of sustainable energy research 2020–present</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_years_in_science/2HIsmEp0">List of years in science</a> (<a href="/facts/2025_in_science/KQrlkaN6">2025 in science</a>)</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>1784 Experiments <a href="http://moro.imss.fi.it/lavoisier/Lavoisier_Experiments2Gb.asp?anno=1784" target="_blank">http://moro.imss.fi.it/lavoisier/Lavoisier_Experiments2Gb.asp?anno=1784</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Langins, Janis (8 Jun 1983). "Hydrogen production for ballooning during the French Revolution: An early example of chemical process development". Annals of Science. 40 (6). Taylor & Francis: 531–558. doi:10.1080/00033798300200381. <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Science" target="_blank">/wiki/Annals_of_Science</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>1809 – Fleming, History of Meteorology 25 Pag. 25 <a href="http://www.colby.edu/sts/st215/history_of_meteorology.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.colby.edu/sts/st215/history_of_meteorology.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Pibal History". Retrieved 8 February 2016. <a href="http://www.csulb.edu/~mbrenner/history.htm" target="_blank">http://www.csulb.edu/~mbrenner/history.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"The Monthly Magazine". 1809. Retrieved 8 February 2016. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tCkAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA554" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=tCkAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA554</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"The Hydrogen Engine". Retrieved 8 February 2016. <a href="http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/DesignOffice/projects/cecil/engine.html" target="_blank">http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/DesignOffice/projects/cecil/engine.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>1820 Cecil the letter <a href="http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/DesignOffice/projects/cecil/cecil.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/DesignOffice/projects/cecil/cecil.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Jules Verne. "The Mysterious Island by Jules Verne: Chapter 33". Retrieved 8 February 2016. <a href="http://www.online-literature.com/verne/mysteriousisland/33/" target="_blank">http://www.online-literature.com/verne/mysteriousisland/33/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>1896 Weather balloon <a href="http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/corporate/pressoffice/anniversary/balloon.html" target="_blank">http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/corporate/pressoffice/anniversary/balloon.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Tsiolkovsky's Исследование мировых пространств реактивными приборами – The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices (Russian paper) Archived 2008-10-19 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://epizodsspace.testpilot.ru/bibl/dorev-knigi/ciolkovskiy/issl-03st.html" target="_blank">http://epizodsspace.testpilot.ru/bibl/dorev-knigi/ciolkovskiy/issl-03st.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"A Students Guide to Refining – Energy – Articles – Chemical Engineering – Frontpage – Cheresources.com". Cheresources.com Community. Retrieved 8 February 2016. <a href="http://www.cheresources.com/refining5.shtml" target="_blank">http://www.cheresources.com/refining5.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Improvements in and relating to internal combustion engines using a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen as fuel Archived 2013-01-05 at archive.today <a href="http://www.wikipatents.com/gb/0364180.html" target="_blank">http://www.wikipatents.com/gb/0364180.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>The Technological Steps of Hydrogen Introduction – pag 24 <a href="http://www.storhy.net/train-in/PDF-TI/03_StorHy-Train-IN-Session-1_3_JToepler.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.storhy.net/train-in/PDF-TI/03_StorHy-Train-IN-Session-1_3_JToepler.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Foh, S.; Novil, M.; Rockar, E.; Randolph, P. (1979). Underground hydrogen storage. Final report. [Salt caverns, excavated caverns, aquifers and depleted fields] (Technical report). doi:10.2172/6536941. OSTI 6536941. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Sloop, John L. (1978). Liquid hydrogen as a propulsion fuel, 1945-1959. (The NASA history series) (NASA SP-4404). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. pp. 154–157. Archived from the original on 2016-06-03. Retrieved 2008-08-29. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603222906/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4404/ch8-9.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160603222906/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4404/ch8-9.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"ch8-11". Retrieved 8 February 2016. <a href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4404/ch8-11.htm" target="_blank">https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4404/ch8-11.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>1958 D 12 – Pag. 7 Archived 2008-12-17 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/media/pdf/archive/Article_1152_Fuel%20Cell%20History%20part%202%20with%20illustrations.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/media/pdf/archive/Article_1152_Fuel%20Cell%20History%20part%202%20with%20illustrations.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Fuel Cell History – Fuel Cell Today". Retrieved 8 February 2016. <a href="http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/about-fuel-cells/history" target="_blank">http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/about-fuel-cells/history</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"1964 Allis Chalmers Pag.1" (PDF). 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