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Cosquer Cave
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<h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>The cave can now be accessed by divers through a 175 m (574 ft) long tunnel; the entrance is located 37 m (121 ft) below sea level, which has risen since the cave was inhabited. During the glacial periods of the <a href="/facts/Pleistocene/0ya9eUp5">Pleistocene</a>, the shore of the <a href="/facts/Mediterranean/Vr2pzVbM">Mediterranean</a> was several kilometers to the south and the sea level up to 100 m (330 ft) below the entrance of the cave.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="discovery-and-history">Discovery and history</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Henri_Cosquer/kBN2fwqk">Henri Cosquer</a>, a <a href="/facts/Professional_diving/jzXKtH37">professional diver</a> from <a href="/facts/Cassis/RCXa9yLG">Cassis</a>, discovered the submerged entrance to a cave in 1985, guided by a tip from a fellow diver.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> That year, he began exploring the underwater passage alone and later with a friend and <a href="/facts/Diving_instructor/5Sr92acG">diving instructor</a> from his club. The passage narrowed and turned sharply before leading to an underground lake. On one solo dive, a malfunctioning lamp forced Cosquer to retreat, leaving him shaken. </p><p>In June 1990, Cosquer enlisted Belgian <a href="/facts/Cave_diving/WacIQn2q">cave divers</a> Bernard and Marc Van Espen, who located the entrance 37 meters below the Pointe de la Voile near Cap Morgiou. They followed the gallery carefully to avoid disturbing <a href="/facts/Silt/HAxJkhDP">silt</a> and reached the underground lake Cosquer had seen, but their guide line ran out, forcing them to turn back. At this point, the dry section of the cave remained unexplored. </p><p>In June 1991, Marc Van Espen returned and, on June 24, installed the final section of the <a href="/facts/Distance_line/okqswYxH">guide line</a> during a dive with Cosquer. Their exploration lasted only 30 minutes, providing a brief view of the first chamber beyond the submerged passage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>On July 9, 1991, Cosquer explored the cave further with his niece, Cendrine Cosquer, and <a href="/facts/Scuba_diving/BEvQImbN">diving club</a> members Yann Gogan and Pascale Oriol.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> They examined the dry section in more detail and discovered what appeared to be a handprint on the wall, suggesting prehistoric art. This finding spurred several dives in July and August, leading to the discovery of additional <a href="/facts/Cave_paintings/yv2BehGH">cave paintings</a> and the production of photographs and films with the help of Thierry Pelissier and Gilles Sourice.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>Tragedy struck on September 1, 1991, when three divers from <a href="/facts/Grenoble/KIBbRRaF">Grenoble</a> became lost in the access gallery and perished. Cosquer and Gogan helped recover their bodies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Two days later, on 3 September 1991, Cosquer declared the cave to the Maritime Affairs Department in <a href="/facts/Marseille/kj7te1HG">Marseille</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>The discovery was referred to the Regional Archaeological Service under the <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Culture_(France)/yKfJYo1V">Ministry of Culture</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> From September 18-20, 1991, an expedition led by <a href="/facts/Prehistory/52D6oKM4">prehistorian</a> Jean Courtin and cave art specialist <a href="/facts/Jean_Clottes/SKLPV9ug">Jean Clottes</a> took place aboard the DRASM vessel Archéonaute. Initial skepticism about the authenticity of the artwork arose but was later addressed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>In June 1992, another mission resulted in the production of a film, The Secret of Cosquer Cave.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> Between 2001 and 2005, and again from 2010 to 2015, a series of archaeological research operations led by Luc Vanrell, with contributions from Michel Olive, further studied the cave. </p><p>A legal dispute emerged between Cosquer and the Ministry of Culture regarding compensation under a 2001 law on preventive archaeology. This law entitles discoverers to financial rewards based on the site's archaeological value. Cosquer sought a reward and a share of profits from book sales featuring cave photographs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> Henri Cosquer also claimed a reward and the recovery of part of the proceeds from the sale of books of photographs of the cave.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="prehistoric-paintings">Prehistoric paintings</h2> <p>Four-fifths of the cave were permanently or periodically submerged by sea water destroying any cave wall art in those locations. Nearly 500 instances of cave art remain<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> which date back to two distinct periods during the <a href="/facts/Upper_Paleolithic/BnpabgyJ">Upper Paleolithic</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> The first phase, from around 27,000 years ago (the <a href="/facts/Gravettian/DYlnJ6gS">Gravettian</a> Era), is represented by art consisting of 65 <a href="/facts/Hand_stencils/yv2BehGH">hand stencils</a>, 44 in black and 21 in red. Art from the more recent period dates to around 19,000 years ago (the <a href="/facts/Solutrean/XCCDn41E">Solutrean</a> Era) and features much more complex depictions of various animals and human figures. In total there are 177 animals drawings found in the cave; these include 63 <a href="/facts/Horse/uQ3FA0Ak">horses</a>, 28 <a href="/facts/Ibex/Gxl5mkgK">ibex</a>, 17 <a href="/facts/Deer/Sl8mHfp2">deer</a>, 10 <a href="/facts/Bison/smQwevcN">bison</a>, and 7 <a href="/facts/Auroch/HnJHxa12">aurochs</a>. There is also the more unusual depiction of 16 marine animals including 9 <a href="/facts/Pinniped/8ya4Lzek">seals</a> and 3 <a href="/facts/Great_auk/lc55UDGP">great auks</a> as well as some <a href="/facts/Jellyfish/oLmExpvU">jellyfish</a> and various figures which could be either <a href="/facts/Fish/fln4gH9V">fish</a> or <a href="/facts/Cetacea/rtC33h63">cetaceans</a>. Of the human figures there are numerous sexual symbols but also one example of "the killed man" motif which can be seen in other caves such as at <a href="/facts/Lascaux/LApfzaG4">Lascaux</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_Stone_Age_art/Eg5HJelW">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Great_auk/lc55UDGP">Great auk</a> (in cave art)</li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Clottes, Jean; Courtin, Jean (1994). <i>La grotte Cosquer</i>, Seuil, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 2-02-019820-7 (French)</li> <li>Clottes, Jean; Courtin, Jean (1996). The Cave Beneath the Sea: Paleolithic Images at Cosquer. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-8109-4033-7 English translation by Marilyn Garner from the French edition</li> <li>Clottes, Jean; Courtin, Jean; Vanrell, Luc (2005). <i>Cosquer redécouvert</i>, Seuil, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 2-02-065550-0 (French)</li> <li>Billaud, Yves (2017). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk8mDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA333">Chapter 12 Western Mediterranean: Annex. Submerged Karst Structures of the French Mediterranean Coast: An Assessment</a>. pp. 333–340. In: Submerged Landscapes of the European Continental Shelf: Quaternary Paleoenvironments. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-118-92213-2.</li> <li>Nicholas C. Flemming; Jan Harff; Delminda Moura; Anthony Burgess; Geoffrey N. Bailey (7 August 2017). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk8mDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA340"><i>Submerged Landscapes of the European Continental Shelf: Quaternary Paleoenvironments</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 333–340. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-118-92213-2.</li> <li>Perucca, Brigitte (3 June 2022). <a href="https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/les-mysteres-de-la-grotte-cosquer">"Les mystères de la grotte Cosquer"</a> [The mysteries of the Cosquer cave]. <i>CNRS Le journal</i> (in French). Retrieved 19 October 2022.</li> <li>Perucca, Brigitte (22 July 2022). <a href="https://news.cnrs.fr/articles/the-mysteries-of-the-cosquer-cave">"The mysteries of the Cosquer cave"</a>. <i>CNRS News</i>. Retrieved 19 October 2022. As the replica of the Cosquer cave opens its doors to the public in Marseille (southeastern France), Cyril Montoya, the cave's scientific director, tells us about this marvel of prehistory, which is endangered by rising sea levels, and details the many mysteries that a major research campaign will attempt to solve.</li> <li>Mildonian, Laurence; U., F. (16 September 2022). <a href="https://www.laprovence.com/actu/en-direct/6901832/video-30-ans-apres-les-oublies-de-la-grotte-cosquer-se-retrouvent-a-marseille.html">"Vidéo : 30 ans après, les oubliés de la grotte Cosquer se retrouvent à Marseille"</a> [Video: 30 years later, the forgotten of Cosquer Cave find themselves in Marseille]. <i>LaProvence.com</i> (in French). Retrieved 19 October 2022. Pascale Oriol, Yann Gogan, Cendrine Cosquer et Marc Van Espen se sont retrouvés à Marseille, plus de trente ans après la découverte de la grotte Cosquer. [Pascale Oriol, Yann Gogan, Cendrine Cosquer and Marc Van Espen met in Marseille, more than thirty years after the discovery of Cosquer Cave.]</li> <li>Mildonian, Laurence (20 September 2022). <a href="https://www.laprovence.com/article/societe/6906096/video-les-oublies-de-la-grotte-cosquer-enfin-reunis-a-marseille.html">"Vidéo : les oubliés de la grotte Cosquer enfin réunis à Marseille"</a> [Video: the forgotten of Cosquer Cave finally reunited in Marseille]. <i>LaProvence.com</i> (in French). Retrieved 19 October 2022. Trente-et-un ans après la découverte de la grotte à laquelle ils ont pris part, ceux dont l'histoire a effacé les noms se sont enfin retrouvés à Marseille. Rencontre avec Pascale Oriol, Marc Van Espen, Cendrine Cosquer et Yann Gogan [Thirty-one years after the discovery of the cave in which they took part, those whose names history has erased have finally found themselves in Marseille. Meeting with Pascale Oriol, Marc Van Espen, Cendrine Cosquer and Yann Gogan]</li> <li>Van Espen, Marc (2023). <a href="https://www.speleoubs.be/services/publications/regards-et-speleoinfo">"31 ans après, la grotte Cosquer est sortie de l'eau"</a> [31 years later, Cosquer Cave came out of the water]. <i>Regards. Revue de l'Union Belge de Spéléologie</i> (in French). 93. Union Belge de Spéléologie: 40–43.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cosquer Cave. <ul><li><a href="http://keralaarticles.blogspot.com/2007/07/cosquers-cave.html">Cosquer’s Cave</a> Grotto Cosquer</li> <li><a href="http://www.speleogenesis.info/archive/publication.php?Type=publication&PubID=3265">Prehistory and coastal karst area: Cosquer Cave and the “Calanques” of Marseille</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928185820/http://www.speleogenesis.info/archive/publication.php?Type=publication&PubID=3265">Archived</a> 2011-09-28 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Official French Ministry of Culture pages on <a href="https://archeologie.culture.gouv.fr/archeo-sous-marine">Submarine archaeology</a></li> <li>French Ministry of Culture (2022). <a href="https://archeologie.culture.gouv.fr/archeo-sous-marine/en/cosquer-cave">"Cosquer cave | Archéologie sous-marine"</a>. <i>archeologie.culture.gouv.fr</i>. Retrieved 4 July 2022.</li> <li><a href="http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/cosquer">The Cosquer Cave</a> Prehistoric Images and Medicines Under the Sea by Jean Clottes, Jean Courtin and Luc Vanrell</li> <li><a href="https://www.grotte-cosquer.com/">Replica of the cave</a> in Marseille.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Cave Art Paintings of the Cosquer Cave". bradshawfoundation.com. Retrieved January 24, 2017. <a href="http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/cosquer/acknowledgements.php" target="_blank">http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/cosquer/acknowledgements.php</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Billaud, Yves (2017). Chapter 12 Western Mediterranean: Annex. Submerged Karst Structures of the French Mediterranean Coast: An Assessment. pp. 333–340. In: Submerged Landscapes of the European Continental Shelf: Quaternary Paleoenvironments. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-92213-2. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk8mDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA333" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk8mDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA333</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Nicholas C. Flemming; Jan Harff; Delminda Moura; Anthony Burgess; Geoffrey N. Bailey (7 August 2017). Submerged Landscapes of the European Continental Shelf: Quaternary Paleoenvironments. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 333–340. ISBN 978-1-118-92213-2. <a href="978-1-118-92213-2" target="_blank">978-1-118-92213-2</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Herbaux, François (2005). Nos ancètres du midi – Enquêtes sur la préhistoire de Sigean à Menton [Our ancestors of the south – Investigations into prehistory from Sigean to Menton]. Éditions Jeanne Laffitte. See 7. Morgiou, 127–144. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Mildonian, Laurence; U., F. (16 September 2022). "Vidéo : 30 ans après, les oubliés de la grotte Cosquer se retrouvent à Marseille" [Video: 30 years later, the forgotten of the Cosquer cave find themselves in Marseille]. LaProvence.com (in French). Retrieved 19 October 2022. Pascale Oriol, Yann Gogan, Cendrine Cosquer et Marc Van Espen se sont retrouvés à Marseille, plus de trente ans après la découverte de la grotte Cosquer. [Pascale Oriol, Yann Gogan, Cendrine Cosquer and Marc Van Espen met in Marseille, more than thirty years after the discovery of Cosquer Cave.] <a href="https://www.laprovence.com/actu/en-direct/6901832/video-30-ans-apres-les-oublies-de-la-grotte-cosquer-se-retrouvent-a-marseille.html" target="_blank">https://www.laprovence.com/actu/en-direct/6901832/video-30-ans-apres-les-oublies-de-la-grotte-cosquer-se-retrouvent-a-marseille.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Van Espen, Marc (1992). "Hippocampe, revue officielle de la LIFRAS, n° 137" [Hippocampe, official journal of LIFRAS, n° 137]. lifras.be (in French). Retrieved 6 September 2022. <a href="https://www.lifras.be/" target="_blank">https://www.lifras.be/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Lima, Pedro (2022). "L'incroyable destin de la grotte Cosquer" [The incredible destiny of the Cosquer cave]. FFESSM.fr. Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins. Retrieved 2022-08-30. <a href="https://ffessm.fr/actualites/l-incroyable-destin-de-la-grotte-cosquer" target="_blank">https://ffessm.fr/actualites/l-incroyable-destin-de-la-grotte-cosquer</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Mildonian, Laurence; U., F. (16 September 2022). "Vidéo : 30 ans après, les oubliés de la grotte Cosquer se retrouvent à Marseille" [Video: 30 years later, the forgotten of the Cosquer cave find themselves in Marseille]. LaProvence.com (in French). Retrieved 19 October 2022. Pascale Oriol, Yann Gogan, Cendrine Cosquer et Marc Van Espen se sont retrouvés à Marseille, plus de trente ans après la découverte de la grotte Cosquer. [Pascale Oriol, Yann Gogan, Cendrine Cosquer and Marc Van Espen met in Marseille, more than thirty years after the discovery of Cosquer Cave.] <a href="https://www.laprovence.com/actu/en-direct/6901832/video-30-ans-apres-les-oublies-de-la-grotte-cosquer-se-retrouvent-a-marseille.html" target="_blank">https://www.laprovence.com/actu/en-direct/6901832/video-30-ans-apres-les-oublies-de-la-grotte-cosquer-se-retrouvent-a-marseille.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Cosquer, Henri; Fettu, Valérie; Franco, Bernard (1993). La Grotte Cosquer. Plongée dans la Préhistoire [Cosquer Cave. Dive into prehistory]. Paris: Solar. ISBN 978-2-263-01943-2. <a href="978-2-263-01943-2" target="_blank">978-2-263-01943-2</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Van Espen, Bernard; Van Espen, Marc (23 June 2001). "La grotte Cosquer" [Cosquer Cave]. grottocenter.org. Retrieved 8 June 2022. <a href="https://grottocenter.org/ui/documents/105862" target="_blank">https://grottocenter.org/ui/documents/105862</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Mildonian, Laurence (2022-09-03). "Marseille : ils sont les oubliés de la grotte Cosquer" [Marseille: they are the forgotten ones of the Cosquer cave]. LaProvence.com. Retrieved 2022-09-04. <a href="https://www.laprovence.com/article/edition-marseille/6886760/ils-sont-les-oublies-de-la-grotte-cosquer.html" target="_blank">https://www.laprovence.com/article/edition-marseille/6886760/ils-sont-les-oublies-de-la-grotte-cosquer.html</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Gobillot, Gilles (2006-05-21). "La grotte de la Triperie" [The cave of the Triperie]. ASCEA Cadarache section Plongée (in French). Retrieved 2022-08-24. <a href="https://ascadplon.org/wordpress/2006/05/la-grotte-de-la-triperie/" target="_blank">https://ascadplon.org/wordpress/2006/05/la-grotte-de-la-triperie/</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Jean Clottes; Jean Courtin; Luc Vanrell (2007). "La grotte Cosquer à Marseille" [The Cosquer Cave in Marseille]. Les dossiers d'archéologie (in French). 324 (Grottes ornées en France): 38–45. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Clottes" target="_blank">/wiki/Jean_Clottes</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Clottes, Jean; Beltrán, A.; Courtin, Jean; Cosquer, Henri (1992). "La Grotte Cosquer (Cap Morgiou, Marseille)" [Cosquer Cave (Cap Morgiou, Marseille)] (sur persee). Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française (in French). 89 (4): 98–128. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Clottes" target="_blank">/wiki/Jean_Clottes</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Jean Clottes; Jean Courtin; Luc Vanrell (2007). "La grotte Cosquer à Marseille" [The Cosquer Cave in Marseille]. Les dossiers d'archéologie (in French). 324 (Grottes ornées en France): 38–45. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Clottes" target="_blank">/wiki/Jean_Clottes</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Clottes, Jean; Beltrán, A.; Courtin, Jean; Cosquer, Henri (1992). "La Grotte Cosquer (Cap Morgiou, Marseille)" [Cosquer Cave (Cap Morgiou, Marseille)] (sur persee). Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française (in French). 89 (4): 98–128. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Clottes" target="_blank">/wiki/Jean_Clottes</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Bernard Rebatel et Gilles Sourice (realisators), Fanny Broadcast (producer) (1992). Le Secret de la grotte Cosquer (durée : 26 min) [The Secret of Cosquer Cave (running time: 26 min)] (Motion picture) (in French). <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"L'indemnisation d'Henri Cosquer pour sa découverte est contestée" [Henri Cosquer's compensation for his discovery is disputed]. LaProvence.com (in French). AFP. 16 November 2009. Retrieved 12 November 2022. <a href="https://www.laprovence.com/actu/region-en-direct/132566/lindemnisation-dhenri-cosquer-pour-sa-decouverte-est-contestee.html" target="_blank">https://www.laprovence.com/actu/region-en-direct/132566/lindemnisation-dhenri-cosquer-pour-sa-decouverte-est-contestee.html</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Henri Cosquer pourra être indemnisé" [Henri Cosquer may be compensated]. 20minutes.fr (in French). 15 April 2007. Retrieved 12 November 2022. <a href="https://www.20minutes.fr/france/151814-20070415-henri-cosquer-pourra-etre-indemnise" target="_blank">https://www.20minutes.fr/france/151814-20070415-henri-cosquer-pourra-etre-indemnise</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"Grotte Cosquer : interview d'un expert avec Jean Courtin". Ma Région Sud (in French). Retrieved 2022-10-24. ...[E]lle comprend plus de 400 œuvres d'art pariétal exceptionnelles, dont 216 signes, des représentations uniques d'animaux marins tels que les pingouins, les phoques, les méduses, mais aussi de nombreux chevaux, bisons et aurochs. Les parois sont également recouvertes de représentations humaines rares dont « l'homme tué » et des symboles sexuels, des tracés digitaux sur des portions entières de voûtes, réalisations picturales avec des outils, en tout près de 500 représentations peintes et gravées par la main de l'homme. <a href="https://www.maregionsud.fr/actualites/detail/grotte-cosquer-interview-dun-expert-avec-jean-courtin" target="_blank">https://www.maregionsud.fr/actualites/detail/grotte-cosquer-interview-dun-expert-avec-jean-courtin</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Clottes, Jean; Courtin, Jean; Valladas, Hélène; et al. (1992). "La grotte Cosquer datée". Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française. 89 (8): 230–234. doi:10.3406/bspf.1992.9527. <a href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/bspf_0249-7638_1992_num_89_8_9527" target="_blank">https://www.persee.fr/doc/bspf_0249-7638_1992_num_89_8_9527</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"Grotte Cosquer : interview d'un expert avec Jean Courtin". Ma Région Sud (in French). Retrieved 2022-10-24. ...[E]lle comprend plus de 400 œuvres d'art pariétal exceptionnelles, dont 216 signes, des représentations uniques d'animaux marins tels que les pingouins, les phoques, les méduses, mais aussi de nombreux chevaux, bisons et aurochs. Les parois sont également recouvertes de représentations humaines rares dont « l'homme tué » et des symboles sexuels, des tracés digitaux sur des portions entières de voûtes, réalisations picturales avec des outils, en tout près de 500 représentations peintes et gravées par la main de l'homme. <a href="https://www.maregionsud.fr/actualites/detail/grotte-cosquer-interview-dun-expert-avec-jean-courtin" target="_blank">https://www.maregionsud.fr/actualites/detail/grotte-cosquer-interview-dun-expert-avec-jean-courtin</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>"La grotte Cosquer à Marseille | Dossiers d'Archéologie n° 324". dossiers-archeologie.com. Retrieved 2022-10-24. <a href="https://www.dossiers-archeologie.com/numero-324/grottes-ornees-france/grotte-cosquer-a-marseille.22660.php#article_22660" target="_blank">https://www.dossiers-archeologie.com/numero-324/grottes-ornees-france/grotte-cosquer-a-marseille.22660.php#article_22660</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>"The Rock Art of Cosquer Cave". bradshawfoundation.com. <a href="http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/cosquer/cosquer2.php" target="_blank">http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/cosquer/cosquer2.php</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>