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Horst Rosenthal
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<h2 id="biography">Biography</h2> <p>Rosenthal was born to Jewish parents in 1915 in <a href="/facts/Breslau/o3scwNqQ">Breslau</a> in what was then the <a href="/facts/German_Empire/lwQutJyN">German Empire</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> With the rise of <a href="/facts/Antisemitism/kUpfFkqx">antisemitism</a> in Germany in the early 1930s, he fled to France on 3 July 1933 after having obtained a <a href="/facts/Travel_visa/y2S7fwNw">visa</a> to stay in Paris for two months. Rosenthal applied for <a href="/facts/Political_asylum/NAAKtbUs">political asylum</a> in November 1933, but it was not until December 1936 that he received it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> He worked as a draftsman in Paris until the outbreak of the Second World War. When <a href="/facts/Adolf_Hitler/3zyXG1L8">Hitler</a> invaded France in June 1940, Rosenthal was arrested because of his Jewish ancestry and spent time in four French concentration camps. On 28 October 1940 he was sent to the <a href="/facts/Gurs_internment_camp/6tIDE78C">Gurs internment camp</a> in <a href="/facts/Pyr%25C3%25A9n%25C3%25A9es-Atlantiques/XlJrVFcc">Pyrénées-Atlantiques</a> in <a href="/facts/Vichy_France/7wTyYUnW">Vichy France</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> A number of artists, including German-Jewish artist <a href="/facts/Charlotte_Salomon/1r9nM3T8">Charlotte Salomon</a>, had also been incarcerated at Gurs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>Camp Gurs was a refugee camp in south west France near the Spanish border, built in 1939 to accommodate refugees fleeing the <a href="/facts/Spanish_Civil_War/YykcMvC5">Spanish Civil War</a>. In 1940 an <a href="/facts/Armistice/myGLIXmj">armistice</a> between Germany and the <a href="/facts/Vichy_France/7wTyYUnW">Vichy government</a> resulted in the conversion of Gurs to a concentration camp to house Jews and other "undesirables".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> Living conditions at Gurs were difficult, but the detainees did their best to make life tolerable by engaging in artistic activities when they were able. They held concerts, staged plays and exhibited art created by inmates. Rosenthal, and others, often used humour in their work to cope with the brutal conditions of camp life.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p><p>In August 1942, after almost two years at Gurs, Rosenthal was moved to two other camps in France before being transferred to the <a href="/facts/Auschwitz_concentration_camp/6o3xax0D">Auschwitz concentration camp</a> in German-occupied Poland on 11 September 1942. Rosenthal was murdered on the day of his arrival at Auschwitz. He was 27 years old.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h3>Comic books</h3> <p>While at Gurs, Rosenthal created three short comic books in French, <i><a href="/facts/Mickey_au_Camp_de_Gurs/RRAmvzsm">Mickey au Camp de Gurs</a></i> (<i>Mickey Mouse in the Gurs Internment Camp</i>), <i>La Journée d'un Hébergé</i> (<i>A Day in the Life of a Camp Resident</i>), and <i>Petit Guide à travers le Camp de Gurs</i> (<i>Little Guide Through the Gurs Camp</i>). He used ink and watercolour on <a href="/facts/A5_paper_size/jsfzqPxA">A5 paper</a> to write and illustrate the books.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p><i>Mickey au Camp de Gurs</i> is a 13-panel<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> comic strip starring <a href="/facts/Walt_Disney/6a3CPUKT">Walt Disney</a>'s <a href="/facts/Mickey_Mouse/XHA50EJP">Mickey Mouse</a>, who is arrested on suspicion of being Jewish and sent to Gurs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> <i>La Journée d'un Hébergé</i> is 18 pages long and describes a typical day in the camp, including the forced marches, interrogations, substandard food, and romance with a female inmate. <i>Petit Guide à travers le Camp de Gurs</i> is a 13-page tongue-in-cheek guide to the camp facilities and its daily events.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p> <h3>Legacy</h3> <p>While Rosenthal did not survive the war, his three comic books did. In 1978 <i>Mickey au Camp de Gurs</i> and <i>La Journée d'un Hébergé</i> were donated to the <i>Centre de Documentation Juive Contemporaine</i> (<a href="/facts/Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation/oBNYoBR7">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a>) in Paris by the Ansbacher family. Leo Ansbacher and his brother Max had both been interned in Gurs at the same time as Horst Rosenthal, where at least Leo Ansbacher also organised relief activities for other internees. Before Rosenthal was transferred, Ansbacher presumably came into possession of the two comics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> In 1986, <a href="/facts/Elsbeth_Kasser/2ftCNq0E">Elsbeth Kasser</a>, a Swiss nurse who voluntarily lived in camp Gurs to assist the detainees, donated <i>Petit Guide à travers le Camp de Gurs</i>, and other works created by inmates, to the <a href="/facts/Skovgaard_Museum/28GjdtBL">Skovgaard Museum</a> in <a href="/facts/Viborg%2c_Denmark/5eBXPR5N">Viborg, Denmark</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p><p>Rosenthal's three books were first published in October 2014 by <a href="/facts/Calmann-L%25C3%25A9vy/xLc2B0E8">Calmann-Lévy</a> and the <a href="/facts/M%25C3%25A9morial_de_la_Shoah/eXvFDTct">Mémorial de la Shoah</a> in Paris in a collection entitled, <i>Mickey à Gurs: Les Carnets de dessin de Horst Rosenthal</i> (<i>Mickey in Gurs: The comic books of Horst Rosenthal</i>). The collection was compiled and edited by Belgian political scientist and historian Joël Kotek [fr] and French journalist and curator Didier Pasamonik [fr]. In addition to the three books, the collection also includes a biography of Rosenthal and a description and analysis of the comics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="works">Works</h2> <p>These are the only comics books Rosenthal was known to have written.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> They were all created in 1942 in the <a href="/facts/Gurs_internment_camp/6tIDE78C">Gurs internment camp</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Mickey_au_Camp_de_Gurs/RRAmvzsm">Mickey au Camp de Gurs</a></i> (<i>Mickey Mouse in the Gurs Internment Camp</i>)</li> <li><i>La Journée d'un Hébergé</i> (<i>A Day in the Life of a Camp Resident</i>)</li> <li><i>Petit Guide à travers le Camp de Gurs</i> (<i>Little Guide Through the Gurs Camp</i>)</li></ul> <h2 id="published-collections">Published collections</h2> <ul><li><i>Mickey à Gurs: Les Carnets de dessin de Horst Rosenthal</i> (<i>Mickey in Gurs: The comic books of Horst Rosenthal</i>), edited by Joël Kotek [fr] and Didier Pasamonik [fr] (October 2014, <a href="/facts/Calmann-L%25C3%25A9vy/xLc2B0E8">Calmann-Lévy</a> and the <a href="/facts/M%25C3%25A9morial_de_la_Shoah/eXvFDTct">Mémorial de la Shoah</a>, Paris, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-27021-438-5-8) – contains Rosenthal's three comic books, plus a biography of the author and commentary on the books<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h3>Citations</h3> <h3>Sources</h3> Works cited <ul><li><a href="/facts/Hillary_Chute/8wdCIU2C">Chute, Hillary L.</a> (2016). "Maus's Archival Images and the Postwar Comics Field". <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/hup/view/book/9780674495647/10.4159/9780674495647-006.xml"><i>Disaster Drawn</i></a>. <a href="/facts/Harvard_University_Press/YluAnq74">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. 153–196. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.4159%2F9780674495647-006">10.4159/9780674495647-006</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780674495647 – via <a href="/facts/De_Gruyter/2wJSEv3m">De Gruyter</a>.</li> <li>Rosenberg, Pnina (2002). "<i>Mickey Mouse in Gurs</i> – humour, irony and criticism in works of art produced in the Gurs internment camp". <i>Rethinking History: The Journal of Theory and Practice</i>. 6 (3): 273–292. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13642520210164508">10.1080/13642520210164508</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143675622">143675622</a>.</li> <li>Wedderburn, Alister (2018). <a href="http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/210170/1/210170.pdf">"Cartooning the Camp: Aesthetic Interruption and the Limits of Political Possibility"</a> (PDF). <i><a href="/facts/Millennium%3a_Journal_of_International_Studies/c0k6gQqp">Millennium: Journal of International Studies</a></i>. 47 (2): 169–189. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0305829818799884">10.1177/0305829818799884</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149585148">149585148</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Marx, Bernard (2014). "Mickey à Gurs: Les carnets de dessin de Horst Rosenthal". Amitié Judéo-Chrétienne de France (in French). Retrieved 30 April 2019. <a href="https://www.ajcf.fr/joel-kotek-et-didier-pasamonik-mickey-a-gurs.html" target="_blank">https://www.ajcf.fr/joel-kotek-et-didier-pasamonik-mickey-a-gurs.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Some sources incorrectly refer to Rosenthal as Polish-born.[2] He was German-born as his birthplace of Breslau was part of the German Empire at the time. Breslau was only incorporated into Poland after World War II, and its name changed to Wrocław.[3] <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Knudde, Kjell (7 July 2018). "Horst Rosenthal". Lambiek Comiclopedia. Lambiek. Retrieved 30 April 2019. <a href="https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/rosenthal_horst.htm" target="_blank">https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/rosenthal_horst.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Rosenberg 2002, pp. 274–275. - Rosenberg, Pnina (2002). "Mickey Mouse in Gurs – humour, irony and criticism in works of art produced in the Gurs internment camp". Rethinking History: The Journal of Theory and Practice. 6 (3): 273–292. doi:10.1080/13642520210164508. S2CID 143675622. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13642520210164508" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13642520210164508</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Knudde, Kjell (7 July 2018). "Horst Rosenthal". Lambiek Comiclopedia. Lambiek. Retrieved 30 April 2019. <a href="https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/rosenthal_horst.htm" target="_blank">https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/rosenthal_horst.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>After World War II, Breslau was incorporated into Poland and its name changed to Wrocław.[3] <a href="/wiki/Breslau" target="_blank">/wiki/Breslau</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Marx, Bernard (2014). "Mickey à Gurs: Les carnets de dessin de Horst Rosenthal". Amitié Judéo-Chrétienne de France (in French). Retrieved 30 April 2019. <a href="https://www.ajcf.fr/joel-kotek-et-didier-pasamonik-mickey-a-gurs.html" target="_blank">https://www.ajcf.fr/joel-kotek-et-didier-pasamonik-mickey-a-gurs.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Knudde, Kjell (7 July 2018). "Horst Rosenthal". Lambiek Comiclopedia. Lambiek. Retrieved 30 April 2019. <a href="https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/rosenthal_horst.htm" target="_blank">https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/rosenthal_horst.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Marx, Bernard (2014). "Mickey à Gurs: Les carnets de dessin de Horst Rosenthal". Amitié Judéo-Chrétienne de France (in French). Retrieved 30 April 2019. <a href="https://www.ajcf.fr/joel-kotek-et-didier-pasamonik-mickey-a-gurs.html" target="_blank">https://www.ajcf.fr/joel-kotek-et-didier-pasamonik-mickey-a-gurs.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Knudde, Kjell (7 July 2018). "Horst Rosenthal". Lambiek Comiclopedia. Lambiek. Retrieved 30 April 2019. <a href="https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/rosenthal_horst.htm" target="_blank">https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/rosenthal_horst.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Knudde, Kjell (7 July 2018). "Horst Rosenthal". Lambiek Comiclopedia. Lambiek. Retrieved 30 April 2019. <a href="https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/rosenthal_horst.htm" target="_blank">https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/rosenthal_horst.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Chute 2016, p. 174. - Chute, Hillary L. (2016). "Maus's Archival Images and the Postwar Comics Field". Disaster Drawn. Harvard University Press. pp. 153–196. doi:10.4159/9780674495647-006. ISBN 9780674495647 – via De Gruyter. <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/hup/view/book/9780674495647/10.4159/9780674495647-006.xml" target="_blank">https://www.degruyter.com/hup/view/book/9780674495647/10.4159/9780674495647-006.xml</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Parker, John R. (2 December 2009). "Mickey Mouse Comics from the Gurs Concentration Camp". ComicsAlliance. Retrieved 30 April 2019. <a href="https://comicsalliance.com/mickey-mouse-comics-gurs-concentration-camp/" target="_blank">https://comicsalliance.com/mickey-mouse-comics-gurs-concentration-camp/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Knudde, Kjell (7 July 2018). "Horst Rosenthal". Lambiek Comiclopedia. Lambiek. Retrieved 30 April 2019. <a href="https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/rosenthal_horst.htm" target="_blank">https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/rosenthal_horst.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Rosenberg 2002, pp. 273–274. - Rosenberg, Pnina (2002). "Mickey Mouse in Gurs – humour, irony and criticism in works of art produced in the Gurs internment camp". Rethinking History: The Journal of Theory and Practice. 6 (3): 273–292. doi:10.1080/13642520210164508. S2CID 143675622. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13642520210164508" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13642520210164508</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Marx, Bernard (2014). "Mickey à Gurs: Les carnets de dessin de Horst Rosenthal". Amitié Judéo-Chrétienne de France (in French). Retrieved 30 April 2019. <a href="https://www.ajcf.fr/joel-kotek-et-didier-pasamonik-mickey-a-gurs.html" target="_blank">https://www.ajcf.fr/joel-kotek-et-didier-pasamonik-mickey-a-gurs.html</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Knudde, Kjell (7 July 2018). "Horst Rosenthal". Lambiek Comiclopedia. Lambiek. Retrieved 30 April 2019. <a href="https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/rosenthal_horst.htm" target="_blank">https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/rosenthal_horst.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Marx, Bernard (2014). "Mickey à Gurs: Les carnets de dessin de Horst Rosenthal". Amitié Judéo-Chrétienne de France (in French). Retrieved 30 April 2019. <a href="https://www.ajcf.fr/joel-kotek-et-didier-pasamonik-mickey-a-gurs.html" target="_blank">https://www.ajcf.fr/joel-kotek-et-didier-pasamonik-mickey-a-gurs.html</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Knudde, Kjell (7 July 2018). "Horst Rosenthal". Lambiek Comiclopedia. Lambiek. Retrieved 30 April 2019. <a href="https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/rosenthal_horst.htm" target="_blank">https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/rosenthal_horst.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Morgan, Glyn (Summer 2015). "Speaking the Unspeakable and Seeing the Unseeable: The Role of Fantastika in Visualising the Holocaust, or, More Than Just Maus". The Luminary (6). Lancaster University. Retrieved 30 April 2019. <a href="https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/luminary/issue6/issue6article3.htm" target="_blank">https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/luminary/issue6/issue6article3.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Menia, François (21 October 2014). "Mickey Mouse, une "figure de l'innocence" au camp de Gurs". Le Figaro (in French). Retrieved 30 April 2019. <a href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/bd/2014/10/21/03014-20141021ARTFIG00017-mickey-mouse-une-figure-de-l-innocence-au-camp-de-gurs.php" target="_blank">http://www.lefigaro.fr/bd/2014/10/21/03014-20141021ARTFIG00017-mickey-mouse-une-figure-de-l-innocence-au-camp-de-gurs.php</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Wedderburn 2018, p. 13. - Wedderburn, Alister (2018). "Cartooning the Camp: Aesthetic Interruption and the Limits of Political Possibility" (PDF). Millennium: Journal of International Studies. 47 (2): 169–189. doi:10.1177/0305829818799884. S2CID 149585148. <a href="http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/210170/1/210170.pdf" target="_blank">http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/210170/1/210170.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Marx, Bernard (2014). "Mickey à Gurs: Les carnets de dessin de Horst Rosenthal". Amitié Judéo-Chrétienne de France (in French). Retrieved 30 April 2019. <a href="https://www.ajcf.fr/joel-kotek-et-didier-pasamonik-mickey-a-gurs.html" target="_blank">https://www.ajcf.fr/joel-kotek-et-didier-pasamonik-mickey-a-gurs.html</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Knudde, Kjell (7 July 2018). "Horst Rosenthal". Lambiek Comiclopedia. Lambiek. Retrieved 30 April 2019. <a href="https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/rosenthal_horst.htm" target="_blank">https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/rosenthal_horst.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Pnina Rosenberg: Mickey orphelin: la courte vie de Horst Rosenthal/Das Waisenkind Micky Maus, oder: das kurze Leben des Horst Rosenthal', in: Anne Grynberg; Johanna Linsler (Hg.): L' irréparable: itinéraires d'artistes et d'amateurs d'art juifs, réfugiés du «Troisième Reich» en France/Irreparabel: Lebenswege jüdischer Künstlerinnen, Künstler und Kunstkenner auf der Flucht aus dem „Dritten Reich“ in Frankreich, Veröffentlichungen der Koordinierungsstelle Magdeburg, Magdeburg, 2013, ISBN 978-3-9811367-6-0, S. 379 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Rosenberg 2002, p. 275. - Rosenberg, Pnina (2002). "Mickey Mouse in Gurs – humour, irony and criticism in works of art produced in the Gurs internment camp". Rethinking History: The Journal of Theory and Practice. 6 (3): 273–292. doi:10.1080/13642520210164508. S2CID 143675622. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13642520210164508" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13642520210164508</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Some sources state that all three comics were donated to the Centre de Documentation Juive Contemporaine by Rabbi Max Ansbacher, who had worked as a chaplain at Gurs.[12][2] <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Marx, Bernard (2014). "Mickey à Gurs: Les carnets de dessin de Horst Rosenthal". Amitié Judéo-Chrétienne de France (in French). Retrieved 30 April 2019. <a href="https://www.ajcf.fr/joel-kotek-et-didier-pasamonik-mickey-a-gurs.html" target="_blank">https://www.ajcf.fr/joel-kotek-et-didier-pasamonik-mickey-a-gurs.html</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Knudde, Kjell (7 July 2018). "Horst Rosenthal". Lambiek Comiclopedia. Lambiek. Retrieved 30 April 2019. <a href="https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/rosenthal_horst.htm" target="_blank">https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/rosenthal_horst.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Morgan, Glyn (Summer 2015). "Speaking the Unspeakable and Seeing the Unseeable: The Role of Fantastika in Visualising the Holocaust, or, More Than Just Maus". The Luminary (6). Lancaster University. Retrieved 30 April 2019. <a href="https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/luminary/issue6/issue6article3.htm" target="_blank">https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/luminary/issue6/issue6article3.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Wedderburn 2018, p. 13. - Wedderburn, Alister (2018). "Cartooning the Camp: Aesthetic Interruption and the Limits of Political Possibility" (PDF). Millennium: Journal of International Studies. 47 (2): 169–189. doi:10.1177/0305829818799884. S2CID 149585148. <a href="http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/210170/1/210170.pdf" target="_blank">http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/210170/1/210170.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Rosenberg 2002, p. 275. - Rosenberg, Pnina (2002). "Mickey Mouse in Gurs – humour, irony and criticism in works of art produced in the Gurs internment camp". Rethinking History: The Journal of Theory and Practice. 6 (3): 273–292. doi:10.1080/13642520210164508. S2CID 143675622. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13642520210164508" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13642520210164508</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Knudde, Kjell (7 July 2018). "Horst Rosenthal". Lambiek Comiclopedia. Lambiek. Retrieved 30 April 2019. <a href="https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/rosenthal_horst.htm" target="_blank">https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/rosenthal_horst.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>