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Codex Bezae
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<h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>The manuscript is a <a href="/facts/Codex/FGxYMAcG">codex</a> (the precursor to the modern <a href="/facts/Book/Yylgt4AC">book</a>), containing the text of the four <a href="/facts/Gospels/oC3s2MdL">Gospels</a>, <a href="/facts/Book_of_Acts/u0QzNmpd">Acts</a> and <a href="/facts/3_John/ARUzUjcV">3 John</a> written on 406 extant parchment leaves, from perhaps an original 534 (sized 26 x 21.5 cm).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> The text is written in one column per page, with the Greek text on the left face and the Latin text on the right.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> The text is written <a href="/facts/Colon_(rhetoric)/xNGTwxPz">colometrically</a> and is full of <a href="/facts/Hiatus_(linguistics)/DInsUYDx">hiatus</a>. The first three lines of each book are in red letters, with black and red ink alternating the title of books. As many as eleven correctors (designated as G, A, C, B, D, E, H, F, J1, L, K) have amended the text of the manuscript between the sixth and twelfth centuries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a>: 35–43, 123–163 The Greek text of the codex has some copying errors, e.g., errors of <a href="/facts/Metathesis_(linguistics)/qPNPuQW1">metathesis</a> (the transposition of sounds or syllables in a word), such as seen in John 1:3, where εγενετο (<i>egeneto</i>) was changed into ενεγετο (<i>enegeto</i>); and in Acts 1:9, where υπελαβεν (<i>hypelaben</i>) transforms into υπεβαλεν (<i>hypebalen</i>). </p><p>The manuscript employs the following <a href="/facts/Nomina_sacra/sbTej7b6">nomina sacra</a> (sacred names/words considered sacred in <a href="/facts/Christianity/nKyJHlqq">Christianity</a>); the ones cited here are only <a href="/facts/Nominative_case/wXX3Vn4x">nominative case</a> (subject case) examples: ΙΗΣ (Ιησους / <i>Iēsous</i> / <i><a href="/facts/Jesus/Hcd9hEzI">Jesus</a></i>), ΧΡΣ (Χριστος / <i>Christos</i> / <i><a href="/facts/Christ/Hcd9hEzI">Christ</a></i>), ΠΑΡ (πατηρ / <i>patēr</i> / <i><a href="/facts/God/EITpdL9t">Father</a></i>), ΣΤΗ (σταυρωθη / <i>staurōthē</i> / <i>[he] was <a href="/facts/Crucifixion/754Fyshn">crucified</a></i>). Other words which usually feature among the <a href="/facts/Nomina_sacra/sbTej7b6">nomina sacra</a> are written out in full: μητερ (<i>mēter</i> / <i><a href="/facts/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus/cq3fKofl">Mother</a></i>), υιος (<i>huios</i> / <i><a href="/facts/Son_of_God_(Christianity)/j5ejwCb8">Son</a></i>), σωτηρ (<i>sōter</i> / <i><a href="/facts/Soter/vVSBJCya">savior</a></i>), ανθρωπος (<i>anthrōpos</i> / <i>man</i>), ουρανος (<i>ouranos</i> / <i>sky</i>), Δαυιδ (<i><a href="/facts/David/DLGI6Tl2">David</a></i>), Ισραηλ (<i><a href="/facts/Israel/dEe3IcaY">Israel</a></i>), and Ιερουσαλημ (<i>Iērousalēm</i> 'Jerusalem').<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="codex-contents">Codex contents</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/Manuscript/A6XNmrTd">manuscript</a> presents the gospels in the so-called Western order of <a href="/facts/Gospel_of_Matthew/37PUBgoR">Matthew</a>, <a href="/facts/Gospel_of_John/bW6A5S7Y">John</a>, <a href="/facts/Gospel_of_Luke/TWayBl9v">Luke</a> and <a href="/facts/Gospel_of_Mark/3zoI9FgL">Mark</a>, of which only Luke is complete; after some missing pages the manuscript picks up with the <a href="/facts/Third_Epistle_of_John/ARUzUjcV">Third Epistle of John</a> (in Latin) and contains part of <a href="/facts/Acts_of_the_Apostles/u0QzNmpd">Acts</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a>: xiv </p> Missing sections Matthew 1:1–20, 6:20–9:2, 27:2–12; John 1:16–3:26; Acts 8:29–10:14, 21:2–10, 21:16–18, 22:10–20, 22:29–end<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a>: xiv–xv Omitted verses Matthew <a href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%205:20&version=nrsv">5:20</a>; <a href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%205:30&version=nrsv">5:30</a>; <a href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%209:34&version=nrsv">9:34</a>; <a href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2010:37&version=nrsv">10:37b</a>; <a href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2010:41&version=nrsv">10:41b</a>; <a href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2021:44&version=nrsv">21:44</a>; <a href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2023:14&version=nrsv">23:14</a> Mark <a href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:28&version=nrsv">15:28</a> Luke <a href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%205:39&version=nrsv">5:39</a>; <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+11:32&version=nasb">Luke 11:32</a>; <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+11:36&version=nasb">Luke 11:36</a>; <a href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2012:21&version=nrsv">12:21</a>; <a href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2019:25&version=nrsv">19:25</a>; <a href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023:34&version=nrsv">23:34</a>; <a href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2024:5&version=nrsv">24:5</a>; <a href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2024:12&version=nrsv">24:12</a>; <a href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2024:40&version=nrsv">24:40</a> John <a href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%205:4&version=nrsv">5:4</a> Supplementations (by a later hand) Matthew 3:7–16; Mark 16:15–20; John 18:14–20:13<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a>: xiv–xv <h2 id="text-type">Text type</h2> <p>The Greek text is unique, with many interpolations found in no other manuscript. It has several remarkable omissions, and a capricious tendency to rephrase sentences. Aside from this one Greek manuscript, the type of text is found in <a href="/facts/Vetus_Latina/48zE9rdC">Old Latin</a> (pre-<a href="/facts/Vulgate/RCVJAlJE">Vulgate</a>) versions — as seen in the Latin here — and in Syriac, and Armenian versions. <i>Bezae</i> is the principal Greek representative of the <a href="/facts/Western_text-type/08IRjtC1">Western text-type</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a>: 73 </p><p>There is no consensus on the many problems the Greek text presents. Since the Latin text occasionally agrees with Codices <a href="/facts/Codex_Bobiensis/yoKztMLV">Bobiensis</a> and <a href="/facts/Codex_Vercellensis/lh8ceWHd">Vercellensis</a> against all others, it "preserves an ancient form of the Old Latin", and is a witness to a text which was current no later than 250 CE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a>: 103 Issues of conformity have dogged the usage of the codex in biblical scholarship. "In general the Greek text is treated as an unreliable witness," but it is "an important corroborating witness wherever it agrees with other early manuscripts."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>Some of the outstanding features: <a href="/facts/Matthew_16:2b%E2%80%933/DXldmSnK">Matthew 16:2b–3</a> is present and not marked as doubtful or spurious. One of the <a href="/facts/Mark_16/F9E2Nl0C">longer endings of Mark</a> is given. Luke 22:43f and <a href="/facts/Jesus_and_the_woman_taken_in_adultery/dYf07Dmc">Pericope Adulterae</a> are present and not marked as spurious or doubtful. John 5:4 is omitted, and the text of Acts is nearly 8% longer than the generally received text. It also includes a story of a man working on the Sabbath placed after Luke 6:4 which is not found in any other manuscript.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>Acts in Codex Bezae differs quite considerably from other manuscripts, which some argue possibly represents an earlier version directly from Luke.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="notable-readings">Notable readings</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Textual_variants_in_the_New_Testament/37NnLVjK">Textual variants in the New Testament</a></p> <p>Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis contains some extraordinary readings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Below is a selection of some of the more notable or unsupported readings, with text and translation. </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The codex's place of origin is still disputed; both <a href="/facts/Gaul/fSpNpRqy">Gaul</a> (<a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a>) and southern <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a> have been suggested.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a>: 261–276 Other proposed places of origin include <a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egypt</a>, <a href="/facts/Palestine_(region)/HxMSPazK">Palestine</a> and <a href="/facts/Beirut/0sxJRAqW">Beirut</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p><p>The manuscript is believed to have been repaired at <a href="/facts/Lyon/hKh6EX67">Lyon</a> (France) in the ninth century, as revealed by a distinctive ink used for supplementary pages. It was closely guarded for many centuries in the monastic library of St <a href="/facts/Irenaeus/VSKUJw0X">Irenaeus</a> at Lyon. The manuscript was consulted, perhaps in Italy, for disputed readings at the <a href="/facts/Council_of_Trent/vRPIBssJ">Council of Trent</a>, and was at about the same time collated for <a href="/facts/Editio_Regia/0GVTq3qD">Stephanus's edition</a> of the Greek New Testament. During the upheavals of the <a href="/facts/French_Wars_of_Religion/43pYXFXr">Wars of Religion</a> in the 16th century, when textual analysis had a new urgency among the <a href="/facts/Protestant_Reformation/9ClEbhnL">Reformation</a>'s Protestants, the manuscript was stolen from the monastic library in Lyon when French <a href="/facts/Huguenots/x2FcqQ8J">Huguenots</a> ransacked the library in 1562. It was delivered to the Protestant scholar <a href="/facts/Theodore_Beza/336sU4Ym">Theodore Beza</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> the friend and successor of <a href="/facts/John_Calvin/CrUIG3p3">Calvin</a>, who gave it in 1581 to the <a href="/facts/University_of_Cambridge/0la7aX9o">University of Cambridge</a>, in the comparative security of England, which accounts for its double name. It remains in the <a href="/facts/Cambridge_University_Library/oLLPHbsC">Cambridge University Library</a> (Nn. II 41).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a>: 70–73 </p><p>Scholar <a href="/facts/John_Mill_(theologian)/zY33Cze4">John Mill</a> collated and biblical scholar <a href="/facts/Johann_Jakob_Wettstein/ahRkfPX9">Johann Jakob Wettstein</a> transcribed (in 1716) the text of the codex. Both did their editions of the Greek Testament, but both did their work carelessly. A much better collation was made about 1732 by John Dickinson. </p><p>In 1787, the University of Cambridge appointed <a href="/facts/Thomas_Kipling/kYKu5xGp">Dr Thomas Kipling</a> to edit a facsimile edition which appeared in two volumes in 1793. </p><p>The English cleric <a href="/facts/Frederick_Henry_Ambrose_Scrivener/9sBXcbNl">Frederick H. A. Scrivener</a> edited the text of the codex in 1864 (rewritten text of the codex)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> and published a photographic facsimile in 1899. </p><p>The importance of the manuscript is such that a colloquium held at <a href="/facts/Lunel,_H%C3%A9rault/7s1H14hy">Lunel, Hérault</a>, in the south of France on 27–30 June 1994 was entirely devoted to it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> Papers discussed the many questions it poses to our understanding of the use of the Gospels and Acts in early Christianity, and of the text of the New Testament. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Biblical_manuscript/vXkTSHJo">Biblical manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Codex_Glazier/yslSbpHT">Codex Glazier</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_New_Testament_Latin_manuscripts/GHThwF8V">List of New Testament Latin manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_New_Testament_uncials/RjJrltMX">List of New Testament uncials</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Western_non-interpolations/mBxvfVX8">Western non-interpolations</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Christian_Amphoux/mnNzkXGY">Amphoux, Christian-B.</a> (2004). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101213033059/http://www.bsw.org/Filologia-Neotestamentaria/Vol-17-2004/La-Grande-Lacune-Du-Codex-De-Beze/389/">"La grande lacune du Codex de Bèze"</a>. <i>Filología Neotestamentaria</i>. 17: 3–26. Archived from <a href="http://www.bsw.org/Filologia-Neotestamentaria/Vol-17-2004/La-Grande-Lacune-Du-Codex-De-Beze/389/">the original</a> on 13 December 2010.</li> <li>Bernard, Weiss (1897). <a href="https://archive.org/stream/dercodexdindera00weisgoog#page/n11/mode/2up"><i>Der Codex D in der Apostelgeschichte, Texte und Untersuchungen</i></a> (in German). Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Marie-%C3%89mile_Boismard/tnXyMBLE">Boismard, Marie-Émile</a>; Lamouille, A. (1984). <a href="https://archive.org/stream/journaltheologi02unkngoog#page/n310/mode/2up"><i>Le texte occidental des Actes des Apôtres. Reconstitution et réhabilitation</i></a> (in French). Paris: Ecole Biblique de Jerusalem.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Frederic_Henry_Chase/VUjqh8M7">Chase, Frederic Henry</a> (1893). <a href="https://archive.org/stream/oldsyriacelement00chasuoft#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The Old Syriac Element in the Text of Codex Bezae</i></a>. New York: Macmillan.</li> <li><a href="/facts/J._Rendel_Harris/XsDkquJ2">Harris, James Rendel</a> (1891). <a href="https://archive.org/stream/codexbezae00harruoft#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Codex Bezae: A Study of the so-called Western Text of the New Testament</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li><a href="/facts/J._Rendel_Harris/XsDkquJ2">Harris, James Rendel</a> (1894). <a href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924029305393"><i>Four lectures on the Western Text of the New Testament</i></a>. London: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>d’Hyères, Sylvie Chabert (2009). <a href="http://www.editions-harmattan.fr/index.asp?navig=catalogue&obj=livre&no=28368"><i>L'Évangile de Luc et les Actes des Apôtres selon le Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis</i></a> (in French). Paris: L’Harmattan. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-2-296-08115-4.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Frederic_G._Kenyon/9D9dLuBh">Kenyon, Frederic George</a> (1901). <a href="https://archive.org/stream/journaltheologi02unkngoog#page/n310/mode/2up">"Codex Bezae"</a>. <i>Journal of Theological Studies</i>. 1. New York: Macmillian and Co.: 293–299.</li> <li>Klijn, A. F. J. (1969). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VpY3AAAAIAAJ&pg=P66"><i>A Survey of the Researches Into the Western Text of the Gospels and Acts (1949–1959)</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–53.</li> <li><a href="/facts/David_C._Parker/gBLHG9z1">Parker, David Charles</a> (1992). <i>Codex Bezae: An Early Christian Manuscript and its Text</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-07236-6.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Frederick_Henry_Ambrose_Scrivener/9sBXcbNl">Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose</a> (1864). <a href="https://archive.org/stream/bezaecodexcanta00cambgoog"><i>Bezae Codex Cantabrigiensis: Being an exact Copy, in ordinary Type, of the celebrated Uncial Graeco-Latin Manuscript of the Four Gospels and Acts of the Apostles</i></a>. London: Bell and Daldy.</li> <li>Strange, W. A. (1992). <i>The Problem of the Text of Acts</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0521413848.</li> <li>Yoder, James D. (1959). "The Language of the Greek Variants of Codex Bezae". <i>Novum Testamentum</i>. 3 (4): 241–48. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1559941">10.2307/1559941</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1559941">1559941</a>.</li> <li>Yoder, James D. (1961). <a href="https://archive.org/details/concordancetodis0000yode/mode/2up"><i>Concordance to the distinctive Greek text of Codex Bezae</i></a>. Grand Rapids; Michigan: Eerdmans.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Codex Bezae. <ul><li><a href="http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-NN-00002-00041/">High resolution digital facsimile of the Codex Bezae</a> with full transcription, from Cambridge University Library</li> <li>R. Waltz, <a href="http://www.skypoint.com/members/waltzmn/ManuscriptsUncials.html#uDe">Codex Bezae</a> at the <i>Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism</i> (2007)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070814042644/http://bible-researcher.com/codex-d1.html">Bible Researcher website discusses the Codex Bezae</a></li> <li><a href="http://oncial.d.free.fr/cb/mt/mt.php?chapter=1&lang=en">The Gospels and Acts according to codex Bezae; greek and latin text, translation and comments</a></li> <li><a href="http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040624.93526">History of Research on Codex Bezae</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090107060716/http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/Rennes/">Codex Bezae and the Da Vinci Code</a> The alleged parchment 1 has been copied from Codex Bezae</li> <li>Real secrets and hoaxes, of Da Vinci Code, Rennes-le-Château and Codex Bezae, analyzed on the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191202173523/http://www.lemercuredegaillon.net/">"Mercure de Gaillon"</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.lemercuredegaillon.net/gaillon27/codex_bezae.htm">Codex Bezae and Codex Claromontanus</a> (in French)</li> <li><a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04083a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia</a> 1910: Codex Bezae</li> <li><a href="https://elmss.nuigalway.ie/catalogue/453">More information at Earlier Latin Manuscripts</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Liste Handschriften". Münster: Institute for New Testament Textual Research. Retrieved 16 March 2013. <a href="http://intf.uni-muenster.de/vmr/NTVMR/ListeHandschriften.php?ObjID=20005" target="_blank">http://intf.uni-muenster.de/vmr/NTVMR/ListeHandschriften.php?ObjID=20005</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Codex Bezae facsimile at the Cambridge Digital Library". <a href="http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-NN-00002-00041/" target="_blank">http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-NN-00002-00041/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Aland, Kurt; Aland, Barbara (1995). The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism. Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.). Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 109–110. ISBN 978-0-8028-4098-1. <a href="978-0-8028-4098-1" target="_blank">978-0-8028-4098-1</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Aland, Kurt; Aland, Barbara (1995). The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism. Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.). Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 109–110. ISBN 978-0-8028-4098-1. <a href="978-0-8028-4098-1" target="_blank">978-0-8028-4098-1</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Parker, David Charles (1992). Codex Bezae: An Early Christian Manuscript and its Text. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-07236-6. <a href="978-0-521-07236-6" target="_blank">978-0-521-07236-6</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Gregory, Caspar Rene (1900). Textkritik des Neuen Testaments. Vol. 1. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs. p. 43. Retrieved 8 April 2010. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/textkritikdesne00greggoog#page/n55/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/textkritikdesne00greggoog#page/n55/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose (1864). Bezae Codex Cantabrigiensis: Being an exact Copy, in ordinary Type, of the celebrated Uncial Graeco-Latin Manuscript of the Four Gospels and Acts of the Apostles. London: Bell and Daldy. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Henry_Ambrose_Scrivener" target="_blank">/wiki/Frederick_Henry_Ambrose_Scrivener</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose (1864). Bezae Codex Cantabrigiensis: Being an exact Copy, in ordinary Type, of the celebrated Uncial Graeco-Latin Manuscript of the Four Gospels and Acts of the Apostles. London: Bell and Daldy. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Henry_Ambrose_Scrivener" target="_blank">/wiki/Frederick_Henry_Ambrose_Scrivener</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose (1864). Bezae Codex Cantabrigiensis: Being an exact Copy, in ordinary Type, of the celebrated Uncial Graeco-Latin Manuscript of the Four Gospels and Acts of the Apostles. London: Bell and Daldy. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Henry_Ambrose_Scrivener" target="_blank">/wiki/Frederick_Henry_Ambrose_Scrivener</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Metzger, Bruce Manning; Ehrman, Bart D. (2005). The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration (4 ed.). New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516122-9. <a href="978-0-19-516122-9" target="_blank">978-0-19-516122-9</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Metzger, Bruce Manning; Ehrman, Bart D. (2005). The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration (4 ed.). New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516122-9. <a href="978-0-19-516122-9" target="_blank">978-0-19-516122-9</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Marlowe, Michael. "Bible Researcher". Archived from the original on 14 August 2007. Retrieved 25 January 2004. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070814042644/http://bible-researcher.com/codex-d1.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070814042644/http://bible-researcher.com/codex-d1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Christian Works: Codex Bezae". Cambridge Digital Library. Retrieved 19 January 2024. <a href="https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-NN-00002-00041" target="_blank">https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-NN-00002-00041</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Wilson, James M. (1923). The Acts of the Apostles, translated from the Codex Bezae with an Introduction on its Lucan origin and Importance. New York and Toronto: The Macmillan Co. ISBN 978-1-61097-123-2. <a href="978-1-61097-123-2" target="_blank">978-1-61097-123-2</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Epp, Eldon Jay (2005). The Theological Tendency of Codex Bezae Cantebrigiensis in Acts. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-521-02047-3. <a href="978-0-521-02047-3" target="_blank">978-0-521-02047-3</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Birdsall, James Neville (1986). "The Geographical and Cultural Origin of the Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis: A Survey of the Status Quaestionis, mainly from the Palaeographical Standpoint". In Schrage, Wolfgang (ed.). Studien zum Text und zur Ethik des Neuen Testaments: Festschrift zum 80. Geburtstag von Heinrich Greeven. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 102–114. doi:10.1515/9783110850154-008. ISBN 9783110850154. <a href="9783110850154" target="_blank">9783110850154</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Parker, David Charles (1992). Codex Bezae: An Early Christian Manuscript and its Text. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-07236-6. <a href="978-0-521-07236-6" target="_blank">978-0-521-07236-6</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Christian Works: Codex Bezae". Cambridge Digital Library. Retrieved 19 January 2024. <a href="https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-NN-00002-00041" target="_blank">https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-NN-00002-00041</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Knight, Kevin (2017). "Codex Bezae". www.newadvent.org. New Advent. Retrieved 22 July 2018. Beza wrote in the letter accompanying his gift that the manuscript was obtained from the monastery of St. Irenæus in Lyons, during the war in 1562. Lyons was sacked by the Huguenots in that year and this manuscript was probably part of the loot. The reformer said it had lain in the monastery for long ages, neglected and covered with dust; but his statement is rejected by most modern scholars. It is claimed, in fact, that this codex is the one which was used at the Council of Trent in 1546 by William Dupré (English writers persist in calling this Frenchman a Prato), Bishop of Clermont in Auvergne, to confirm a Latin reading of John 21, si eum volo manere, which is found only in the Greek of this codex. Moreover, it is usually identified with Codex beta, whose peculiar readings were collated in 1546 for Stephens' edition of the Greek Testament by friends of his in Italy. Beza himself, after having first denominated his codex Lugdunensis, later called it Claromontanus, as if it came not from Lyons, but from Clermont (near Beauvais, not Clermont of Auvergne). All this, throwing Beza's original statement into doubt, indicates that the manuscript was in Italy in the middle of the sixteenth century, and has some bearing upon the locality of the production. <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04083a.htm" target="_blank">http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04083a.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"Liste Handschriften". Münster: Institute for New Testament Textual Research. Retrieved 16 March 2013. <a href="http://intf.uni-muenster.de/vmr/NTVMR/ListeHandschriften.php?ObjID=20005" target="_blank">http://intf.uni-muenster.de/vmr/NTVMR/ListeHandschriften.php?ObjID=20005</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Metzger, Bruce Manning; Ehrman, Bart D. (2005). The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration (4 ed.). New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516122-9. <a href="978-0-19-516122-9" target="_blank">978-0-19-516122-9</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose (1864). Bezae Codex Cantabrigiensis: Being an exact Copy, in ordinary Type, of the celebrated Uncial Graeco-Latin Manuscript of the Four Gospels and Acts of the Apostles. London: Bell and Daldy. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Henry_Ambrose_Scrivener" target="_blank">/wiki/Frederick_Henry_Ambrose_Scrivener</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>The story of the colloquium has been chronicled by one of the participants: J.-M. Auwers, "Le colloque international sur le Codex Bezae", Revue Théologique de Louvain 26 (1995), 405–412. See also: Parker, David Charles; Amphoux, Christian, eds. (1996). Codex Bezae, Studies from the Lunel Colloquium. Leiden: Brill.. <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>