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Terbium compounds
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<h2 id="properties-of-terbium-compounds">Properties of terbium compounds</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Formula</th><th>appearance</th><th>symmetry</th><th><a href="/facts/Space_group/2XQx0J7M">space group</a></th><th>No</th><th><i>a</i> (nm)</th><th><i>b</i> (nm)</th><th><i>c</i> (nm)</th><th>density, g/cm3</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Terbium(III)_bromide/mWMrWN7p">TbBr3</a></td><td>white powder (hexahydrate)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td>trigonal</td><td>R3</td><td>148</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4.62<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Terbium(III)_chloride/bfu1DYKy">TbCl3</a></td><td>white powder</td><td>hexagonal</td><td>P63/m</td><td>176</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4.35</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Terbium(III)_fluoride/warFIEX0">TbF3</a></td><td>white solid</td><td>hexagonal<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td><td>7.035<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td></td><td>6.875<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></td><td>7.23<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Terbium(III)_hydroxide/rJc7PAHG">Tb(OH)3</a></td><td>white solid<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Terbium(III)_iodide/sWoxjo6B">TbI3</a></td><td>hydroscopic crystals</td><td>trigonal<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></td><td>R3</td><td>148</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>5.2</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Terbium(III)_nitrate/kWWpJec5">Tb(NO3)3</a></td><td>colourless crystals (hexahydrate)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td>monoclinic<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td>P21/c</td><td>14</td><td>1.2870</td><td>1.6590</td><td>2.8723</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Terbium(III)_oxide/DoHubI0n">Tb2O3</a></td><td>white crystals</td><td>cubic</td><td>Ia3<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td><td>206<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td></td><td>1.057</td><td></td><td>7.91</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Terbium(IV)_oxide/0sDrB3ts">TbO2</a></td><td>dark-coloured<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td>cubic</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Terbium_phosphide/oPH9vmmN">TbP</a></td><td>black crystals</td><td>cubic</td><td>Fm3m</td><td>225</td><td>0.56402</td><td></td><td></td><td>6.82</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Terbium(III%2cIV)_oxide/TlaS9aJl">Tb4O7</a></td><td>dark brown-black solid</td><td>orthorhombic</td><td>R3<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td>148</td><td>6.5082</td><td></td><td></td><td>7.3</td></tr><tr><td>Tb11O20</td><td>solid</td><td>triclinic</td><td>P1</td><td>2</td><td>6.50992</td><td>9.8298</td><td>6.4878</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TbAsO4</td><td>solid</td><td>orthorhombic<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td><i>Fddd</i></td><td>70</td><td>7.09</td><td></td><td>6.32</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TbAsO4</td><td>solid</td><td>tetragonal<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td><td><i>I</i>41/<i>amd</i></td><td>141</td><td>10.081</td><td>9.957</td><td>6.321</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TbSbO4</td><td>green (under UV light)</td><td>monoclinic<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></td><td>P21/m</td><td>11</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TbSe</td><td>yellow-red solid<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></td><td>cubic</td><td>Fm3m<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td>225</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="chalcogenides">Chalcogenides</h2> <h3>Oxides</h3> <p>Terbium has a variety of oxides. The most easily obtained is <a href="/facts/Terbium(III%2cIV)_oxide/TlaS9aJl">terbium(III,IV) oxide</a>, which can be produced by the decomposition of terbium compounds such as the <a href="/facts/Terbium(III)_hydroxide/rJc7PAHG">hydroxide</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> the <a href="/facts/Terbium(III)_oxalate/jYNe7gV2">oxalate</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> and the p-aminobenzoate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> Terbium(III,IV) oxide, because the oxide contains both trivalent terbium and tetravalent terbium, can be produced by reacting with <a href="/facts/Nitric_acid/UDbwGp6s">nitric acid</a> to produce <a href="/facts/Terbium_nitrate/kWWpJec5">terbium nitrate</a>, releasing oxygen in the progress:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p> 2 Tb4O7 + 24 HNO3 → 8 Tb(NO3)3 + 12 H2O + O2↑ <p>It is refluxed in a mixture of acetic acid and hydrochloric acid, which can separate trivalent and tetravalent terbium:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p> Tb4O7 + 6 HCl → 2 TbO2 + 2 TbCl3 + 3 H2O <p>It reacts with <a href="/facts/Dicyandiamide/99ftXzbg">dicyandiamide</a> at a high temperature to obtain Tb2O2CN2.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p><p>Another common oxide of terbium is <a href="/facts/Terbium(III)_oxide/DoHubI0n">terbium(III) oxide</a>, which can be obtained from the reduction of <a href="/facts/Hydrogen/BoYHjl0J">hydrogen</a> from <a href="/facts/Terbium(III%2cIV)_oxide/TlaS9aJl">terbium(III,IV) oxide</a> at 1300 °C.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> A p-type <a href="/facts/Semiconductor/zFf3mGTE">semiconductor</a> is formed after doping with <a href="/facts/Calcium/hf252CC0">calcium</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Terbium(IV)_oxide/0sDrB3ts">Terbium(IV) oxide</a> can be prepared by treating terbium(III,IV) oxide with dilute <a href="/facts/Hydrochloric_acid/HqItJlUT">hydrochloric acid</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> its hydrate TbO2·xH2O can be obtained by oxidizing <a href="/facts/Terbium(III)_hydroxide/rJc7PAHG">terbium(III) hydroxide</a> with <a href="/facts/Potassium_persulfate/SQQQxqc0">potassium persulfate</a> in the presence of <a href="/facts/Silver_nitrate/U5w4A3DN">silver nitrate</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> Terbium(IV) oxide can form mixed crystals with <a href="/facts/Praseodymium(IV)_oxide/ctAo4yMI">praseodymium(IV) oxide</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p> <h3>Other <a href="/facts/Chalcogenide/GTXXbDoV">chalcogenides</a></h3> <p>Terbium(III) sulfide is one of the sulfides of terbium, which can be obtained by reacting with sulfur in a stoichiometric ratio.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> It can also be obtained by reacting terbium(III,IV) oxide with <a href="/facts/Carbon_disulfide/b04Tadmy">carbon disulfide</a> and <a href="/facts/Hydrogen_sulfide/UbCqjMMk">hydrogen sulfide</a> at high temperature.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> It reacts with hydrofluoric acid solution to give <a href="/facts/Terbium(III)_fluoride/warFIEX0">terbium(III) fluoride</a> hemihydrate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> Terbium(III) selenide can be obtained by the reaction of terbium polyselenide TbSe1.9 with metal <a href="/facts/Terbium/ICF3PMED">terbium</a>, which can form black needle-like crystals with U2S3 structure and <a href="/facts/Space_group/2XQx0J7M">space group</a> <i>Pnma</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> Terbium monochalcogenides, TbZ (Z = <a href="/facts/Sulfur/IK0amTfM">S</a>, <a href="/facts/Selenium/k975NApC">Se</a> or <a href="/facts/Tellurium/v7QvfIvS">Te</a>), can be prepared by directly reacting terbium with the corresponding <a href="/facts/Chalcogen/nXLGmnqL">chalcogen</a>. These chalcogenides are black and have a <a href="/facts/Sodium_chloride/MWcXl3Mb">NaCl</a> structure. They have metallic conductivity and consist of Ln3+ and Z2- ions with 1 <a href="/facts/Electron/L0KBo5cW">electron</a> from each <a href="/facts/Cation/wrbwhF3z">cation</a> delocalized in a <a href="/facts/Conduction_band/2NUALlHJ">conduction band</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="halides-and-halogen-complexes">Halides and halogen complexes</h2> <p>Terbium can form four tri<a href="/facts/Halides/ujYu8kGD">halides</a> in the form TbX3 (X=F, Cl, Br, I), which, except the fluoride, are easily soluble in <a href="/facts/Water/0lkXnJPK">water</a>, and are strong <a href="/facts/Electrolyte/4YE8bIVa">electrolytes</a> in water. They can be prepared by reacting terbium with the corresponding <a href="/facts/Halogen/YeFgWHeA">halogen</a>:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> </p> 2Tb (s) + 3F2 (g) → 2TbF3 (s) [a white substance] 2Tb (s) + 3Cl2 (g) → 2TbCl3 (s) [a white substance] 2Tb (s) + 3Br2 (g) → 2TbBr3 (s) [a white substance] 2Tb (s) + 3I2 (g) → 2TbI3 (s) <p>Anhydrous terbium halides can be prepared by reacting <a href="/facts/Oxide/DXtoVe1C">oxides</a> or halides hydrates:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p> Tb2O3 + 6 NH4Cl → 2 TbCl3 + 3 H2O + 6 NH3↑ TbCl3·6H2O + 6 SOCl2 → TbCl3 + 6 SO2↑ + 12 HCl↑ <p>Terbium(II) halides are obtained by <a href="/facts/Annealing_(materials_science)/2AfoCE4X">annealing</a> Tb(III) halides in presence of metallic Tb in <a href="/facts/Tantalum/VwaxMm33">tantalum</a> containers. Terbium also forms a sesquichloride Tb2Cl3, which can be further reduced to TbCl by annealing at 800 °C. This terbium(I) chloride forms platelets with layered graphite-like structure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Terbium(IV)_fluoride/LmRJTkDc">Terbium(IV) fluoride</a> is the only halide that tetravalent terbium can form, and has strong oxidizing properties. It is also a strong <a href="/facts/Halogenation/vYrGVWcJ">fluorinating agent</a>, emitting relatively pure atomic <a href="/facts/Fluorine/YUV0Fb8m">fluorine</a> when heated, rather than the mixture of fluoride vapors emitted from <a href="/facts/Cobalt(III)_fluoride/MFlbwtdg">cobalt(III) fluoride</a> or <a href="/facts/Cerium(IV)_fluoride/xDtLazMK">cerium(IV) fluoride</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> It can be obtained by reacting <a href="/facts/Terbium(III)_chloride/bfu1DYKy">terbium(III) chloride</a> or <a href="/facts/Terbium(III)_fluoride/warFIEX0">terbium(III) fluoride</a> with <a href="/facts/Fluorine/YUV0Fb8m">fluorine</a> gas at 320 °C:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> </p> 2 TbF3 + F2 → 2 TbF4 <p>When TbF4 and <a href="/facts/Caesium_fluoride/edycrnDL">CsF</a> is mixed in a stoichiometric ratio, in a fluorine gas atmosphere, CsTbF5 is obtained. It is an <a href="/facts/Orthorhombic_crystal_system/3zo4F8P0">orthorhombic</a> crystal, with <a href="/facts/Space_group/2XQx0J7M">space group</a> <i>Cmca</i>, with a layered structure composed of [TbF8]4− and 11-coordinated Cs+.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> The compound BaTbF6 can be prepared in a similar method. It is an orthorhombic crystal, with space group <i>Cmma</i>. The compound [TbF8]4− also exists.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="organoterbium-compounds">Organoterbium compounds</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Organolanthanide_chemistry/sRqPXTsD">Organolanthanide chemistry</a></p> <p>Organoterbium compounds are a class of <a href="/facts/Organic_metal/WjP1RhKW">organic metal</a> compounds containing Tb-C bonds. The <a href="/facts/Cyclopentadienyl_complex/rezSmzLI">cyclopentadienyl complexes</a> of terbium were studied in the early stage. They can be prepared by the reaction of <a href="/facts/Sodium_cyclopentadienide/l7JaX1NP">sodium cyclopentadienide</a> and anhydrous terbium halide in <a href="/facts/Tetrahydrofuran/P5t6SkMK">tetrahydrofuran</a>, such as:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> </p> TbCl3 + 3 C5H5Na → (C5H5)3Tb + 3 NaCl TbI2 + 2 (C5H<i>i</i>Pr4)Na → (C5H<i>i</i>Pr4)2Tb + 2 NaI <p>However, this compound has limited usage and academic interest.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> </p><p>Like the other lanthanides, metal-carbon σ bonds are found in <a href="/facts/Alkyl/vmEk8X4v">alkyls</a> of terbium such as [TbMe6]3− and Tb[CH(SiMe3)2]3.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> The alkyls and aryls can be prepared by metathesis in <a href="/facts/Tetrahydrofuran/P5t6SkMK">tetrahydrofuran</a> on <a href="/facts/Ether/jwDg0IKr">ether</a> solutions:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> </p> TbCl3 + 3 LiR → TbR3 + 3 LiCl TbCl3 + 4 LiR → Li[TbR4] + 3 LiCl3 <h2 id="other-compounds">Other compounds</h2> <h3>Oxoacid salts</h3> <p>Terbium(III) sulfate can be obtained by the reaction of terbium(III,IV) oxide and concentrated <a href="/facts/Sulfuric_acid/Wom6fymJ">sulfuric acid</a>. It can crystallize colorless octahydrate crystals in <a href="/facts/Water/0lkXnJPK">water</a>, which is isostructural with the corresponding <a href="/facts/Praseodymium(III)_sulfate/SGvytGmw">praseodymium compound</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> The anhydrate can be obtained by heating the octahydrate, and an exothermic reaction occurs when the anhydrate is rehydrated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Terbium(III)_hydroxide/rJc7PAHG">Terbium(III) hydroxide</a> can be obtained by reacting terbium with <a href="/facts/Water/0lkXnJPK">water</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> It reacts with <a href="/facts/Acid/FySU18n1">acids</a> to produce terbium(III) salts. It decomposes to TbO(OH) at an elevated temperature, and upon further heating, will decompose to <a href="/facts/Terbium(III)_oxide/DoHubI0n">terbium(III) oxide</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Terbium(III)_nitrate/kWWpJec5">Terbium(III) nitrate</a> can be obtained by reacting terbium(III) oxide with <a href="/facts/Nitric_acid/UDbwGp6s">nitric acid</a> and crystallizing. The crystals are dried with 45~55% <a href="/facts/Sulfuric_acid/Wom6fymJ">sulfuric acid</a> to obtain the hexahydrate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> The basic salt TbONO3 can be obtained by heating the hydrate, and its anhydrate can be obtained by the reaction of terbium(III) oxide and <a href="/facts/Dinitrogen_tetroxide/01WfnHJh">dinitrogen tetroxide</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> Terbium(III) phosphate can be obtained by the reaction of <a href="/facts/Diammonium_hydrogen_phosphate/97lDTQpT">diammonium hydrogen phosphate</a> and terbium(III) nitrate, and the reaction produces a hexagonal monohydrate, which can emit the characteristic green light of terbium (543 nm) under the excitation of 355 nm wavelength.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> It can also be obtained by the reaction of <a href="/facts/Sodium_phosphate/zVdGWhfC">sodium phosphate</a> and <a href="/facts/Terbium(III)_chloride/bfu1DYKy">terbium(III) chloride</a> in solution, and the precipitated dihydrate is calcined at 800 °C to obtain the anhydrous form.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> Terbium(III) arsenate is an orthorhombic crystal at 77 K with <a href="/facts/Space_group/2XQx0J7M">space group</a> <i>Fddd</i>, and undergoes a <a href="/facts/Phase_transition/eLP2BY8R">phase transition</a> at 27.7 K to form a tetragonal crystal with space group <i>I</i>41/<i>amd</i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> which is a ferromagnet below 1.5 K.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> It can be produced by reacting <a href="/facts/Sodium_arsenate/swF6S8aP">sodium arsenate</a> and terbium(III) chloride.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> Terbium(III) antimonate (TbSbO4) is a monoclinic crystal with space group P21/m (No. 11).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> </p><p>Terbium(III) carbonate can be obtained by reacting <a href="/facts/Terbium(III)_chloride/bfu1DYKy">terbium(III) chloride</a> with saturated <a href="/facts/Carbon_dioxide/xGzpppEp">carbon dioxide</a> solution in <a href="/facts/Sodium_bicarbonate/S9oSol0R">sodium bicarbonate</a>, and the product also needs to be washed with water saturated with carbon dioxide.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> The germanates TbIII13(GeO4)6O7(OH) and K2TbIVGe2O7 can be synthesized at high temperature and pressure, and they are colorless crystals of <a href="/facts/Trigonal_crystal_system/sSSok8wo">trigonal</a> and <a href="/facts/Monoclinic_crystal_system/5PCwXvzX">monoclinic</a> systems, respectively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Hydrate/dev82l69">tetrahydrate</a> of terbium(III) acetate can lose hydration at 60 °C, obtaining the <a href="/facts/Anhydrate/2h1jor4I">anhydrate</a> at 180 °C, which starts to decompose at 220 °C, forming <a href="/facts/Terbium_oxide/xafS8Usv">terbium oxide</a> at 650 °C.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> </p><p>Terbium borate can be obtained by reacting terbium oxide with <a href="/facts/Boric_acid/0so68XIK">boric acid</a>:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> </p> 2 Tb4O7 + 8 H3BO3 → 8 TbBO3 + 12 H2O + O2↑ <p>The single crystal of its hexagonal phase can be obtained by the <a href="/facts/Czochralski_method/uvSrr84x">Czochralski method</a>; it can also form a solid of the triclinic system, which can be obtained by the sol-gel method.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> The composite borates TbFe3(BO3)4 and TbAl3(BO3)4 can also be obtained by a similar method.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> Terbium(III) oxide, terbium(III) chloride and <a href="/facts/Boron_trioxide/N9o3sNUJ">boron trioxide</a> react in a <a href="/facts/Caesium_chloride/MKPHoL6m">caesium chloride</a> solution to obtain terbium oxychloride borate Tb4O4Cl(BO3), which is a monoclinic crystal with space group <i>P</i>21/<i>n</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> Both aluminate Tb3Al5O12<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a> and gallate <a href="/facts/Terbium_gallium_garnet/RzluwxRJ">Tb3Ga5O12</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> can be used as <a href="/facts/Magneto-optical/PYm8dL1h">magneto-optical</a> materials. </p> <h3>Pnictides</h3> <p>All the terbium pnictides form crystals of the <a href="/facts/Cubic_crystal_system/92Co7BKM">cubic crystal system</a>, with the <a href="/facts/Space_group/2XQx0J7M">space group</a> of <i>Fm3m</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Terbium_phosphide/oPH9vmmN">Terbium phosphide</a> can be obtained by reacting <a href="/facts/Sodium_phosphide/Pdwv6N1V">sodium phosphide</a> and anhydrous <a href="/facts/Terbium(III)_chloride/bfu1DYKy">terbium(III) chloride</a> at 700 to 800˚C.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> It undergoes a <a href="/facts/Phase_transition/eLP2BY8R">phase transition</a> at 40 GPa from a <a href="/facts/NaCl/MWcXl3Mb">NaCl</a>-structure to a <a href="/facts/CsCl/MKPHoL6m">CsCl</a>-structure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> It can be sintered with <a href="/facts/Zinc_sulfide/K8l5AF3K">zinc sulfide</a> to make a green phosphor layer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="alloys">Alloys</h2> <h3>Terfenol-D</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Terfenol-D/V8IEwr4L">Terfenol-D</a></p> <p>Terfenol-D is an alloy of terbium, <a href="/facts/Iron/QK1JYy8E">iron</a> and <a href="/facts/Dysprosium/eMev6zGS">dysprosium</a>, with the formula of <a href="/facts/Terbium/ICF3PMED">Tb</a><i>x</i><a href="/facts/Dysprosium/eMev6zGS">Dy</a>1−<i>x</i><a href="/facts/Iron/QK1JYy8E">Fe</a>2. It was initially developed in the 1970s by the <a href="/facts/Naval_Ordnance_Laboratory/yPDCvdcT">Naval Ordnance Laboratory</a> in the United States. The technology for manufacturing the material efficiently was developed in the 1980s at <a href="/facts/Ames_Laboratory/zwwxY36t">Ames Laboratory</a> under a U.S. Navy-funded program.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> It has the highest <a href="/facts/Magnetostriction/hkma4mTU">magnetostriction</a> of any alloy, with up to 0.002 m/m at saturation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a> It possess nearly zero <a href="/facts/Magnetocrystalline_anisotropy/AqMyac3R">magnetocrystalline anisotropy</a> and so exhibits very large magnetostriction at low magnetic fields.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a> Terfenol-D is mostly used for its magnetostrictive properties, in which it changes shape when exposed to magnetic fields in a process called <a href="/facts/Magnetization/zxrtXzTN">magnetization</a>. Magnetic heat treatment is shown to improve the magnetostrictive properties of Terfenol-D at low compressive stress for certain ratios of Tb and Dy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a> </p> <h3>Victorium</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Victorium/8dhMRe7Y">Victorium</a></p> <p>Victorium<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a> (also called monium, meaning "alone", because its <a href="/facts/Spectral_line/HuI4Bj5f">spectral lines</a> stood alone at the end of the ultraviolet spectrum<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a>) is an alloy of <a href="/facts/Gadolinium/eLYUeScu">gadolinium</a> and terbium, which was misidentified as a chemical element in 1898 by the <a href="/facts/England/U9mE5bGL">English</a> chemist <a href="/facts/William_Crookes/q8U8VVwR">William Crookes</a>. He identified the new substance, based on an analysis of the unique <a href="/facts/Phosphorescence/WshJFsKV">phosphorescence</a> and other <a href="/facts/Ultraviolet/kncBUqn5">ultraviolet</a>-<a href="/facts/Visible_spectrum/frPBh8o5">visible</a> spectral phenomena, as a new <a href="/facts/Chemical_element/0jducgWD">chemical element</a>. However, in 1905, <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">French</a> chemist <a href="/facts/Georges_Urbain/pYchaA3w">Georges Urbain</a> had proven that to be false, and in fact, a impurity of gadolinium and terbium.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="applications">Applications</h2> <p>Terbium compounds do not have many applications. However, compounds of trivalent terbium can emit green light under excitation, such as <a href="/facts/Terbium(III)_oxide/DoHubI0n">terbium(III) oxide</a> which can be used in <a href="/facts/Cathode-ray_tube/8NVGx5C7">cathode-ray tube</a> televisions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a> Terbium compounds are also used in optics due to this property.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a> In addition, terbium compounds have other applications. For example, TbFe2-based compounds can be used as <a href="/facts/Magnetostriction/hkma4mTU">magnetostrictive</a> materials,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a> dielectric Tb3Ga5O12 and Tb3Al5O12 can be used as <a href="/facts/Magneto-optical/PYm8dL1h">magneto-optical</a> materials,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a> terbium(III) fluoride is used for the production of fluoride glasses and electroluminescent thin films and luminescent zinc sulfide<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a> and terbium gatifloxacin can be used as drugs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Terbium_phosphide/oPH9vmmN">Terbium phosphide</a> is a <a href="/facts/Semiconductor/zFf3mGTE">semiconductor</a> used in high power, high frequency applications and in <a href="/facts/Laser_diode/TjHzJteV">laser diodes</a> and other <a href="/facts/Photo_diode/152Rpk06">photo diodes</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a> CePO4:Tb (Cerium phosphate doped terbium) has potential application in biological imaging and cellular labeling.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a> </p><p>Alloys containing terbium are used in the production of electronic devices, mostly as a component of <a href="/facts/Terfenol-D/V8IEwr4L">Terfenol-D</a>. The alloy is used in <a href="/facts/Actuator/mF9qVJJR">actuators</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a> in <a href="/facts/Sensor/RN8SXbjs">sensors</a>, in the <a href="/facts/SoundBug/hq93u5B8">SoundBug</a> device (its first commercial application), <a href="/facts/Hydraulic_valve_lifter/5jBAa9Wz">hydraulic valve</a> drivers<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a> and other magnetomechanical devices. It is also used in naval <a href="/facts/Sonar/0Rg2G40e">sonar</a> systems. Its <a href="/facts/Strain_engineering/HdnY8Km1">strain</a> is also larger than that of another normally used material (<a href="/facts/PZT/oIaB8VgS">PZT8</a>), which allows Terfenol-D transducers to reach greater depths for ocean explorations than past transducers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a> Its low Young's Modulus brings some complications due to compression at large depths, which are overcome in transducer designs that may reach 1000 ft in depth and only lose a small amount of accuracy of around 1 dB.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a> Due to its high temperature range, Terfenol-D is also useful in deep hole acoustic transducers where the environment may reach high pressure and temperatures like oil holes. Terfenol-D may also be used for <a href="/facts/Hydraulic_valve_lifter/5jBAa9Wz">hydraulic valve</a> drivers due to its high strain and high force properties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a> Similarly, magnetostrictive actuators have also been considered for use in <a href="/facts/Fuel_injector/0u4SxFyG">fuel injectors</a> for <a href="/facts/Diesel_engine/9B9opxvA">diesel engines</a> because of the high stresses that can be produced.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="pictures-of-terbium-compounds">Pictures of terbium compounds</h2> Terbium compounds <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Europium_compounds/eAILmzwh">Europium compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Berkelium_compounds/yqb6vdvX">Berkelium compounds</a> (the actinide analogue of terbium)</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>无机化学丛书. pp 187-188. 1.2.3 氧化态及电极电势 <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688 (1–2): 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Li, Wan-Lu; Chen, Teng-Teng; Chen, Wei-Jia; Li, Jun; Wang, Lai-Sheng (2021). "Monovalent lanthanide(I) in borozene complexes". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 6467. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.6467L. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26785-9. PMC 8578558. PMID 34753931. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8578558" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8578558</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Tieli, Z; Huichun, Z; Linpei, J (June 1999). "Photochemical fluorescence enhancement of the terbium–lomefloxacin complex and its application". Talanta. 49 (1): 77–82. doi:10.1016/s0039-9140(98)00364-6. PMID 18967577. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Ueda, Kazushige; Shimizu, Yuhei; Nagamizu, Kouta; Matsuo, Masashi; Honma, Tetsuo (2017). "Luminescence and Valence of Tb Ions in Alkaline Earth Stannates and Zirconates Examined by X-ray Absorption Fine Structures". Inorg. Chem. 56 (20): 12625–12630. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02165. PMID 28972363.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Brown, D.; Fletcher, S.; Holah, D. G. (1968). "The preparation and crystallographic properties of certain lanthanide and actinide tribromides and tribromide hexahydrates". Journal of the Chemical Society A: Inorganic, Physical, Theoretical: 1889. doi:10.1039/j19680001889. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>americanelements.com: Terbium Bromide <a href="http://www.americanelements.com/tbbr.html" target="_blank">http://www.americanelements.com/tbbr.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>无机化学丛书 第七卷 钪 稀土元素. 科学出版社. pp 212. 表 22.24 无水卤化物的物理常数. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>无机化学丛书 第七卷 钪 稀土元素. 科学出版社. pp 212. 表 22.24 无水卤化物的物理常数. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>无机化学丛书 第七卷 钪 稀土元素. 科学出版社. pp 212. 表 22.24 无水卤化物的物理常数. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>americanelements.com: Terbium Fluoride <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/terbium-fluoride-13708-63-9" target="_blank">https://www.americanelements.com/terbium-fluoride-13708-63-9</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>《无机化学丛书》. 第七卷 钪 稀土元素. 易宪武 等主编. 科学出版社. P168~171. (2)氢氧化物[verification needed] <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" target="_blank">/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Wells, A. F. (1984). Structural Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 421. ISBN 978-0-19-965763-6. <a href="978-0-19-965763-6" target="_blank">978-0-19-965763-6</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Asprey, L. B.; Keenan, T. K.; Kruse, F. H. (1964). "Preparation and Crystal Data for Lanthanide and Actinide Triiodides". Inorg. Chem. 3 (8): 1137–1141. doi:10.1021/ic50018a015. <a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc867868/" target="_blank">https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc867868/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Moret, Emmanuel; Bünzli, Jean-Claude G.; Schenk, Kurt J. (December 1990). "Structural and luminescence study of europium and terbium nitrate hexahydrates". Inorganica Chimica Acta. 178 (1): 83–88. doi:10.1016/S0020-1693(00)88138-4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Tang, Yu; Tang, Kuan Zhen; Zhang, Jian; Tan, Min Yu; Liu, Wei Sheng; Sun, Yu Xi (2006). "酰胺型三足配体硝酸铽超分子配合物的晶体结构与荧光性质" [Crystal structure and luminescent property of the terbium nitrate supramolecular complex with an amide-type tripodal ligand]. Acta Chimica Sinica (in Chinese). 64 (5): 444–448. <a href="http://sioc-journal.cn/Jwk_hxxb/EN/Y2006/V64/I5/444" target="_blank">http://sioc-journal.cn/Jwk_hxxb/EN/Y2006/V64/I5/444</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Curzon A.E.; Chlebek H.G. (1973). "The observation of face centred cubic Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er and Tm in the form of thin films and their oxidation". J. Phys. F. 3 (1): 1–5. 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