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Hata model
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<h2 id="model-description">Model description</h2> <p>Though based on the Okumura model, the Hata model does not provide coverage to the whole range of frequencies covered by Okumura model. Hata model does not go beyond 1500 MHz while Okumura provides support for up to 1920 MHz. The model is suited for both <a href="/facts/Point-to-point_(telecommunications)/RmGgN1Pj">point-to-point</a> and <a href="/facts/Broadcasting/AV1f3dGy">broadcast</a> communications, and covers mobile station antenna heights of 1–10 m, base station antenna heights of 30–200 m, and link distances from 1–10 km. </p> <h3>Urban environments</h3> <p>The Hata model for urban environments is the basic formulation since it was based on Okumura's measurements made in the built-up areas of Tokyo. It is formulated as following: </p><p> L U = 69.55 + 26.16 log 10 f − 13.82 log 10 h B − C H + [ 44.9 − 6.55 log 10 h B ] log 10 d {\displaystyle L_{U}\;=\;69.55\;+\;26.16\;\log _{10}f\;-\;13.82\;\log _{10}h_{B}\;-\;C_{H}\;+\;[44.9\;-\;6.55\;\log _{10}h_{B}]\;\log _{10}d} </p><p>For small or medium-sized city, </p><p> C H = 0.8 + ( 1.1 log 10 f − 0.7 ) h M − 1.56 log 10 f {\displaystyle C_{H}\;=\;0.8\;+\;(\;1.1\;\log _{10}f\;-\;0.7\;)\;h_{M}\;-\;1.56\;\log _{10}f} </p><p>and for large cities, </p><p> C H = { 8.29 ( log 10 ( 1.54 h M ) ) 2 − 1.1 , if 150 ≤ f ≤ 200 3.2 ( log 10 ( 11.75 h M ) ) 2 − 4.97 , if 200 < f ≤ 1500 {\displaystyle C_{H}\;={\begin{cases}\;8.29\;(\;\log _{10}({1.54h_{M}}))^{2}\;-\;1.1\;{\mbox{ , if }}150\leq f\leq 200\\\;3.2\;(\log _{10}({11.75h_{M}}))^{2}\;-\;4.97\;{\mbox{ , if }}200<f\leq 1500\end{cases}}} </p><p>where </p> <i>LU</i> = <a href="/facts/Path_loss/I34lqCYk">Path loss</a> in urban areas. Unit: <a href="/facts/Decibel/0LyxAPXh">decibel</a> (dB) <i>hB</i> = Height of base station antenna. Unit: meter (m) <i>hM</i> = Height of mobile station antenna. Unit: meter (m) <i>f</i> = Frequency of transmission. Unit: <a href="/facts/Megahertz/6Wshj5qm">Megahertz</a> (MHz) <i>CH</i> = <a href="/facts/Antenna_(radio)/pGlcXBvc">Antenna</a> height correction factor <i>d</i> = Distance between the base and mobile stations. Unit: kilometer (km). <h3>Suburban environments</h3> <p>The Hata model for suburban environments is applicable to the transmissions just out of the cities and on rural areas where man-made structures are there but not so high and dense as in the cities. To be more precise, this model is suitable where buildings exist, but the mobile station does not have a significant variation of its height. It is formulated as: </p><p> L S U = L U − 2 ( log 10 f 28 ) 2 − 5.4 {\displaystyle L_{SU}\;=\;L_{U}\;-\;2{\big (}\log _{10}{\frac {f}{28}}{\big )}^{2}\;-\;5.4} </p><p>where </p> <i>LSU</i> = Path loss in suburban areas. Unit: <a href="/facts/Decibel/0LyxAPXh">decibel</a> (dB) <i>LU</i> = Path loss from the small city version of the model (above). Unit: decibel (dB) <i>f</i> = Frequency of transmission. Unit: <a href="/facts/Megahertz/6Wshj5qm">Megahertz</a> (MHz). <h3>Open environments</h3> <p>The Hata model for rural environments is applicable to the transmissions in open areas where no obstructions block the transmission link. It is formulated as: </p><p> L O = L U − 4.78 ( log 10 f ) 2 + 18.33 ( log 10 f ) − 40.94 {\displaystyle L_{O}\;=\;L_{U}\;-\;4.78{\big (}\log _{10}{f}{\big )}^{2}\;+\;18.33{\big (}\log _{10}{f}{\big )}-\;40.94} </p><p>where </p> <i>LO</i> = Path loss in open areas. Unit: <a href="/facts/Decibel/0LyxAPXh">decibel</a> (dB) <i>LU</i> = Average path loss from the small city version of the model (above). Unit: decibel (dB) <i>f</i> = Frequency of transmission. Unit: <a href="/facts/Megahertz/6Wshj5qm">megahertz</a> (MHz). <h2 id="derivative-models">Derivative models</h2> <p>There are more specific models for special uses. For example the <a href="/facts/COST_Hata_model/w4NU0CtN">COST Hata model</a>, an urban HataModel, was developed by the <a href="/facts/European_Cooperation_in_Science_and_Technology/26uAYHuk">European Cooperation in Science and Technology</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> In turn, the ITU-R P.1546 model is an enhancement to the COST-231 Model. </p><p>PCS is another extension of the Hata model. The Walfisch and Bertoni model is further advanced. </p> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Okumura, Y.; Ohmori, E.; Kawano, T.; Fukuda, K. (September–October 1968). "Field strength and its variability in VHF and UHF land-mobile radio service". <i>Review of the Electrical Communication Laboratory</i> (in Japanese). 16 (9–10): 825–73.</li> <li>Hata, M. (August 1980). "Empirical Formula for Propagation Loss in Land Mobile Radio Services". <i>IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology</i>. VT-29 (3): 317–25. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FT-VT.1980.23859">10.1109/T-VT.1980.23859</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40015949">40015949</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Rappaport, Theodore S. (2002). Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice (Second ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 153-154. ISBN 0-13-042232-0. <a href="0-13-042232-0" target="_blank">0-13-042232-0</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Seybold, John S. (2005). Introduction to RF propagation. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-471-65596-1. <a href="0-471-65596-1" target="_blank">0-471-65596-1</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Rappaport, Theodore S. (2002). Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice (Second ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 153-154. ISBN 0-13-042232-0. <a href="0-13-042232-0" target="_blank">0-13-042232-0</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Seybold, John S. (2005). Introduction to RF propagation. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-471-65596-1. <a href="0-471-65596-1" target="_blank">0-471-65596-1</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Final report for COST Action 231, Chapter 4 <a href="http://www.lx.it.pt/cost231/final_report.htm" target="_blank">http://www.lx.it.pt/cost231/final_report.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>