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Snowpack
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<h2 id="scientific-applications">Scientific applications</h2> <p>Snowpack modeling is done for snow stability, flood forecasting, water resource management, and climate studies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> Snowpack modeling is either done by simple, statistical methods such as <a href="/facts/Degree_day/cbdpU6QM">degree day</a> or complex, physically based energy balance models such as SNOWPACK, CROCUS or SNOWMODEL.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Advection/3rn50V2r">Advection</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Glacial_period/alIAm38r">Glacial period</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Glacier_mass_balance/tSoq7prJ">Glacier mass balance</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hydrology/Xh727cnE">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Subnivean_climate/9toeXdHL">Subnivean climate</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://snowpack.slf.ch">SNOWPACK</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.cnrm-game.fr/spip.php?rubrique73&lang=en">CROCUS</a></li> <li><a href="http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JHM548.1">SnowModel</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Definition of SNOWPACK". www.merriam-webster.com. 2024-02-25. Retrieved 2024-03-07. <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/snowpack" target="_blank">https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/snowpack</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Definition of 'snowpack'". Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 2024-03-06. <a href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/snowpack" target="_blank">https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/snowpack</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Snowpack". education.nationalgeographic.org. Retrieved 2024-03-07. <a href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/snowpack" target="_blank">https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/snowpack</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Science of Glaciers". National Snow and Ice Data Center. Retrieved 2024-03-07. <a href="https://nsidc.org/learn/parts-cryosphere/glaciers/science-glaciers" target="_blank">https://nsidc.org/learn/parts-cryosphere/glaciers/science-glaciers</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Cox, Steven M.; Fulsaas, Kris. Mountaineering. Mountaineers Books. pp. 346–347. ISBN 9781594851292. <a href="9781594851292" target="_blank">9781594851292</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Tobias Kurzeder, Holger Feist, Powderguide: Managing Avalanche Risk, Mountain Sports Press, 978-0972482738, 190 pages <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Pinzer, B. R., Schneebeli, M., and Kaempfer, T. U.(2012) "Vapor flux and recrystallization during dry snow metamorphism under a steady temperature gradient as observed by time-lapse micro-tomography", TheCryosphere, 6, 1141–1155, doi:10.5194/tc-6-1141-2012 <a href="https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/6/1141/2012/tc-6-1141-2012.pdf" target="_blank">https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/6/1141/2012/tc-6-1141-2012.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Lehning, Michael. "Fresh insights into snow metamorphism". WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF. Archived from the original on Sep 4, 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170904062141/http://www.slf.ch/ueber/organisation/schnee_permafrost/projekte/schneemetamorphose/index_EN" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170904062141/http://www.slf.ch/ueber/organisation/schnee_permafrost/projekte/schneemetamorphose/index_EN</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Mousavi, Seyedmohammad (2016). "Dry snowpack and freshwater icepack remote sensing using wideband Autocorrelation radiometry". 2016 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). pp. 5288–5291. doi:10.1109/IGARSS.2016.7730377. ISBN 978-1-5090-3332-4. S2CID 23975901. <a href="978-1-5090-3332-4" target="_blank">978-1-5090-3332-4</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Santeford, Henry S.; Smith, James Leroy (January 1974). Advanced Concepts and Techniques in the Study of Snow and Ice Resources: An Interdisciplinary Symposium; [papers]. National Academy of Sciences. p. 273. ISBN 9780309022354. <a href="9780309022354" target="_blank">9780309022354</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Libbrecht, Kenneth G. "Snowflakes and Snow Crystals". www.its.caltech.edu. <a href="https://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/class/class.htm" target="_blank">https://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/class/class.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"IACS". www.cryosphericsciences.org. <a href="http://www.cryosphericsciences.org/snowClassification.html" target="_blank">http://www.cryosphericsciences.org/snowClassification.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Oliver, John E. (2008-04-23). Encyclopedia of World Climatology. Springer. p. 660. ISBN 9781402032646. <a href="9781402032646" target="_blank">9781402032646</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Morin, Samuel; Horton, Simon; Techel, Frank; Bavay, Mathias; Coléou, Cécile; Fierz, Charles; Gobiet, Andreas; Hagenmuller, Pascal; Lafaysse, Matthieu; Ližar, Matjaž; Mitterer, Christoph; Monti, Fabiano; Müller, Karsten; Olefs, Marc; Snook, John S. (2020-02-01) [2019-10-30]. "Application of physical snowpack models in support of operational avalanche hazard forecasting: A status report on current implementations and prospects for the future". Cold Regions Science and Technology. 170 (published 2019-10-30): 102910. doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2019.102910. <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165232X19302071" target="_blank">https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165232X19302071</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Viallon-Galinier, Léo; Hagenmuller, Pascal; Lafaysse, Matthieu (2020-12-01). "Forcing and evaluating detailed snow cover models with stratigraphy observations". Cold Regions Science and Technology. 180: 103163. Bibcode:2020CRST..18003163V. doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2020.103163. ISSN 0165-232X. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.coldregions.2020.103163" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.coldregions.2020.103163</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Liston, Glen E.; Elder, Kelly (2006). "A distributed snow-evolution modeling system (SnowModel)". Journal of Hydrometeorology. 7 (6): 1259–1276. Bibcode:2006JHyMe...7.1259L. doi:10.1175/JHM548.1. <a href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/26319" target="_blank">https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/26319</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>