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General strain theory
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<h2 id="agnews-three-categories-of-strain">Agnew's three categories of strain</h2> <p>1) Failure to achieve positively valued goals. </p><p>2) Removal of positive stimuli. </p><p>3) Introduction of negative stimuli. </p><p>In an attempt to explain the high rate of male delinquency as compared to female delinquency, Agnew and Broidy analyzed the gender differences between the perception of strain and the responses to strain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> The first area that was explored was the amount of strain that people of certain genders experience. According to stress research that Agnew and Broidy complied, women tend to experience as much or more strain than men. Also, women tend to be higher in subjective strain as well. Since women experience more strain and commit less crime, Agnew and Broidy investigated the different types of strain that women and men experience. Their findings are listed below: </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Women</th><th>Men</th></tr><tr><td>Concerned with creating and maintaining close bonds and relationships with others – thus lower rates of property and violent crime</td><td>Concerned with material success – thus higher rates of property and violent crime</td></tr><tr><td>Face negative treatment, such as discrimination, high demands from family, and restricted behavior</td><td>Face more conflict with peers and are likely to be the victims of crime</td></tr><tr><td>Failure to achieve goals may lead to self-destructive behavior</td><td>Failure to achieve goals may lead to property and violent crime</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Source: O Grady<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>Agnew and Broidy next hypothesized that there may be differences not only in the types of strain, but in the emotional response to strain as well: </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Women</th><th>Men</th></tr><tr><td>More likely to respond with depression and anger</td><td>More likely to respond with anger</td></tr><tr><td>Anger is accompanied by fear, guilt, and shame</td><td>Anger is followed by moral outrage</td></tr><tr><td>More likely to blame themselves and worry about the effects of their anger</td><td>Quick to blame others and are less concerned about hurting others</td></tr><tr><td>Depression and guilt may lead to self-destructive behaviors</td><td>Moral outrage may led to property and violent crime</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Source: O Grady<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>Research indicated that women might lack the confidence and the self-esteem that may be conducive to committing crime and employ escape and avoidance methods to relieve the strain. Women may, however, have stronger relational ties that might help to reduce strain. Men are said to be lower in social control, and they socialize in large groups. Women, on the other hand, form close social bonds in small groups. Therefore, men are more likely to respond to strain with crime.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="general-strain-theory-of-terrorism">General Strain Theory of Terrorism</h2> <p>In 2010, Robert Agnew published a research paper applying Strain Theory to Terrorism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> He finds that terrorism is most likely when people experience 'collective strains' that are: </p> <ul><li>high in magnitude, with civilians affected</li> <li>unjust</li> <li>inflicted by significantly more powerful others, including 'complicit' civilians</li></ul> <h2 id="criticisms-and-policy-recommendations">Criticisms and policy recommendations</h2> <h3>Criticisms</h3> <ul><li>The theory is too complex for any everyday person to understand, it is really hard to test because of how complex it is.</li> <li>By receiving very mixed results of what has been tested and the theory does not explain the why factor: "Why does a person commit a crime or crimes?"</li></ul> <p>The criticisms were made because of the research conducted by Agnew in the early 1990s found that these were the main issues the theory had laid out in front of them. </p><p>Policy recommendations: </p><p>The class of Professor Greenman's <i>Theories of</i> <i>Criminal Behavior</i> found the best way to prevent crimes because of this hypothesized theory is as follows: </p> <ul><li>Using different forms of therapy to help people who have anger management problems. <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li>Teaching people how to respond to strain a person may experience through teaching coping mechanisms that are behavioral, emotional and cognitive driven. <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li>Another way to reduce the amount of strain a person may experience is prescribing medications to them. <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Broidy, L. M. (2001). "A Test of General Strain Theory*". Criminology. 39: 9–36. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00915.x. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Paternoster, R.; Mazerolle, P. (1994). "General Strain Theory and Delinquency: A Replication and Extension". Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 31 (3): 235–263. doi:10.1177/0022427894031003001. S2CID 145283538. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Aseltine, R. H.; Gore, S.; Gordon, J. (2000). "Life Stress, Anger and Anxiety, and Delinquency: An Empirical Test of General Strain Theory". Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 41 (3): 256–275. doi:10.2307/2676320. JSTOR 2676320. PMID 11011504. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Moon, Byongook; Hays, Kraig (Winter 2017). "General strain theory, key strains, and deviance" (PDF). Journal of Criminal Justice. 40: 117–127 – via Database. <a href="https://ac.els-cdn.com/S0047235208001475/1-s2.0-S0047235208001475-main.pdf?_tid=332c008c-c9e8-11e7-93f5-00000aacb361&acdnat=1510738659_16286005fd4904e3c16e0f054455aa44" target="_blank">https://ac.els-cdn.com/S0047235208001475/1-s2.0-S0047235208001475-main.pdf?_tid=332c008c-c9e8-11e7-93f5-00000aacb361&acdnat=1510738659_16286005fd4904e3c16e0f054455aa44</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Froggio, G (2007). "Strain and Juvenile Delinquency: A Critical Review of Agnew's General Strain Theory". Journal of Loss & Trauma. 12 (4): 383–418. doi:10.1080/15325020701249363. S2CID 143493982. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Greenman, Sarah (7 March 2022). "Criminal Justice and Forensic Science". Hamline University. Retrieved 27 April 2022. <a href="https://www.hamline.edu/cla/criminal-justice-forensic-science/criminal-justice-major/" target="_blank">https://www.hamline.edu/cla/criminal-justice-forensic-science/criminal-justice-major/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Agnew, R (2001) Building on the Foundation of General Strain Theory: Specifying the Types of Strain Most Likely to Lead to Crime and Delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency Volume:38 Issue:4 Dated:November 2001 Pages:319 to 361. http://www.d.umn.edu/~jmaahs/MA%20Theory%20Articles/Agnew%20GST.pdf <a href="http://www.d.umn.edu/~jmaahs/MA%20Theory%20Articles/Agnew%20GST.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.d.umn.edu/~jmaahs/MA%20Theory%20Articles/Agnew%20GST.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>O Grady, Willam (2007). Crime in Canadian Context: Debates and Controversies. Oxford University Press. pp. 106–109. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>O Grady, William (2007). Crime in Canadian Context: Debates and Controversies. Oxford. p. 107. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>O Grady, William (2007). Crime in Canadian Context: Debates and Controversies. Oxford. p. 107. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>O Grady, Willam (2007). Crime in Canadian Context: Debates and Controversies. Oxford University Press. pp. 108–109. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Agnew, Robert (2010). "A general strain theory of terrorism". Theoretical Criminology. 14 (2): 131–153. doi:10.1177/1362480609350163. S2CID 143546053. <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1362480609350163" target="_blank">https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1362480609350163</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Greenman, Sarah (7 March 2022). "Criminal Justice and Forensic Science". Hamline University. Retrieved 27 April 2022. <a href="https://www.hamline.edu/cla/criminal-justice-forensic-science/criminal-justice-major/" target="_blank">https://www.hamline.edu/cla/criminal-justice-forensic-science/criminal-justice-major/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Greenman, Sarah (7 March 2022). "Criminal Justice and Forensic Science". Hamline University. Retrieved 27 April 2022. <a href="https://www.hamline.edu/cla/criminal-justice-forensic-science/criminal-justice-major/" target="_blank">https://www.hamline.edu/cla/criminal-justice-forensic-science/criminal-justice-major/</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Greenman, Sarah (7 March 2022). "Criminal Justice and Forensic Science". Hamline University. Retrieved 27 April 2022. <a href="https://www.hamline.edu/cla/criminal-justice-forensic-science/criminal-justice-major/" target="_blank">https://www.hamline.edu/cla/criminal-justice-forensic-science/criminal-justice-major/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>