Portland-class cruiser

<h2 id="background">Background</h2>
The Portland class was the third class of heavy cruiser to be constructed by the United States Navy following the <a href="/facts/Washington_Naval_Treaty/xebTmL2f">Washington Naval Treaty</a> of 1922. The first "treaty cruisers" were the two of the <a href="/facts/Pensacola-class_cruiser/sH4GdtpK">Pensacola class</a> ordered in 1926, which emphasized armament and speed at the expense of protection. These ships were followed by the six vessels of the Northampton class ordered in 1927 with slightly better armor, and introduced the configuration of three triple turrets which would become standard on U.S. Navy heavy cruisers. The Portland class was a modification of both the Pensacola and Northampton designs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1">1</a>
Portland was the first ship constructed under the provision of the 13 February 1929 "Cruiser Act"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> of the <a href="/facts/United_States_Congress/mJlU46K7">United States Congress</a>, which authorized <a href="/facts/USS_Ranger_(CV-4)/XhJ3A9qK">one aircraft carrier</a> and 15 "light cruisers" to be built. <a href="/facts/USS_New_Orleans_(CA-32)/J6pBe431">New Orleans (CA-32)</a> had been assigned the first hull number in this group, but was eventually laid down later.
Ordered for the U.S. Navy in fiscal year 1930, the Portland class was originally designated as a <a href="/facts/Light_cruiser/SMwX2q99">light cruiser</a>, and given the <a href="/facts/Hull_classification_symbol/sF0X1daX">hull classification symbol</a> CL, being re-designated a <a href="/facts/Heavy_cruiser/b3v3YdQH">heavy cruiser</a> with the symbol CA on 1 July 1931,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a> due to their armament, in accordance with the <a href="/facts/London_Naval_Treaty/oSEQuVTf">London Naval Treaty</a>. Originally, eight cruisers were envisioned as modified Northampton-class vessels, but eventually two of these became the Portland class, with the remaining six eventually being further modified into the succeeding <a href="/facts/New_Orleans-class_cruiser/ku28gaDU">New Orleans class</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> The first three New Orleans-class cruisers, New Orleans, Astoria, and Minneapolis, were initially ordered as Portland-class vessels, but were reordered to the design of <a href="/facts/USS_Tuscaloosa_(CA-37)/0GMC8Sma">USS Tuscaloosa (CA-37)</a>.

<h2 id="design">Design</h2>
As built, the Portland-class cruisers were to be 610 feet 3 inches (186.00 m) in <a href="/facts/Length_overall/YMeByubQ">length overall</a>, 592 feet 0 inches (180.44 m) long <a href="/facts/Waterline_length/D9a12yhM">at the waterline</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> 64 feet 6 inches (19.66 m) <a href="/facts/Abeam/b2XlMKqN">abeam</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> and with a <a href="/facts/Draft_(hull)/MHGIRjC0">draft</a> of 21 feet 0 inches (6.40 m), and 24 feet 0 inches (7.32 m) maximum. They were designed for a <a href="/facts/Standard_displacement/19jbfNuM">standard displacement</a> of 10,096 long tons (10,258 t), and a <a href="/facts/Full-load_displacement/19jbfNuM">full-load displacement</a> of 12,554 long tons (12,755 t).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> However, neither completed ship reached this weight, displacing 9,800 long tons (10,000 t) and 9,950 long tons (10,110 t), respectively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> The ships featured two distinctive raked funnels, a tripod <a href="/facts/Foremast/fA4p9N56">foremast</a>, and a small tower and pole mast aft. In 1943, light tripods were added forward of the second funnel on each ship, and a prominent <a href="/facts/Naval_director/WB8M6K03">Naval director</a> was installed aft.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>

The ships were equipped with four <a href="/facts/Propeller_shaft_(ship)/lHnhqzzT">propeller shafts</a> and four Parsons GT <a href="/facts/Geared_turbine/scacVXsB">geared turbines</a> and eight <a href="/facts/Yarrow_boiler/T8L1Wgag">Yarrow boilers</a>. The power plant of the ships generated 107,000 <a href="/facts/Horsepower/jRMwmIxA">shaft horsepower</a> (80,000 kW) and the ships had a design speed of 32 <a href="/facts/Knot_(unit)/Sho0TF2y">knots</a> (59 km/h) The ships were designed for a range of 10,000 <a href="/facts/Nautical_mile/V4yJzvKw">nautical miles</a> (19,000 km; 12,000 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> Both completed ships rolled badly until fitted with <a href="/facts/Bilge_keel/vtv9B8Fs">bilge keels</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>
The cruisers were armed with a <a href="/facts/Artillery_battery/lf2pfXQv">main battery</a> of nine Mark 9 <a href="/facts/8%22/55_caliber_gun/pTttf1gC">8"/55 caliber guns</a> arrayed in three triple mounts, a <a href="/facts/Superfiring/kJrLvMQG">superfiring</a> pair fore and one aft. For <a href="/facts/Anti-aircraft/fHtGQpLy">anti-aircraft</a> defense, they were armed with eight <a href="/facts/5%22/25_caliber_gun_(United_States)/uh8EwopN">5"/25 caliber guns</a> as well as two <a href="/facts/QF_3_pounder_Hotchkiss/gMkWHWCh">QF 3 pounder Hotchkiss</a> guns. By 1945, the anti-aircraft defenses of both ships had repeatedly been upgraded, with each eventually receiving twenty four <a href="/facts/Bofors_40_mm_Automatic_Gun_L/60/zmDs1A9M">Bofors 40 mm</a> guns. On <a href="/facts/USS_Portland_(CA-33)/48cgbw2E">Portland</a> these were arranged in four quad mounts and four twin mounts, and on <a href="/facts/USS_Indianapolis_(CA-35)/VrJzU6Wy">Indianapolis</a> they were arrayed in six quad mounts. Both ships were also upgraded with twelve <a href="/facts/Oerlikon_20_mm_cannon/UL9r7E0U">Oerlikon 20 mm cannons</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> No torpedo tubes were fitted on either ship of the class.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> The ships were outfitted with Mk. 8 <a href="/facts/Rangekeeper/qwLpcoAF">rangekeepers</a> and Mk. 27 directors which also housed auxiliary Mk. VII rangekeepers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>
The Portland class was originally designed with 1 inch (25 mm) of deck protection and 1 inch (25 mm) of side protection, but during construction they were substantially up-armored.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> The ships were completed with <a href="/facts/Belt_armor/cKcXuJYK">belt armor</a> 5 inches (130 mm) thick over the magazines and 3.25 inches (83 mm) elsewhere.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> Armored <a href="/facts/Bulkhead_(partition)/0UudKUJy">bulkheads</a> were between 2 inches (51 mm) and 5.75 inches (146 mm), deck armor was 2.5 inches (64 mm), the <a href="/facts/Barbette/NmItF9rM">barbettes</a> were 1.5 inches (38 mm), the <a href="/facts/Gunhouse/Rn5mhFdW">gunhouses</a> were 2.5 inches (64 mm), and the <a href="/facts/Conning_tower/tX2VzTHz">conning tower</a> was 1.25 inches (32 mm).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a>
Additionally, the Portland-class cruisers were designed with space to be outfitted as <a href="/facts/Fleet_flagship/MC0h8E0X">fleet flagships</a>, with space for a <a href="/facts/Flag_officer/D3KnfmFU">flag officer</a> and his staff to operate. The class also featured an <a href="/facts/Aircraft_catapult/T1A487V4">aircraft catapult</a> amidships.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> They could carry four aircraft. The total crew complement varied, with a regular designed crew complement of 807,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> a wartime complement of 952, which could increase to 1,229 when the cruiser was operating as a fleet flagship.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>

<h3>Comparison with previous cruiser designs</h3>
The Portland class was generally longer than the Northampton class by about 10 feet (3.0 m) and featured a revised <a href="/facts/Bow_(ship)/7IMvUGon">bow</a> shape. They were otherwise generally similar to the Northampton class, with an extended <a href="/facts/Forecastle/VuaUcfoz">forecastle</a> to improve sea-keeping abilities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> Their masts were reduced as compared to the Northampton class in order to reduce top weight.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>
When completed, the Pensacola class displaced less than expected, at 9,000 long tons (9,100 t),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> which was 980 long tons (1,000 t) less than expected, and were found to be greatly deficient in their protection.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> For the following Northampton class, the armor protection was increased to 1,040 long tons (1,057 t) with 3 inches (76 mm) of armor along the <a href="/facts/Main_belt/YHAq2Eh3">main belt</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> Still, these ships only displaced between 8,910 long tons (9,050 t) and 9,200 long tons (9,300 t)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> While the Portland-class cruisers were more heavily armored than the preceding classes, this problem was found to be so significant that in fiscal year 1929, an entirely different design was formulated for a new class of cruisers, the New Orleans class. Several of the Portland hulls were then converted to New Orleans hulls during construction.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a>
The Portland class were also designed with more advanced armament in mind. Their main guns were the first to be specially designed to fire long-point projectiles with a streamlined shape, which increased the guns' range when compared with older cruiser guns. Such projectiles were in use by ships of the <a href="/facts/Imperial_Japanese_Navy/smLn7IyT">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>, which until that point out-ranged U.S. cruisers with their firepower.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> The New Orleans class was designed with these lessons in mind, intended to create a better balance between protection, armament and speed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a>

<h2 id="construction">Construction</h2>
Five ships were ordered in fiscal year 1930, to be constructed by three builders. In 1931, <a href="/facts/USS_New_Orleans_(CA-32)/J6pBe431">CA-32</a>, <a href="/facts/USS_Astoria_(CA-34)/pvxoBxTe">CA-34</a>, and <a href="/facts/USS_Minneapolis_(CA-36)/yHu3Fjvu">CA-36</a>, all ordered with Westinghouse machinery, were converted to the New Orleans class.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> Portland was laid down by <a href="/facts/Bethlehem_Steel/s1gd00WP">Bethlehem Steel</a> at <a href="/facts/Quincy_Shipyard/BESIs6zh">Quincy Shipyard</a> on 17 February 1930, and Indianapolis was laid down by <a href="/facts/New_York_Shipbuilding_Corporation/w9KlEbyR">New York Shipbuilding Corporation</a> on 31 March 1930.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> The hull and machinery of both ships was provided by their respective builders.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> Indianapolis was launched first, on 7 November 1931 and <a href="/facts/Ship_commissioning/aPxGm7yB">commissioned</a> on 15 November 1932. Portland was launched on 21 May 1932 and commissioned on 23 February 1933.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a>

<h2 id="ships-in-class">Ships in class</h2>
Construction data<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Ship name</th><th scope="col">Hull no.</th><th scope="col">Builder</th><th scope="col">Laid down</th><th scope="col">Launched</th><th scope="col">Comm.</th><th scope="col">Decomm.</th><th scope="col">Fate</th></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/USS_Portland_(CA-33)/48cgbw2E">Portland</a></th><td>CA-33</td><td><a href="/facts/Bethlehem_Shipbuilding_Corporation/zWjYtSY3">Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation</a>, <a href="/facts/Fore_River_Shipyard/BESIs6zh">Fore River Shipyard</a>, <a href="/facts/Quincy,_Massachusetts/2BYxlKjT">Quincy, Massachusetts</a></td><td>17 Feb 1930</td><td>21 May 1932</td><td>23 Feb 1933</td><td>12 Jul 1946</td><td>Struck 1 Mar 1959; Sold for scrap 6 Oct 1959</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/USS_Indianapolis_(CA-35)/VrJzU6Wy">Indianapolis</a></th><td>CA-35</td><td><a href="/facts/New_York_Shipbuilding_Corporation/w9KlEbyR">New York Shipbuilding Corporation</a>, <a href="/facts/Camden,_New_Jersey/24Sl1gNH">Camden, New Jersey</a></td><td>31 Mar 1930</td><td>7 Nov 1931</td><td>15 Nov 1932</td><td>—</td><td>Torpedoed and sunk by <a href="/facts/Japanese_submarine_I-58_(1943)/Qa7uTC9P">Japanese submarine I-58</a>, 30 Jul 1945</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>USS Portland (CA-33)</h3>

Main article: <a href="/facts/USS_Portland_(CA-33)/48cgbw2E">USS Portland (CA-33)</a>
Portland was the first ship on the scene when the <a href="/facts/Airship/8X3TSBdx">airship</a> <a href="/facts/USS_Akron/UwsgjdLm">Akron</a> went down in 1933, and coordinated efforts to retrieve survivors. She conducted a number of fleet maneuvers and goodwill missions throughout the <a href="/facts/Pacific_Ocean/bdxgXRVM">Pacific Ocean</a>. After the start of World War II, Portland took part in the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Coral_Sea/HbpVNGIf">Battle of Coral Sea</a>, there rescuing 722 survivors from the sunk <a href="/facts/Aircraft_carrier/90vrSN0V">aircraft carrier</a> <a href="/facts/USS_Lexington_(CV-2)/6mLk9huu">Lexington</a>. She then fought at the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Midway/f8gBT8Ax">Battle of Midway</a>, the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_the_Eastern_Solomons/hxs2w0a4">Battle of the Eastern Solomons</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> and in the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_the_Santa_Cruz_Islands/066E1sjj">Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands</a>, where she was hit by three dud air-launched <a href="/facts/Torpedoes/RLLPpktk">torpedoes</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> She then supported <a href="/facts/U.S._Marine/J8JDlJG2">U.S. Marine</a> landings during the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Guadalcanal/IHYalWdG">Battle of Guadalcanal</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> During the <a href="/facts/Naval_Battle_of_Guadalcanal/M6tGcrfI">naval battle</a> there in late 1942, she was struck and severely damaged by a torpedo from a Japanese <a href="/facts/Destroyer/bkYL7bI8">destroyer</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> a hit which required interim repairs in Australia followed by extensive repairs at <a href="/facts/Mare_Island_Navy_Yard/yLoqzMun">Mare Island Navy Yard</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> In spite of this damage, she was still able to inflict damage on the <a href="/facts/Japanese_battleship_Hiei/kAd5Icqm">Japanese battleship Hiei</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a>
Returning to the war, she bombarded <a href="/facts/Kiska/HYFTaU9R">Kiska</a> as part of the <a href="/facts/Aleutian_Islands_campaign/pJKt7hRK">Aleutian Islands campaign</a>, played a supporting role in the <a href="/facts/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign/5gL7wI5v">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a>, covered landings during the <a href="/facts/New_Guinea_campaign/w7o1LhyT">New Guinea campaign</a>, and <a href="/facts/Pelelieu/ofsqPfmS">Pelelieu</a>. She then participated in the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf/xpCyVT54">Battle of Leyte Gulf</a>, covered landings in the <a href="/facts/Philippines/ARpmxXQV">Philippines</a>, and supported the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Okinawa/r8CXlMc9">Battle of Okinawa</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> At the end of the war she was decommissioned and remained in the <a href="/facts/United_States_Reserve_Fleet/8m49IA5K">United States Reserve Fleet</a> until 1959, when she was broken up for scrap.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a>

<h3>USS Indianapolis (CA-35)</h3>

Main article: <a href="/facts/USS_Indianapolis_(CA-35)/VrJzU6Wy">USS Indianapolis (CA-35)</a>
Indianapolis served as flagship of Scouting Force 1 during World War II, and saw action in a number of campaigns in the Pacific theater. She supported the Gilbert and Marshall island campaigns as well as operations off the <a href="/facts/Caroline_Islands/7kIzyxFW">Caroline Islands</a>. Later in the war she fought in the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Philippine_Sea/Nvpl6Yeq">Battle of Philippine Sea</a> and later the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima/Y7XzdshL">Battle of Iwo Jima</a> and participating in the Battle of Okinawa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a>
In mid-1945, she sailed from the United States to <a href="/facts/Tinian_Island/k1laa5kg">Tinian Island</a> carrying components of <a href="/facts/Little_Boy/4XAsA7xT">Little Boy</a> and <a href="/facts/Fat_Man/2vlxvS9a">Fat Man</a>, the two <a href="/facts/Nuclear_weapons/QVdBcMdm">nuclear weapons</a> which would later be used to <a href="/facts/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki/fRpj8aJA">bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a>. Sailing for <a href="/facts/Leyte/0wPYcY7L">Leyte</a> unescorted under <a href="/facts/Captain_(naval_rank)/EeuMbyo5">Captain</a> <a href="/facts/Charles_B._McVay_III/vVpwAKwb">Charles B. McVay III</a>, she was sunk by <a href="/facts/Japanese_submarine_I-58_(1943)/Qa7uTC9P">Japanese submarine I-58</a> on 30 July 1945, sinking in just 12 minutes. Many sailors were killed by <a href="/facts/Shark/rh5Cotvx">sharks</a> after the wreck. An estimated 900 of her 1,197 crew survived the initial sinking, but her <a href="/facts/SOS_signal/q6uYE9W7">SOS signal</a> was not heard, and due to a series of errors and misunderstandings, her loss was not discovered until 2 August when her crew was spotted by reconnaissance plane. Only 320 men were recovered following the sinking, of whom 316 survived. McVay survived and faced a <a href="/facts/Court_martial/sKugD331">court martial</a> and reprimand but retired in 1949 as rear-admiral, committing suicide in 1968.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> Following years of efforts by some survivors and others to clear his name, McVay was posthumously exonerated by the 106th United States Congress and President Bill Clinton on 30 October 2000.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_cruisers_of_the_United_States_Navy/rYWMe3aB">List of cruisers of the United States Navy</a></li></ul>

<h3>Notes</h3>

<h3>Sources</h3>

<ul><li>Baker, A. D. (2008), Naval Firepower: Battleship Guns and Gunnery in the Dreadnought Era, <a href="/facts/Annapolis,_Maryland/X4WV6NXR">Annapolis, Maryland</a>: <a href="/facts/Naval_Institute_Press/MzmPF3gL">Naval Institute Press</a>, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1591145554</li>
<li>Bauer, Karl Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991), Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775-1990: Major Combatants, <a href="/facts/Westport,_Connecticut/aE6DqyyW">Westport, Connecticut</a>: <a href="/facts/Greenwood_Press/PhJVxymB">Greenwood Press</a>, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0313262029</li>
<li>Hixon, Walter L. (2003), The United States and the Road to War in the Pacific: The American Experience in World War II, Volume Three, <a href="/facts/New_York_City,_New_York/YlyvFmVC">New York City, New York</a>: <a href="/facts/Routledge/aSwcES11">Routledge</a>, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0415940313</li>
<li>Kearns, Patricia M.; Morris, James M. (1998), Historical Dictionary of the United States Navy, <a href="/facts/Lanham,_Maryland/wLGBEQdJ">Lanham, Maryland</a>: <a href="/facts/Scarecrow_Press/NJNX9xwH">Scarecrow Press</a>, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0810834064</li>
<li>Miller, David M. O. (2001), Illustrated Directory of Warships of the World, <a href="/facts/New_York_City,_New_York/YlyvFmVC">New York City, New York</a>: <a href="/facts/Zenith_Press/Ecn3jFez">Zenith Press</a>, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0760311271</li>
<li>Morrison, Samuel E. (2001), History of United States Naval Operations in World War II (Volume 15) Supplement and General Index, <a href="/facts/Edison,_New_Jersey/wzg9fkbt">Edison, New Jersey</a>: Castle Books, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0785813163</li>
<li>Silverstone, Paul (2007), The Navy of World War II, 1922-1947, <a href="/facts/New_York_City,_New_York/YlyvFmVC">New York City, New York</a>: <a href="/facts/Routledge/aSwcES11">Routledge</a>, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0415978989</li>
<li>Stille, Mark (2009), USN Cruiser vs IJN Cruiser: Guadalcanal 1942, <a href="/facts/Oxford,_United_Kingdom/kHvWDTXW">Oxford, United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/facts/Osprey_Publishing/a86t2MTD">Osprey Publishing</a>, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1846034664</li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Portland class cruiser.

<ul><li><a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/ca-33.htm">Global Security.org - Portland-class cruiser</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.hazegray.org/danfs">Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships (DANFS)</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Bauer & Roberts 1991, p. 136. - Bauer, Karl Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991), Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775-1990: Major Combatants, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, ISBN 978-0313262029 <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"Uslaw.link". <a href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/70/726" target="_blank">https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/70/726</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Bauer & Roberts 1991, p. 138. - Bauer, Karl Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991), Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775-1990: Major Combatants, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, ISBN 978-0313262029 <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Silverstone 2007, p. 29. - Silverstone, Paul (2007), The Navy of World War II, 1922-1947, New York City, New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0415978989 <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Silverstone 2007, p. 32. - Silverstone, Paul (2007), The Navy of World War II, 1922-1947, New York City, New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0415978989 <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Bauer & Roberts 1991, p. 136. - Bauer, Karl Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991), Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775-1990: Major Combatants, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, ISBN 978-0313262029 <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Miller 2001, p. 292. - Miller, David M. O. (2001), Illustrated Directory of Warships of the World, New York City, New York: Zenith Press, ISBN 978-0760311271 <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Silverstone 2007, p. 32. - Silverstone, Paul (2007), The Navy of World War II, 1922-1947, New York City, New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0415978989 <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Silverstone 2007, p. 32. - Silverstone, Paul (2007), The Navy of World War II, 1922-1947, New York City, New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0415978989 <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Silverstone 2007, p. 32. - Silverstone, Paul (2007), The Navy of World War II, 1922-1947, New York City, New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0415978989 <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Bauer & Roberts 1991, p. 138. - Bauer, Karl Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991), Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775-1990: Major Combatants, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, ISBN 978-0313262029 <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Silverstone 2007, p. 32. - Silverstone, Paul (2007), The Navy of World War II, 1922-1947, New York City, New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0415978989 <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Stille 2009, p. 30. - Stille, Mark (2009), USN Cruiser vs IJN Cruiser: Guadalcanal 1942, Oxford, United Kingdom: Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1846034664 <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Baker 2008, p. 200. - Baker, A. D. (2008), Naval Firepower: Battleship Guns and Gunnery in the Dreadnought Era, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 978-1591145554 <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Bauer & Roberts 1991, p. 138. - Bauer, Karl Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991), Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775-1990: Major Combatants, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, ISBN 978-0313262029 <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Stille 2009, p. 30. - Stille, Mark (2009), USN Cruiser vs IJN Cruiser: Guadalcanal 1942, Oxford, United Kingdom: Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1846034664 <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Silverstone 2007, p. 32. - Silverstone, Paul (2007), The Navy of World War II, 1922-1947, New York City, New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0415978989 <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Silverstone 2007, p. 32. - Silverstone, Paul (2007), The Navy of World War II, 1922-1947, New York City, New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0415978989 <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Miller 2001, p. 292. - Miller, David M. O. (2001), Illustrated Directory of Warships of the World, New York City, New York: Zenith Press, ISBN 978-0760311271 <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Silverstone 2007, p. 32. - Silverstone, Paul (2007), The Navy of World War II, 1922-1947, New York City, New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0415978989 <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Miller 2001, p. 292. - Miller, David M. O. (2001), Illustrated Directory of Warships of the World, New York City, New York: Zenith Press, ISBN 978-0760311271 <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Stille 2009, p. 29. - Stille, Mark (2009), USN Cruiser vs IJN Cruiser: Guadalcanal 1942, Oxford, United Kingdom: Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1846034664 <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Bauer & Roberts 1991, p. 136. - Bauer, Karl Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991), Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775-1990: Major Combatants, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, ISBN 978-0313262029 <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Bauer & Roberts 1991, p. 138. - Bauer, Karl Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991), Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775-1990: Major Combatants, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, ISBN 978-0313262029 <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Stille 2009, p. 28. - Stille, Mark (2009), USN Cruiser vs IJN Cruiser: Guadalcanal 1942, Oxford, United Kingdom: Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1846034664 <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Bauer & Roberts 1991, p. 136. - Bauer, Karl Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991), Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775-1990: Major Combatants, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, ISBN 978-0313262029 <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Bauer & Roberts 1991, p. 138. - Bauer, Karl Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991), Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775-1990: Major Combatants, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, ISBN 978-0313262029 <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Hixon 2003, p. 24. - Hixon, Walter L. (2003), The United States and the Road to War in the Pacific: The American Experience in World War II, Volume Three, New York City, New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0415940313 <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Stille 2009, p. 32. - Stille, Mark (2009), USN Cruiser vs IJN Cruiser: Guadalcanal 1942, Oxford, United Kingdom: Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1846034664 <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Bauer & Roberts 1991, p. 138. - Bauer, Karl Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991), Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775-1990: Major Combatants, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, ISBN 978-0313262029 <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Stille 2009, p. 12. - Stille, Mark (2009), USN Cruiser vs IJN Cruiser: Guadalcanal 1942, Oxford, United Kingdom: Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1846034664 <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Silverstone 2007, p. 32. - Silverstone, Paul (2007), The Navy of World War II, 1922-1947, New York City, New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0415978989 <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Morrison 2001, p. 35. - Morrison, Samuel E. (2001), History of United States Naval Operations in World War II (Volume 15) Supplement and General Index, Edison, New Jersey: Castle Books, ISBN 978-0785813163 <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Bauer & Roberts 1991, p. 138. - Bauer, Karl Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991), Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775-1990: Major Combatants, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, ISBN 978-0313262029 <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Silverstone 2007, p. 32. - Silverstone, Paul (2007), The Navy of World War II, 1922-1947, New York City, New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0415978989 <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Kearns & Morris 1998, p. 334. - Kearns, Patricia M.; Morris, James M. (1998), Historical Dictionary of the United States Navy, Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, ISBN 978-0810834064 <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Miller 2001, p. 292. - Miller, David M. O. (2001), Illustrated Directory of Warships of the World, New York City, New York: Zenith Press, ISBN 978-0760311271 <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Kearns & Morris 1998, p. 334. - Kearns, Patricia M.; Morris, James M. (1998), Historical Dictionary of the United States Navy, Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, ISBN 978-0810834064 <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Baker 2008, p. 306. - Baker, A. D. (2008), Naval Firepower: Battleship Guns and Gunnery in the Dreadnought Era, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 978-1591145554 <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Miller 2001, p. 292. - Miller, David M. O. (2001), Illustrated Directory of Warships of the World, New York City, New York: Zenith Press, ISBN 978-0760311271 <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Baker 2008, p. 216. - Baker, A. D. (2008), Naval Firepower: Battleship Guns and Gunnery in the Dreadnought Era, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 978-1591145554 <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Kearns & Morris 1998, p. 334. - Kearns, Patricia M.; Morris, James M. (1998), Historical Dictionary of the United States Navy, Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, ISBN 978-0810834064 <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Kearns & Morris 1998, p. 335. - Kearns, Patricia M.; Morris, James M. (1998), Historical Dictionary of the United States Navy, Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, ISBN 978-0810834064 <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Kearns & Morris 1998, p. 188. - Kearns, Patricia M.; Morris, James M. (1998), Historical Dictionary of the United States Navy, Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, ISBN 978-0810834064 <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Kearns & Morris 1998, p. 188. - Kearns, Patricia M.; Morris, James M. (1998), Historical Dictionary of the United States Navy, Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, ISBN 978-0810834064 <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Miller 2001, p. 293. - Miller, David M. O. (2001), Illustrated Directory of Warships of the World, New York City, New York: Zenith Press, ISBN 978-0760311271 <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Stout, David (14 July 2001). "Captain, Once a Scapegoat, Is Absolved". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 August 2017. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/14/us/captain-once-a-scapegoat-is-absolved.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/14/us/captain-once-a-scapegoat-is-absolved.html</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Portland-class cruiser open-in-new

Portland-class cruiser