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CS50
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>CS50 was first available in 1989.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Michael_D._Smith_(computer_scientist)/xWylYdlV">Michael D. Smith</a> was the professor of the course from 2002 to 2006,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> after which point <a href="/facts/David_J._Malan/a7o1pjHg">David J. Malan</a> has been the primary professor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Margo_Seltzer/tEJX1FPr">Margo Seltzer</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> Brian Yu,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> and Doug Lloyd<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> have also taught the course. Guest lecturers have included <a href="/facts/Mark_Zuckerberg/TJpEwVE6">Mark Zuckerberg</a> (2005)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Steve_Ballmer/8Yrdmxkp">Steve Ballmer</a> (2014).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Yale_University/KUdS6jt1">Yale University</a> began offering the course in 2015, becoming the second institution to teach an official version of the course. The course was offered experimentally for three years until it was added as a permanently-available course.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> At Yale, CS50 is based on Malan's recorded lectures, which are then supplemented by in-person class sections and office hours, all in <a href="/facts/New_Haven,_Connecticut/dRanslgz">New Haven</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/University_of_Oxford/ExVVQL6V">University of Oxford</a> is the third university to offer the course;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> it is available as an online course through their Department for Continuing Education.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p><p>In 2016, CS50's lecture schedule changed so that students would only have to attend two in-person lectures during the semester. Instead, lectures are now primarily delivered online.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> In 2023, an AI-powered teaching assistant was introduced to the course.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="course-progression">Course progression</h2> <p>CS32 (Computational Thinking and Problem Solving), taught by <a href="/facts/Michael_D._Smith_(computer_scientist)/xWylYdlV">Michael D. Smith</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> is an alternative to CS50 but does not have a free online version.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> The next course in sequence after CS32 or CS50 is CS51: Abstraction and Design in Computation, instructed by Stuart M. Shieber with Brian Yu as co-instructor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> CS50 is primarily offered every fall <a href="/facts/Semester/hbs0UQo1">semester</a>, with CS51 being offered every spring semester.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="cs50x">CS50x</h2> <p>CS50x is a <a href="/facts/Massive_online_open_course/z26S1kTC">massive online open course</a> and "one of the most popular MOOCs in the world."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> CS50 first opened to online students in 2007,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> but the CS50x course officially launched in 2012 as a course on <a href="/facts/EdX/4m5N55qS">edX</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> The course content can also be taken through <a href="/facts/OpenCourseWare/cnUEDswp">OpenCourseWare</a> for those not seeking a verified certificate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> In its inaugural year, over 50 thousand students enrolled;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> in the years since, it has become the largest MOOC on the edX platform.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> In 2016, it was reported that around 700 thousand students were enrolled in CS50x.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> In 2018, a <a href="/facts/FreeCodeCamp/Rva5fPKE">freeCodeCamp</a> article crowned CS50x as "the best MOOC."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p> <h3>Format</h3> <p>There are 11 weeks of material in the CS50x course. Recordings of the on-campus lectures are created and uploaded to multiple platforms, including <a href="/facts/YouTube/db276jst">YouTube</a>, <a href="/facts/Apple_TV/FHVJqBCw">Apple TV</a>, and <a href="/facts/Google_TV_(service)/WRF5MWdF">Google TV</a> (one lecture per week). Additional recommended "section" and "shorts" videos are available, as well as "walkthrough" videos within the problem sets. After each week's material, the student submits a problem set, which automatically receives a calculated grade. At the end of the course, the student must submit a final project to complete the course or receive a verified certificate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> </p> <h3>Other CS50 courses</h3> <p>There are a variety of other CS50 courses available on <a href="/facts/EdX/4m5N55qS">edX</a> and <a href="/facts/OpenCourseWare/cnUEDswp">OpenCourseWare</a> as of 2024<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CS50&action=edit">[update]</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> including courses on <a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a>, <a href="/facts/R_(programming_language)/LSrkr8K8">R</a>, and <a href="/facts/SQL/UjQLJcYm">SQL</a>, as well as CS50 AI and CS50 Web, with focuses on <a href="/facts/Artificial_intelligence/lJGauQwX">artificial intelligence</a> and <a href="/facts/Web_application/BLkF3BIN">web applications</a>, respectively. </p> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Averbuch, Maya (September 18, 2015). <a href="https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2015/09/cs50-comes-to-yale">"Yale students greet Harvard's CS50 in "educational experiment""</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Harvard_Magazine/8I27f6Yy">Harvard Magazine</a></i>. Retrieved September 22, 2024.</li> <li>Kates, Hannah (November 21, 2014). <a href="https://harvardindependent.com/this-is-yale-cs50/">"This is (Yale) CS50"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Harvard_Independent/F6hJ6wbV">Harvard Independent</a></i>. Retrieved September 22, 2024.</li> <li>Wexler, Stephanie P. (February 2, 1994). <a href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1994/2/2/computer-science-50-pfor-his-first/">"COMPUTER SCIENCE 50"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/The_Harvard_Crimson/g3Laj9wU">The Harvard Crimson</a></i>. Retrieved September 22, 2024.</li> <li>Zhang, Sarah (February 22, 2011). <a href="https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2011/02/the-frisson-of-friction">"An undergraduate tries a hard and unfamiliar computer course"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Harvard_Magazine/8I27f6Yy">Harvard Magazine</a></i>. Retrieved September 22, 2024.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://cs50.harvard.edu/">CS50 official website</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs50.org/index.html">CS50 outreach</a></li></ul> <h2 id="complete-list-of-cs50-courses">Complete List of CS50 Courses</h2> <ul><li>CS50x: CS50's Introduction to Computer Science | <a href="https://www.edx.org/learn/computer-science/harvard-university-cs50-s-introduction-to-computer-science">edX</a> | <a href="https://cs50.harvard.edu/x/">OpenCourseWare</a></li> <li>CS50 AI: CS50's Introduction to Artificial Intelligence with Python | <a href="https://www.edx.org/learn/artificial-intelligence/harvard-university-cs50-s-introduction-to-artificial-intelligence-with-python">edX</a> | <a href="https://cs50.harvard.edu/ai/">OpenCourseWare</a></li> <li>CS50 Business: CS50's Computer Science for Business Professionals | <a href="https://www.edx.org/learn/computer-science/harvard-university-cs50-s-computer-science-for-business-professionals">edX</a> | <a href="https://cs50.harvard.edu/business">OpenCourseWare</a></li> <li>CS50 Cybersecurity: CS50's Introduction to Cybersecurity | <a href="https://www.edx.org/learn/cybersecurity/harvard-university-cs50-s-introduction-to-cybersecurity">edX</a> | <a href="https://cs50.harvard.edu/cybersecurity">OpenCourseWare</a></li> <li>CS50 for Lawyers: CS50's Computer Science for Lawyers | <a href="https://www.edx.org/learn/computer-science/harvard-university-cs50-s-computer-science-for-lawyers">edX</a> | <a href="https://cs50.harvard.edu/law">OpenCourseWare</a></li> <li>CS50 Python: CS50's Introduction to Programming with Python | <a href="https://www.edx.org/learn/python/harvard-university-cs50-s-introduction-to-programming-with-python">edX</a> | <a href="https://cs50.harvard.edu/python/">OpenCourseWare</a></li> <li>CS50 R: CS50's Introduction to Programming with R | <a href="https://www.edx.org/learn/r-programming/harvard-university-cs50-s-introduction-to-programming-with-r">edX</a> | <a href="https://cs50.harvard.edu/r">OpenCourseWare</a></li> <li>CS50 Scratch: CS50's Introduction to Programming with Scratch | <a href="https://www.edx.org/learn/scratch-programming/harvard-university-cs50-s-introduction-to-programming-with-scratch">edX</a> | <a href="https://cs50.harvard.edu/scratch">OpenCourseWare</a></li> <li>CS50 SQL: CS50's Introduction to Databases with SQL | <a href="https://www.edx.org/learn/sql/harvard-university-cs50-s-introduction-to-databases-with-sql">edX</a> | <a href="https://cs50.harvard.edu/sql">OpenCourseWare</a></li> <li>CS50 Web: CS50's Web Programming with Python and JavaScript | <a href="https://www.edx.org/learn/web-development/harvard-university-cs50-s-web-programming-with-python-and-javascript">edX</a> | <a href="https://cs50.harvard.edu/web">OpenCourseWare</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Occasionally subtitled Intensive Introduction to Computer Science,[1][2] Introduction to Computer Science I,[3][4] or simply Introduction to Computer Science.[5][6] <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Farrell, Michael B. (November 26, 2013). "Computer science course fills seats, needs at Harvard". The Boston Globe. Retrieved September 22, 2024. <a href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2013/11/26/computer-science-course-breaks-stereotypes-and-fills-halls-harvard/7XAXko7O392DiO1nAhp7dL/story.html" target="_blank">https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2013/11/26/computer-science-course-breaks-stereotypes-and-fills-halls-harvard/7XAXko7O392DiO1nAhp7dL/story.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Pappano, Laura (April 8, 2014). "10 Courses With a Twist". The New York Times. Retrieved September 22, 2024. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/13/education/edlife/10-courses-with-a-twist.html?_r=0" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/13/education/edlife/10-courses-with-a-twist.html?_r=0</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Mendez, Cordelia F. (September 18, 2014). "This Is CS50". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved September 22, 2024. <a href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2014/9/18/this-is-cs50/" target="_blank">https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2014/9/18/this-is-cs50/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Mete, Thomas J. (May 31, 2024). "'CS50 Changed My Life': 25 Years After Shuttleboy, David J. Malan '99 Reflects on Path to Teaching". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved September 22, 2024. <a href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/5/31/david-malan-profile-reunion/#:~:text=CS50,%E2%80%9D%20David%20J.,since%20with%20his%20signature%20line." target="_blank">https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/5/31/david-malan-profile-reunion/#:~:text=CS50,%E2%80%9D%20David%20J.,since%20with%20his%20signature%20line.</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Smith, Michael D. (April 4, 2014) [December 7, 2005]. "CS50 Lecture by Mark Zuckerberg". CS50. Retrieved September 22, 2024 – via YouTube. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xFFs9UgOAlE" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xFFs9UgOAlE</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Malan, David J. (November 13, 2014) [November 12, 2014]. "CS50 Lecture by Steve Ballmer". CS50. Retrieved September 22, 2024 – via YouTube. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7lhlKF6MECs" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7lhlKF6MECs</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Malan, David J. "Welcome". CS50x 2024. Retrieved September 22, 2024. <a href="https://cs50.harvard.edu/x/2024/" target="_blank">https://cs50.harvard.edu/x/2024/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Malan, David J. (March 8, 2023). "Difference Between CS50 and CS50x". CS50. Retrieved September 22, 2024 – via YouTube. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C70ax01aZ-I" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C70ax01aZ-I</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Malan, David J. "FAQs". CS50x 2024. Retrieved September 22, 2024. <a href="https://cs50.harvard.edu/x/2024/faqs/" target="_blank">https://cs50.harvard.edu/x/2024/faqs/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Malan, David J. "Welcome". CS50x 2024. Retrieved September 22, 2024. <a href="https://cs50.harvard.edu/x/2024/" target="_blank">https://cs50.harvard.edu/x/2024/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Malan, David J. "What's new for 2022?". CS50x 2022. Retrieved September 22, 2024. <a href="https://cs50.harvard.edu/x/2022/new/" target="_blank">https://cs50.harvard.edu/x/2022/new/</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Malan, David J. "Hello, world!". CS50 AP. Retrieved September 22, 2024. <a href="https://cs50.harvard.edu/ap/2025/" target="_blank">https://cs50.harvard.edu/ap/2025/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Mendez, Cordelia F. (September 18, 2014). "This Is CS50". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved September 22, 2024. <a href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2014/9/18/this-is-cs50/" target="_blank">https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2014/9/18/this-is-cs50/</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Michael D. Smith". Harvard University. Retrieved September 22, 2024. <a href="https://scholar.harvard.edu/mikesmith" target="_blank">https://scholar.harvard.edu/mikesmith</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Mete, Thomas J. (May 31, 2024). "'CS50 Changed My Life': 25 Years After Shuttleboy, David J. Malan '99 Reflects on Path to Teaching". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved September 22, 2024. <a href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/5/31/david-malan-profile-reunion/#:~:text=CS50,%E2%80%9D%20David%20J.,since%20with%20his%20signature%20line." target="_blank">https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/5/31/david-malan-profile-reunion/#:~:text=CS50,%E2%80%9D%20David%20J.,since%20with%20his%20signature%20line.</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Seltzer, Margo. "Teaching". Margo Seltzer. Retrieved September 22, 2024. <a href="https://www.seltzer.com/margo/teaching/" target="_blank">https://www.seltzer.com/margo/teaching/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Yu, Brian. "Teaching". Brian Yu. Retrieved September 22, 2024. <a href="https://brianyu.me/teaching" target="_blank">https://brianyu.me/teaching</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Lloyd, Doug. "Doug Lloyd". Doug Lloyd. Retrieved September 22, 2024. <a href="https://douglloyd.com/" target="_blank">https://douglloyd.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Smith, Michael D. (April 4, 2014) [December 7, 2005]. "CS50 Lecture by Mark Zuckerberg". CS50. Retrieved September 22, 2024 – via YouTube. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xFFs9UgOAlE" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xFFs9UgOAlE</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Malan, David J. (November 13, 2014) [November 12, 2014]. "CS50 Lecture by Steve Ballmer". CS50. Retrieved September 22, 2024 – via YouTube. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7lhlKF6MECs" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7lhlKF6MECs</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Schussheim, Emily (February 23, 2018). "This is CS50: The Cult". Yale Daily News. Retrieved September 22, 2024. <a href="https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2018/02/23/this-is-cs50-the-cult/" target="_blank">https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2018/02/23/this-is-cs50-the-cult/</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Bernhard, Meg P. (November 26, 2014). "Harvard Approves Joint Yale CS50 Venture, Malan Says". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved September 22, 2024. <a href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2014/11/26/cs50-yale-harvard-approves/" target="_blank">https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2014/11/26/cs50-yale-harvard-approves/</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Kukulowicz, Caitlyn C.; Yu, Andrew (September 13, 2024). "Harvard's CS50 Course to be Offered at Oxford this Fall". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved September 22, 2024. <a href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/9/13/cs50-oxford-fall-malan/" target="_blank">https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/9/13/cs50-oxford-fall-malan/</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>"FAQs". CS50. Yale University. Retrieved September 22, 2024. <a href="https://cs50.yale.edu/2024/fall/faqs/" target="_blank">https://cs50.yale.edu/2024/fall/faqs/</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Kukulowicz, Caitlyn C.; Yu, Andrew (September 13, 2024). "Harvard's CS50 Course to be Offered at Oxford this Fall". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved September 22, 2024. <a href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/9/13/cs50-oxford-fall-malan/" target="_blank">https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/9/13/cs50-oxford-fall-malan/</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>"CS50: An Introduction to Computer Science". Department for Continuing Education. University of Oxford. Retrieved September 22, 2024. <a href="https://conted.ox.ac.uk/courses/introduction-to-computer-science-cs50" target="_blank">https://conted.ox.ac.uk/courses/introduction-to-computer-science-cs50</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Fahs, C. Ramsey (August 31, 2016). "CS50 Moves Away from Traditional Lectures, Toward Virtual Reality". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved September 22, 2024. <a href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2016/8/31/CS50-moves-from-lectures/" target="_blank">https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2016/8/31/CS50-moves-from-lectures/</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Raab, Ben (September 7, 2023). "CS50 introduces AI teaching assistant". Yale Daily News. Retrieved September 22, 2024. <a href="https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2023/09/07/yale-to-integrate-artificial-intelligence-into-introductory-computer-science-course/" target="_blank">https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2023/09/07/yale-to-integrate-artificial-intelligence-into-introductory-computer-science-course/</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Smith, Michael D. "CS 32: Computational Thinking and Problem Solving". Harvard University. Retrieved September 23, 2024. <a href="https://scholar.harvard.edu/mikesmith/classes/cs-32-computational-thinking-and-problem-solving" target="_blank">https://scholar.harvard.edu/mikesmith/classes/cs-32-computational-thinking-and-problem-solving</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>"Harvard CS Concentration: First-Year Exploration". Harvard University. Retrieved September 23, 2024. <a href="https://csadvising.seas.harvard.edu/firstyear/" target="_blank">https://csadvising.seas.harvard.edu/firstyear/</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Shieber, Stuart M. "Home". Abstraction and Design in Computation. Retrieved September 23, 2024. <a href="https://cs51.io/" target="_blank">https://cs51.io/</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>"Harvard CS Concentration: Courses". Harvard University. Retrieved September 23, 2024. <a href="https://csadvising.seas.harvard.edu/concentration/courses/" target="_blank">https://csadvising.seas.harvard.edu/concentration/courses/</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>"4 Year Plan". Harvard University. 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