Eighty Years' War

<h2 id="origins">Origins</h2>
This section is an excerpt from <a href="/facts/Origins_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War/RtDSEbrq">Origins of the Eighty Years' War</a>.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Origins_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War&action=edit">edit</a>]
The <a href="/facts/Origins_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War/RtDSEbrq">origins of the Eighty Years' War</a> are complicated, and have been a source of <a href="/facts/Historiography_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War/jb8kuy7W">disputes amongst historians for centuries</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a>
The <a href="/facts/Habsburg_Netherlands/qKjvseHF">Habsburg Netherlands</a> emerged as a result of the territorial expansion of the <a href="/facts/Burgundian_State/7DFvLdGS">Burgundian State</a> in the 14th and 15th centuries. Upon extinction of the Burgundian State in 1477/1482, these lands were inherited by the <a href="/facts/House_of_Habsburg/0ttzWDwA">House of Habsburg</a>, whose <a href="/facts/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor/QdqkWAeq">Charles V</a> became both King of <a href="/facts/Spanish_Empire/RaWWgnQS">Spain</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> and <a href="/facts/Holy_Roman_Emperor/RYrqYynl">Holy Roman Emperor</a>. By conquering the rest of what would become the "<a href="/facts/Seventeen_Provinces/FphfVQIA">Seventeen Provinces</a>" during the <a href="/facts/Guelders_Wars/1otML79L">Guelders Wars</a> (1502–1543), and seeking to combine these disparate regions into a single political entity, Charles aspired to <a href="/facts/Counter-Reformation/NLk0bSr6">counter</a> the <a href="/facts/Protestant_Reformation/9ClEbhnL">Protestant Reformation</a> and keep all his subjects obedient to the <a href="/facts/Catholic_Church/rJ4F4gqH">Catholic Church</a>.

King <a href="/facts/Philip_II_of_Spain/xSwrEajp">Philip II of Spain</a>, in his capacity as sovereign of <a href="/facts/Habsburg_Netherlands/qKjvseHF">Habsburg Netherlands</a>, continued the anti-<a href="/facts/Heresy/1eHqC2km">heresy</a> and centralisation policies of his father Charles V. Resistance grew among the moderate nobility and population (both Catholic and dissenting) of the Netherlands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> This mood first led to peaceful protests (as from the <a href="/facts/Compromise_of_Nobles/ofwmVf3f">Compromise of Nobles</a>), but the summer of 1566 erupted in violent protests by <a href="/facts/Calvinist/l95AzJtn">Calvinists</a>, known as the <a href="/facts/Iconoclasm/wHLUL1Kk">iconoclastic fury</a>, or (<a href="/facts/Dutch_language/yIB5lbsx">Dutch</a>: <a href="/facts/Beeldenstorm/pbzjCSry">Beeldenstorm</a>) across the Netherlands. The Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands, <a href="/facts/Margaret_of_Parma/3m6pqpmf">Margaret of Parma</a>, as well as lower authorities, feared insurrection and made further concessions to the Calvinists (such as designation of churches for Calvinist worship), but in December 1566 and early 1567 the first actual battles between Calvinist rebels and Habsburg governmental forces took place, in what would become known as the <a href="/facts/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1566%E2%80%931572/663VCxMo">Eighty Years' War</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>
<h2 id="insurrection-repression-and-invasion-15661572">Insurrection, repression, and invasion (1566–1572)</h2>
This section is an excerpt from <a href="/facts/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1566%E2%80%931572/663VCxMo">Eighty Years' War, 1566–1572</a>.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eighty_Years%27_War,_1566%E2%80%931572&action=edit">edit</a>]

The period between the start of the <a href="/facts/Beeldenstorm/pbzjCSry">Beeldenstorm</a> in August 1566 until early 1572 (before the <a href="/facts/Capture_of_Brielle/KkA1zVzI">Capture of Brielle</a> on 1 April 1572) contained the first events of a series that would later be known as the Eighty Years' War between the <a href="/facts/Spanish_Empire/RaWWgnQS">Spanish Empire</a> and disparate groups of rebels in the <a href="/facts/Habsburg_Netherlands/qKjvseHF">Habsburg Netherlands</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> Some of the first pitched battles and sieges between radical <a href="/facts/Calvinist/l95AzJtn">Calvinists</a> and Habsburg governmental forces took place in the years 1566–1567, followed by the arrival and government takeover by <a href="/facts/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba/pyymCD6W">Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba</a> (simply known as "Alba" or "Alva") with an army of 10,000 Spanish and Italian soldiers. Next, an ill-fated invasion by the most powerful nobleman of the Low Countries, the exiled but still-Catholic <a href="/facts/William_the_Silent/qtFx518C">William "the Silent" of Orange</a>, failed to inspire a general anti-government revolt. Although the war seemed over before it got underway, in the years 1569–1571, Alba's repression grew severe, and opposition against his regime mounted to new heights and became susceptible to rebellion.

Although virtually all historians place the start of the war somewhere in this period, there is no <a href="/facts/Historiography_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War/jb8kuy7W">historical consensus</a> on which exact event should be considered to have begun the war. Consequently, there is no agreement whether the war really lasted exactly eighty years. For this and other reasons, some historians have endeavoured to replace the name "Eighty Years' War" with "Dutch Revolt", but there is also no consensus either to which period the term "Dutch Revolt" should apply (be it the prelude to the war, the initial stage(s) of the war, or the entire war).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>
<h2 id="rebellion-15721576">Rebellion (1572–1576)</h2>
This section is an excerpt from <a href="/facts/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1572%E2%80%931576/TRM919tn">Eighty Years' War, 1572–1576</a>.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eighty_Years%27_War,_1572%E2%80%931576&action=edit">edit</a>]

The period between the <a href="/facts/Capture_of_Brielle/KkA1zVzI">Capture of Brielle</a> (1 April 1572) and the <a href="/facts/Pacification_of_Ghent/nNXmQgjm">Pacification of Ghent</a> (8 November 1576) was an early stage of the Eighty Years' War (c. 1568–1648) between the <a href="/facts/Spanish_Empire/RaWWgnQS">Spanish Empire</a> and groups of rebels in the <a href="/facts/Habsburg_Netherlands/qKjvseHF">Habsburg Netherlands</a>.
After <a href="/facts/Geuzen/KHvoWxRW">Watergeuzen</a> (in English known as "Sea Beggars") seized several poorly defended towns and cities in Holland and Zeeland in April 1572, the exiled <a href="/facts/Stadtholder/EJdVEj2H">stadtholder</a> <a href="/facts/William_the_Silent/qtFx518C">William "the Silent" of Orange</a> launched his second invasion of the Netherlands from the east in another attempt to generate a general uprising against the repressive regime of Spanish General-Governor <a href="/facts/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba/pyymCD6W">Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba</a>. Acting on orders of <a href="/facts/Philip_II_of_Spain/xSwrEajp">Philip II of Spain</a>, Alba sought to exterminate all manifestations of <a href="/facts/Protestantism/NXja4K3g">Protestantism</a> and disobedience through inquisition and public executions, as well as abolishing several privileges of the Netherlandish nobility and autonomy of cities, and introducing more stringent taxes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>
William's second invasion in 1572 had mixed results, and Alba's son <a href="/facts/Fadrique_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_4th_Duke_of_Alba/k2bylF3c">Don Fadrique</a> went on a lightning campaign to retake all towns occupied by <a href="/facts/Orangism_(Dutch_Republic)/NNl8k7xz">Orangist</a> and Geuzen troops in October 1572. Several towns (including <a href="/facts/Mechelen/2mEXooPr">Mechelen</a>, <a href="/facts/Zutphen/l4ThjVIv">Zutphen</a> and <a href="/facts/Naarden/7TV9hwXb">Naarden</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>) which refused to surrender were brutally sacked by Fadrique's forces in an attempt to intimidate others into resubmitting themselves to the royal government, culminating in the seven-month-long <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Haarlem/Cj9qfoVq">Siege of Haarlem</a> before it was conquered and sacked in July 1573.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> By this point, the rebel territory had been reduced to most towns in Holland (notably excluding royalist <a href="/facts/Amsterdam/Xdd393bz">Amsterdam</a>) and Zeeland, and two towns in Guelders; knowing that violent repression would result from resistance, these cities resolved to fight to the bitter end, while the others capitulated. The Spanish offensive stalled after Haarlem, with the Dutch rebels <a href="/facts/Capture_of_Geertruidenberg_(1573)/Uw0w2qk3">capturing Geertruidenberg</a>, winning the <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Alkmaar/MceTGQAm">Siege of Alkmaar</a> and <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Delft_(1573)/GLuKs0cP">Battle of Delft</a>, and achieving naval superiority. Citing ill health, Alba resigned and returned to Spain in December 1573.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>

His successor <a href="/facts/Luis_de_Requesens_y_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga/1pDwHV8x">Requesens</a> was more conciliatory,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> but was unable to force or persuade many places back into governmental control, losing the <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Leiden/B02SBCsW">Siege of Leiden</a> (1573–1574).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> After his death in March 1576, exacerbated by Spain's state bankruptcy in November 1575, <a href="/facts/Mutiny/kPQHGnT3">mutinies</a> amongst the unpaid Spanish soldiers started spreading into what became known as the "<a href="/facts/Spanish_Fury/YFRPjN4A">Spanish Fury</a>", plundering many towns and villages even in loyal territories of the Netherlands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> Faced with the mutineer atrocities, particularly the <a href="/facts/Sack_of_Antwerp/CzFpafGc">Sack of Antwerp</a>, all the provinces except Luxembourg made an alliance known as the <a href="/facts/Pacification_of_Ghent/nNXmQgjm">Pacification of Ghent</a>, rising in revolt in November 1576 to demand that Philip II withdraw all foreign troops from the Netherlands, suspend the persecution of Protestants, and consult the States-General in matters of local governance rather than rule by unilateral autocratic action.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a>
<h2 id="from-pacification-of-ghent-to-union-of-utrecht-15761579">From Pacification of Ghent to Union of Utrecht (1576–1579)</h2>
This section is an excerpt from <a href="/facts/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1576%E2%80%931579/xPtVo5I9">Eighty Years' War, 1576–1579</a>.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eighty_Years%27_War,_1576%E2%80%931579&action=edit">edit</a>]

The period between the <a href="/facts/Pacification_of_Ghent/nNXmQgjm">Pacification of Ghent</a> (8 November 1576), and the Unions of <a href="/facts/Union_of_Arras/dEpbhmXx">Arras</a> (6 January 1579) and <a href="/facts/Union_of_Utrecht/rxrAqv8j">Utrecht</a> (23 January 1579) constituted a crucial phase of the Eighty Years' War (c. 1568–1648) between the <a href="/facts/Spanish_Empire/RaWWgnQS">Spanish Empire</a> and the rebelling United Provinces, which would become the independent <a href="/facts/Dutch_Republic/PlxBXbKF">Dutch Republic</a>. Sometimes known as the "general revolt", the period marked the only time of the war where the <a href="/facts/States_General_of_the_Netherlands/ekUD6R8K">States–General</a> of all <a href="/facts/Seventeen_Provinces/FphfVQIA">Seventeen Provinces</a> of the Habsburg Netherlands, except <a href="/facts/Duchy_of_Luxemburg/mg76QsTL">Luxemburg</a>, were in joint active political and military rebellion against the Spanish Imperial government through the <a href="/facts/Pacification_of_Ghent/nNXmQgjm">Pacification of Ghent</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> The Pacification formulated several agreements amongst the rebellious provinces themselves, and laid down their demands – including the immediate withdrawal of foreign (mostly Spanish, Italian and German) troops from the Netherlands, restitution of old rights and privileges, and self-rule – to king <a href="/facts/Philip_II_of_Spain/xSwrEajp">Philip II of Spain</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a>
From 8 November 1576 until 23 July 1577, the new Spanish Governor-General of the Netherlands <a href="/facts/John_of_Austria/Yqc1eVno">John of Austria</a> (known to history as "Don Juan") engaged in peace negotiations with the States-General. The First <a href="/facts/Union_of_Brussels/Yg17kmgU">Union of Brussels</a> (9 January 1577) confirmed the Pacification, adding that the States would uphold the Catholic religion in their provinces. By signing the <a href="/facts/Edict_of_1577/lBj7MeN6">Edict of 1577</a> on 12 February 1577 at <a href="/facts/Marche-en-Famenne/omsqcqEC">Marche-en-Famenne</a>, Don Juan nominally accepted all demands of the Pacification.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> Most foreign troops withdrew to the territory of Luxemburg, which had not joined the Pacification. Although a few sieges of cities with Spanish garrisons that refused to withdraw took place, these were mostly resolved quickly by paying them off; in general, the situation had potential for putting an end to the war if agreements could be reached and respected between the parties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a>
From 24 July 1577 until 6 January 1579, starting with the capture of the <a href="/facts/Citadel_of_Namur/PzvChxXo">Citadel of Namur</a>, Don Juan and his second-in-command and successor <a href="/facts/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma/KuySHb2Q">Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma</a> launched a military offensive against the United Provinces, while seeking to reconcile provinces that were willing to subject themselves back under the Spanish royal government under certain conditions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> In response, the States-General's Second Union of Brussels (10 December 1577) showed a more fierce and determined opposition to the Spanish government, now demanding (and themselves guaranteeing) equal protection for Catholics and Protestants in all provinces of the Netherlands. <a href="/facts/William_the_Silent/qtFx518C">William "the Silent" of Orange</a> became the de facto political leader of the United Provinces, while <a href="/facts/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor/8Bg0c2Fb">Matthias of Austria</a> was brought in to replace Don Juan as Governor-General.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>

The <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)/3BqVlfY0">Battle of Gembloux</a> (31 January 1578) was a devastating defeat for the rebels, however, and many began to talk about surrender. Moreover, radical Calvinists had seized power in various cities in Flanders and Brabant, most notably the so-called <a href="/facts/Calvinist_Republic_of_Ghent/60PADLWm">Calvinist Republic of Ghent</a>, persecuting Catholics and alienating many Catholic allies which had up until that point supported the rebellion, but now became known as the <a href="/facts/Malcontents_(Low_Countries)/rxCbmWUm">Malcontents</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> Parma was able to successfully exert his diplomatic skills on some of these Malcontents, negotiating with several Catholic noblemen and regents in various southern provinces with promises of respecting their interests in return for abandoning the revolt.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> Finally, the united front of the States-General collapsed on 6 January 1579 when the <a href="/facts/County_of_Artois/YAPHPXop">County of Artois</a>, the <a href="/facts/County_of_Hainaut/zG3wGayK">County of Hainaut</a> and the city of <a href="/facts/Douai/wddD1aob">Douai</a> signed the <a href="/facts/Union_of_Arras/dEpbhmXx">Union of Arras</a>, seeking to revert to Catholicism and the Spanish government under more moderate demands than the Pacification.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> On 17 May 1579, they signed a separate peace treaty with the king. In response, most of the other provinces and cities (virtually only in the Dutch-speaking parts of the Low Countries) sought to reaffirm their commitment to the Pacification, as well as the Second Union of Brussels, and forging an even closer political and military alliance by concluding the <a href="/facts/Union_of_Utrecht/rxrAqv8j">Union of Utrecht</a> on 23 January 1579.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a>
<h2 id="secession-and-reconquest-15791588">Secession and reconquest (1579–1588)</h2>
This section is an excerpt from <a href="/facts/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1579%E2%80%931588/lyvrCrRm">Eighty Years' War, 1579–1588</a>.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eighty_Years%27_War,_1579%E2%80%931588&action=edit">edit</a>]

The years 1579–1588 constituted a phase of the Eighty Years' War (c. 1568–1648) between the <a href="/facts/Spanish_Empire/RaWWgnQS">Spanish Empire</a> and the United Provinces in revolt after most of them concluded the <a href="/facts/Union_of_Utrecht/rxrAqv8j">Union of Utrecht</a> on 23 January 1579, and proceeded to carve the independent <a href="/facts/Dutch_Republic/PlxBXbKF">Dutch Republic</a> out of the <a href="/facts/Habsburg_Netherlands/qKjvseHF">Habsburg Netherlands</a>. It followed the <a href="/facts/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1576%E2%80%931579/xPtVo5I9">1576–1579 period</a>, in which a <a href="/facts/Union_of_Brussels/Yg17kmgU">temporary alliance of 16</a> out of the <a href="/facts/Seventeen_Provinces/FphfVQIA">Seventeen Provinces</a>' <a href="/facts/States_General_of_the_Netherlands/ekUD6R8K">States–General</a> established the <a href="/facts/Pacification_of_Ghent/nNXmQgjm">Pacification of Ghent</a> (8 November 1576) as a joint Catholic–Protestant rebellion against the Spanish government, but internal conflicts as well as military and diplomatic successes of the Spanish Governors-General <a href="/facts/Juan_of_Austria/Yqc1eVno">Don Juan of Austria</a> and <a href="/facts/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma/KuySHb2Q">Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma</a> split them apart, finally leading the <a href="/facts/Malcontents_(Low_Countries)/rxCbmWUm">Malcontent</a> <a href="/facts/County_of_Artois/YAPHPXop">County of Artois</a>, <a href="/facts/County_of_Hainaut/zG3wGayK">County of Hainaut</a> and city of <a href="/facts/Douai/wddD1aob">Douai</a> to sign the <a href="/facts/Union_of_Arras/dEpbhmXx">Union of Arras</a> on 6 January 1579, reverting to Catholicism and loyalty to the Spanish crown.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a>
In response, most of the remaining rebel provinces and cities would forge or later accede to the Union of Utrecht,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> a closer military alliance treaty that would go on to become the most important <a href="/facts/Basic_law/Wzsrwv40">fundamental law</a> of the United Provinces,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> who on 26 July 1581 proclaimed the <a href="/facts/Act_of_Abjuration/5Yd8co3b">Act of Abjuration</a>, a de facto <a href="/facts/Declaration_of_independence/XbVN5E0v">declaration of independence</a> from Spain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> While the nascent polity was struggling to find a new sovereign head of state, including <a href="/facts/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor/8Bg0c2Fb">Matthias of Austria</a>, <a href="/facts/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou/KkKxjw1w">Francis of Anjou</a>, <a href="/facts/William_the_Silent/qtFx518C">William "the Silent" of Orange</a> and <a href="/facts/Robert_Dudley,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester/pvqDcQtg">Robert of Leicester</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> before giving up and deciding to become a republic by passing the Deduction of Vrancken on 12 April 1588,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> the Duke of Parma continued his successful military and diplomatic offensive, bringing ever more provinces and cities in the southern, eastern and northeastern parts of the Netherlands back into royalist hands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a>

Parma's reconquests more or less stalled after the <a href="/facts/Fall_of_Antwerp/kSsz4eKE">Fall of Antwerp</a> (1585),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> and finally came to an end with the failure of the <a href="/facts/Spanish_Armada/wjzhE7Ns">Spanish Armada</a> (July–August 1588) and Philip II ordered him to intervene in the <a href="/facts/French_Wars_of_Religion/43pYXFXr">French Wars of Religion</a> (September 1589) to prevent the <a href="/facts/Succession_of_Henry_IV_of_France/hKMTGdNN">Succession of Henry IV</a> and France becoming a Protestant kingdom.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> These developments gave rise to a new phase,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> the <a href="/facts/Ten_Years_(Eighty_Years%27_War)/K7UcWF4l">Ten Years (1588–1598)</a>, that saw significant conquests by the <a href="/facts/Dutch_States_Army/cSo0551W">Dutch States Army</a> under the leadership of stadtholders <a href="/facts/Maurice,_Prince_of_Orange/bT4ayhVB">Maurice of Nassau</a> and <a href="/facts/William_Louis,_Count_of_Nassau-Dillenburg/7yq5JJWs">William Louis of Nassau-Dillenburg</a>, and the Dutch Republic's rise as a commercial great power.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a>
<h2 id="ten-years-15881598">Ten Years (1588–1598)</h2>
This section is an excerpt from <a href="/facts/Ten_Years_(Eighty_Years%27_War)/K7UcWF4l">Ten Years (Eighty Years' War)</a>.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ten_Years_(Eighty_Years%27_War)&action=edit">edit</a>]

The <a href="/facts/Ten_Years_(Eighty_Years%27_War)/K7UcWF4l">Ten Years</a> (<a href="/facts/Dutch_language/yIB5lbsx">Dutch</a>: Tien jaren) were a period in the Eighty Years' War spanning the years <a href="/facts/1588/ma1S28Ld">1588</a> to <a href="/facts/1598/P5TTqK8k">1598</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> In this period of ten years, <a href="/facts/Stadtholder/EJdVEj2H">stadtholder</a> <a href="/facts/Maurice,_Prince_of_Orange/bT4ayhVB">Maurice of Nassau</a>, the future <a href="/facts/Prince_of_Orange/Esh1vtpI">prince of Orange</a> and son of <a href="/facts/William_the_Silent/qtFx518C">William "the Silent" of Orange</a>, and his cousin <a href="/facts/William_Louis,_Count_of_Nassau-Dillenburg/7yq5JJWs">William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg</a> and stadtholder of <a href="/facts/Lordship_of_Friesland/Pgx0hx9o">Friesland</a> as well as the English general <a href="/facts/Francis_Vere/LAQEyun0">Francis Vere</a>, were able to turn the tide of the war against the <a href="/facts/Spanish_Empire/RaWWgnQS">Spanish Empire</a> in favour of the <a href="/facts/Dutch_Republic/PlxBXbKF">Dutch Republic</a>. They achieved many victories over the Spanish <a href="/facts/Army_of_Flanders/4QnTdNeV">Army of Flanders</a>, conquering large swathes of land in the north and east of the <a href="/facts/Habsburg_Netherlands/qKjvseHF">Habsburg Netherlands</a> that were incorporated into the Republic and remained part of the <a href="/facts/Netherlands/y8xn5stT">Netherlands</a> into the present. Starting with the important fortification of <a href="/facts/Bergen_op_Zoom/uGAwtFh9">Bergen op Zoom</a> (1588), Maurice and William Louis subsequently took <a href="/facts/Breda/mnH8Eqk9">Breda</a> (1590), <a href="/facts/Zutphen/l4ThjVIv">Zutphen</a>, <a href="/facts/Deventer/QlFDTJul">Deventer</a>, <a href="/facts/Delfzijl/o64uvbW5">Delfzijl</a>, and <a href="/facts/Nijmegen/TFpELGNF">Nijmegen</a> (1591), <a href="/facts/Steenwijk/zcFE1vqN">Steenwijk</a>, <a href="/facts/Coevorden/6TBGIkdb">Coevorden</a> (1592) <a href="/facts/Geertruidenberg/At7PQw1I">Geertruidenberg</a> (1593), <a href="/facts/Groningen_(city)/NN8RGePD">Groningen</a> (1594), <a href="/facts/Groenlo/sY37paTw">Grol</a>, <a href="/facts/Enschede/fEnPrwPe">Enschede</a>, <a href="/facts/Ootmarsum/r2IeQHuI">Ootmarsum</a>, and <a href="/facts/Oldenzaal/mcVVLC7U">Oldenzaal</a> (1597).,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> recovering territories lost in 1580 through the treachery of <a href="/facts/George_de_Lalaing,_Count_of_Rennenberg/wCnLcvfr">George de Lalaing</a>. Maurice's most successful years were 1591 and 1597, in which his campaigns resulted in the capture of numerous vital fortified cities, some of which were regarded as "impregnable". His novel military tactics earned him fame amongst the courts of Europe, and the borders of the present-day Netherlands were largely defined by the campaigns of Maurice of Orange during the Ten Years.
<h2 id="run-up-to-the-truce-15991609">Run-up to the Truce (1599–1609)</h2>
This section is an excerpt from <a href="/facts/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1599%E2%80%931609/w5hJjo4u">Eighty Years' War, 1599–1609</a>.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eighty_Years%27_War,_1599%E2%80%931609&action=edit">edit</a>]

The years 1599–1609 constituted a phase in the Eighty Years' War (c. 1568–1648) between the <a href="/facts/Spanish_Empire/RaWWgnQS">Spanish Empire</a> and the emerging <a href="/facts/Dutch_Republic/PlxBXbKF">Dutch Republic</a>. It followed the <a href="/facts/Ten_Years_(Eighty_Years%27_War)/K7UcWF4l">Ten Years (1588–1598)</a> that saw significant conquests by the <a href="/facts/Dutch_States_Army/cSo0551W">Dutch States Army</a> under the leadership of stadtholders <a href="/facts/Maurice,_Prince_of_Orange/bT4ayhVB">Maurice of Nassau</a> and <a href="/facts/William_Louis,_Count_of_Nassau-Dillenburg/7yq5JJWs">William Louis of Nassau-Dillenburg</a>, and ended with the conclusion of the <a href="/facts/Twelve_Years%27_Truce/fCv3eC3Q">Twelve Years' Truce</a> (1609–1621) on 9 April 1609. The 1599–1609 period was generally marked by a stalemate; the well-known <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Nieuwpoort/ggqVqkjK">Battle of Nieuwpoort</a> (1600) brought the Dutch a tactical victory without long-term gain, while Spanish conquests in the <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Ostend/mIJeNb0g">Siege of Ostend</a> (1601–1604) and Spinola's 1605–1606 campaign [nl] were effectively balanced out by the Dutch naval triumph in the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Gibraltar_(1607)/7I4syEot">Battle of Gibraltar (1607)</a> and the Spanish state bankruptcy of the same year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> Financial troubles were amongst the primary motives that prompted the Dutch, and even more so the Spanish, to head to the negotiating table for a ceasefire.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a>
<h2 id="twelve-years-truce-16091621">Twelve Years' Truce (1609–1621)</h2>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Twelve_Years%27_Truce/fCv3eC3Q">Twelve Years' Truce</a>; <a href="/facts/Trial_of_Oldenbarnevelt,_Grotius_and_Hogerbeets/fGP6gqQL">Trial of Oldenbarnevelt, Grotius and Hogerbeets</a>; and <a href="/facts/Synod_of_Dort/FG2ALSLz">Synod of Dort</a>

The military upkeep and decreased trade had put both Spain and the Dutch Republic under financial strain. To alleviate conditions, a ceasefire was signed in Antwerp on 9 April 1609, marking the end of the Dutch Revolt and the beginning of the <a href="/facts/Twelve_Years%27_Truce/fCv3eC3Q">Twelve Years' Truce</a>. The conclusion of this Truce was a major diplomatic coup for <a href="/facts/Land%27s_Advocate_of_Holland/7UJy8YsJ">Holland's advocate</a> <a href="/facts/Johan_van_Oldenbarnevelt/yBS6LeVm">Johan van Oldenbarnevelt</a>, as Spain by concluding the Treaty, formally recognised the independence of the Republic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> In Spain the truce was seen as a major humiliation – she had suffered a political, military and ideological defeat, and the affront to its prestige was immense.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> The closure of the river Scheldt to traffic in and out of Antwerp, and the acceptance of Dutch commercial operations in the Spanish and Portuguese colonial maritime lanes were just a few points that the Spanish found objectionable.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a>
Although there was peace on an international level, political unrest took hold of Dutch domestic affairs. What had started as a <a href="/facts/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate/WDkqUVen">theological quarrel</a> resulted in riots between <a href="/facts/Remonstrants/2f2bMD22">Remonstrants</a> (<a href="/facts/Arminians/HDrNcIqd">Arminians</a>) and <a href="/facts/Counter-Remonstrant/Rs1XAYmq">Counter-Remonstrants</a> (Gomarists). In general, regents would support the former and civilians the latter. Even the government got involved, with Oldenbarnevelt taking the side of the Remonstrants and <a href="/facts/Stadtholder/EJdVEj2H">stadtholder</a> <a href="/facts/Maurice_of_Nassau/bT4ayhVB">Maurice of Nassau</a> their opponents. In the end, the <a href="/facts/Synod_of_Dort/FG2ALSLz">Synod of Dort</a> condemned the Remonstrants for heresy and excommunicated them from the national Public Church. Van Oldenbarnevelt was sentenced to death, together with his ally <a href="/facts/Gilles_van_Ledenberg/5JMUH2dc">Gilles van Ledenberg</a>, while two other Remonstrant allies, <a href="/facts/Rombout_Hogerbeets/lgIA5um6">Rombout Hogerbeets</a> and <a href="/facts/Hugo_Grotius/5PsYGPH7">Hugo Grotius</a> received life imprisonment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a>

<h2 id="final-phase-of-the-war-16211648">Final phase of the war (1621–1648)</h2>
This section is an excerpt from <a href="/facts/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1621%E2%80%931648/bnoMdcXx">Eighty Years' War, 1621–1648</a>.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eighty_Years%27_War,_1621%E2%80%931648&action=edit">edit</a>]

The years 1621–1648 constituted the final phase of the Eighty Years' War (c. 1568–1648) between the <a href="/facts/Spanish_Empire/RaWWgnQS">Spanish Empire</a> and the emerging <a href="/facts/Dutch_Republic/PlxBXbKF">Dutch Republic</a>. It began when the <a href="/facts/Twelve_Years%27_Truce/fCv3eC3Q">Twelve Years' Truce</a> (1609–1621) expired, and concluded with the <a href="/facts/Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster/ufCGwCwk">Peace of Münster</a> in 1648.
Although the Dutch and Spanish were both involved in opposite sides of the <a href="/facts/War_of_the_J%C3%BClich_Succession/flrAbz5J">War of the Jülich Succession</a> (June 1609 – October 1610; May–October 1614) in <a href="/facts/United_Duchies_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg/unGjCBFd">Jülich-Cleves-Berg</a>, they carefully avoided each other, and thus the hostilities never spread back into the <a href="/facts/Habsburg_Netherlands/qKjvseHF">Habsburg Netherlands</a>, and the truce held firm.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> Nevertheless, attempts to negotiate a definitive peace also failed, and the war resumed as anticipated in 1621.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a> Essentially, it became a side theatre of the wider <a href="/facts/Thirty_Years%27_War/7bgcxoxf">Thirty Years' War</a> that had already broken out with the <a href="/facts/Bohemian_Revolt/8gKzbvU4">Bohemian Revolt</a> in 1618 in eastern parts of the Holy Roman Empire (Bohemia and Austria), pitting Central Europe's <a href="/facts/Protestant_Union/bnyHBpxH">Protestant Union</a> against the <a href="/facts/Catholic_League_(German)/EPfXTbbL">Catholic League</a>, although the two conflicts never fully merged.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> With several back and forths – notably, the <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)/FdPGxtI6">Spanish conquered Breda in 1625</a>, but the <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Breda_(1637)/ana5lSBr">Dutch took it back in 1637</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a> – the Dutch Republic was able to conquer the eastern border forts of <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Oldenzaal_(1626)/GXa7NAns">Oldenzaal (1626)</a> and <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1627)/qErDX7kl">Groenlo (1627)</a>, the major <a href="/facts/Siege_of_%27s-Hertogenbosch/bwornFR5">Brabantian city of 's-Hertogenbosch (1629)</a>, the fortified cities of Venlo, Roermond and <a href="/facts/Capture_of_Maastricht/UQycl4XW">Maastricht along the Meuse (1632)</a>, and <a href="/facts/Sas_van_Gent/xqa7CT1p">Sas van Gent</a> (1644) and <a href="/facts/Hulst/K4kgS1F7">Hulst</a> (1645) in <a href="/facts/Zeelandic_Flanders/lq1WjQmt">Zeelandic Flanders</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a>
Nevertheless, peace talks in 1629–1630 came to nothing. More ambitious plans to conquer Brussels in 1632–1633 with the help of anti-Spanish nobility in the Southern Netherlands never came to fruition. Several attempted Northern republican surprises and sieges of Antwerp were parried by the Spanish royal <a href="/facts/Army_of_Flanders/4QnTdNeV">Army of Flanders</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a>
Nor did the Franco-Dutch alliance bring significant changes to the situation on the ground. It began with a disastrous <a href="/facts/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635-1659)/bMCIdXnW">Franco-Dutch invasion</a> of the southern Netherlands in 1635. This in fact made matters worse for the Dutch when French and Dutch troops sacked the city of <a href="/facts/Tienen/kGlCn7nn">Tienen</a>, which cost them the sympathies of the southern Netherlands population.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a>
However, French intervention and internal discontent at the costs of the war in the Low Countries led to a change in Spain's 'Netherlands First' policy. Instead Spain focused on suppressing the French-backed <a href="/facts/Reapers%27_War/wnSql960">Reapers' War</a> in Catalonia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a> The resulting stalemate and financial troubles, plus Spanish military exhaustion and Dutch desire for formal political recognition, eventually convinced both sides in the mid-1640s to hold peace talks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a>

The outcome was the 1648 Peace of Münster, which confirmed most agreements already reached with the Truce of 1609.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a>
<h2 id="peace-of-mnster">Peace of Münster</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster/ufCGwCwk">Peace of Münster</a>

The negotiations between Spain and the Republic formally started in January 1646 as part of the more general peace negotiations between the warring parties in the Thirty Years' War. The States General sent eight delegates from several of the provinces as none trusted the others to represent them adequately. They were Willem van Ripperda (Overijssel), Frans van Donia (Friesland), Adriaen Clant tot Stedum (Groningen), <a href="/facts/Adriaan_Pauw/mXMWosgH">Adriaan Pauw</a> and Jan van Mathenesse (Holland), Barthold van Gent (Gelderland), Johan de Knuyt (Zeeland) and Godert van Reede (Utrecht). The Spanish delegation was led by <a href="/facts/Gaspar_de_Bracamonte,_3rd_Count_of_Pe%C3%B1aranda/GoNv5yRS">Gaspar de Bracamonte, 3rd Count of Peñaranda</a>. The negotiations were held in what is now the Haus der Niederlande in Münster.
The Dutch and Spanish delegations soon reached an agreement, based on the text of the Twelve Years' Truce. It therefore confirmed Spain's recognition of Dutch independence. The Dutch demands (closure of the Scheldt, cession of the Meierij, formal cession of Dutch conquests in the Indies and Americas, and lifting of the Spanish embargoes) were generally met. However, the general negotiations between the main parties dragged on, because France kept formulating new demands. Eventually it was decided therefore to split off the peace between the Republic and Spain from the general peace negotiations. This enabled the two parties to conclude what technically was a separate peace (to the annoyance of France, which maintained that this contravened the alliance treaty of 1635 with the Republic).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a>
The text of the Treaty (in 79 articles) was fixed on 30 January 1648. It was then sent to the principals (King Philip IV of Spain and the States General) for ratification. Five provinces voted to ratify (against the advice of stadtholder William) on 4 April (Zeeland and Utrecht being opposed). Utrecht finally yielded to pressure by the other provinces, but Zeeland held out and refused to sign. It was eventually decided to ratify the peace without Zeeland's consent. The delegates to the peace conference affirmed the peace on oath on 15 May 1648 (though the delegate of Zeeland refused to attend, and the delegate of Utrecht suffered a possibly <a href="/facts/Diplomatic_illness/EPEVfTvA">diplomatic illness</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a>
In the broader context of the treaties between France and the Holy Roman Empire, and Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire of 14 and 24 October 1648, which comprise the <a href="/facts/Peace_of_Westphalia/numMwwD7">Peace of Westphalia</a>, but which were not signed by the Republic, the Republic now also gained formal "independence" from the Holy Roman Empire, just like the Swiss Cantons. In both cases this was just a formalisation of a situation that had already existed for a long time. France and Spain did not conclude a treaty and so remained at war until the <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees/LK9ft4w3">peace of the Pyrenees</a> of 1659. The peace was celebrated in the Republic with sumptuous festivities. It was solemnly promulgated on the 80th anniversary of the execution of the Counts of Egmont and Horne on 5 June 1648.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a>

<h2 id="aftermath">Aftermath</h2>
This section is an excerpt from <a href="/facts/Aftermath_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War/I00MrCpj">Aftermath of the Eighty Years' War</a>.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War&action=edit">edit</a>]
The aftermath of the Eighty Years' War (c. 1568–1648) had far-reaching military, political, socio-economic, religious, and cultural effects on the Low Countries, the <a href="/facts/Spanish_Empire/RaWWgnQS">Spanish Empire</a>, the <a href="/facts/Holy_Roman_Empire/6mdobnXN">Holy Roman Empire</a>, as well as other regions of Europe and European colonies overseas. By the <a href="/facts/Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster/ufCGwCwk">Peace of Münster</a> (15 May 1648), the <a href="/facts/Habsburg_Netherlands/qKjvseHF">Habsburg Netherlands</a> were split in two, with the northern Protestant-dominated Netherlands becoming the <a href="/facts/Dutch_Republic/PlxBXbKF">Dutch Republic</a>, independent of the Spanish and Holy Roman Empires, while the southern Catholic-dominated <a href="/facts/Spanish_Netherlands/p1whtCQm">Spanish Netherlands</a> remained under Spanish Habsburg sovereignty. Whereas the Spanish Empire and the Southern Netherlands along with it were financially and demographically ruined, declining politically and economically, the Dutch Republic became a global <a href="/facts/Commercial_power/NC8dxKGJ">commercial power</a> and achieved a high level of prosperity for its upper and middle classes known as the <a href="/facts/Dutch_Golden_Age/os3XD3rX">Dutch Golden Age</a>, despite continued great socio-economic, geographic and religious inequalities and problems, as well as internal and external political, military and religious conflicts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a>
<h2 id="historiography">Historiography</h2>
This section is an excerpt from <a href="/facts/Historiography_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War/jb8kuy7W">Historiography of the Eighty Years' War</a>.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War&action=edit">edit</a>]

The <a href="/facts/Historiography_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War/jb8kuy7W">historiography of the Eighty Years' War</a> examines how the Eighty Years' War <a href="/facts/Historiography/NVMMC3FP">has been viewed or interpreted throughout the centuries</a>. Some of the main issues of contention between scholars include the name of the war (most notably "Eighty Years' War" versus "Dutch Revolt"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a>), the <a href="/facts/Periodisation/V5HBpupn">periodisation</a> of the war (particularly when it started, which events to include or exclude, and whether the effective length of the war justifies counting "eighty years" or not<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a>), the <a href="/facts/Origins_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War/RtDSEbrq">origins or causes of the war</a> (the <a href="/facts/Protestant_Reformation/9ClEbhnL">Protestant Reformation</a> or the violation of the rights and privileges of the nobility and autonomous cities<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a>) and thus its nature (a <a href="/facts/Religious_war/6wn1hoSe">religious war</a>, a <a href="/facts/Civil_war/bMhgxnxC">civil war</a> or a <a href="/facts/War_of_independence/LclafapR">war of independence</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a>), the meaning of its historical documents such as the <a href="/facts/Act_of_Abjuration/5Yd8co3b">Act of Abjuration</a>, and the role of its central characters such as <a href="/facts/Philip_II_of_Spain/xSwrEajp">Philip II of Spain</a>, <a href="/facts/William_the_Silent/qtFx518C">William "the Silent" of Orange</a>, <a href="/facts/Margaret_of_Parma/3m6pqpmf">Margaret of Parma</a>, the <a href="/facts/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba/pyymCD6W">Duke of Alba</a>, the <a href="/facts/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma/KuySHb2Q">Duke of Parma</a>, <a href="/facts/Maurice,_Prince_of_Orange/bT4ayhVB">Maurice of Orange</a>, and <a href="/facts/Johan_van_Oldenbarnevelt/yBS6LeVm">Johan van Oldenbarnevelt</a>. It has been theorised that <a href="/facts/Propaganda_during_the_Reformation/wFtz1WzX">Protestant Reformation propaganda</a> has given rise to the <a href="/facts/Black_Legend_(Spain)/78MtTsQP">Spanish Black Legend</a> in order to portray the actions of the <a href="/facts/Spanish_Empire/RaWWgnQS">Spanish Empire</a>, the <a href="/facts/Army_of_Flanders/4QnTdNeV">Army of Flanders</a> and the <a href="/facts/Catholic_Church/rJ4F4gqH">Catholic Church</a> in an exaggerated extremely negative light, while other scholars maintain that the atrocities committed by the Spanish military in order to preserve the <a href="/facts/Habsburg_Netherlands/qKjvseHF">Habsburg Netherlands</a> for the Empire have historically been portrayed fairly accurately. Controversy also rages about the importance of the war for the emergence of the <a href="/facts/Dutch_Republic/PlxBXbKF">Dutch Republic</a> as the predecessor of the current <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands/q08uRoR9">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> and the role of the <a href="/facts/House_of_Orange/RfqJExCK">House of Orange</a>'s <a href="/facts/Stadtholder/EJdVEj2H">stadtholders</a> in it, as well as the <a href="/facts/Nation-building/ryV1nbRI">development of Dutch and Belgian national identities</a> as a result of the split of the Northern and Southern Netherlands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a>
<h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Act_of_Abjuration/5Yd8co3b">Act of Abjuration</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Bourgeois_revolution/tM0TuaTx">Bourgeois revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/European_wars_of_religion/uTzuWIho">European wars of religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_battles_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War/FYma7C1B">List of battles of the Eighty Years' War</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Martyrs_of_Gorkum/9pwFj7Qp">Martyrs of Gorkum</a></li>
<li>"<a href="/facts/Merck_toch_hoe_sterck/bSkPcSnn">Merck toch hoe sterck</a>"—Dutch patriotic song</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Spanish_Road/z9JSJfge">Spanish Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Union_of_Delft/Tqqq9Qrf">Union of Delft</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Wars_of_national_liberation/PUz88cLR">Wars of national liberation</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2>

<ul><li>Beausobre, Isaac de (1733). Mémoires de Frederic Henri de Nassau Prince d'Orange (in French). Pierre Humbert.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Jos%C3%A9_Bengoa/M0D2JJ5A">Bengoa, José</a> (2003). Historia de los antiguos mapuches del sur [History of the ancient Mapuches of the south] (in Spanish). Santiago: Catalonia. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9568303022.</li>
<li>Duffy, Christopher (1996). Siege Warfare: The Fortress in the Early Modern World 1494–1660. New York: Routledge. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-415-14649-4.</li>
<li>Ferguson, James (1899). The Scots Brigade in Holland, Vol. 1. Edinburgh: Scottish History Society. p. 310.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Robert_Fruin/eJbBq5GD">Fruin, Robert Jacobus</a> (1899). <a href="https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/frui001tien01_01/colofon.htm">Tien jaren uit den Tachtigjarigen Oorlog. 1588–1598</a>. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 386. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090924112237/http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/frui001tien01_01/colofon.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2022. (5th ed.; original published in 1857)</li>
<li>Gelderblom, Oscar (2000). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=neIWrD1zn_sC&pg=PA77">Zuid-Nederlandse kooplieden en de opkomst van de Amsterdamse stapelmarkt (1578–1630)</a> (in Dutch). Hilversum: Verloren. p. 350. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-9065506207. Retrieved 9 July 2022.</li>
<li>van Gelderen, M. (2002). The Political Thought of the Dutch Revolt 1555–1590. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0521891639.</li>
<li>Glete, Jan (2002). War and the State in Early Modern Europe: Spain, the Dutch Republic and Sweden as fiscal-military states, 1500–1660. Routledge. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0415226457.</li>
<li>Groenveld, Simon (2009). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC">Unie – Bestand – Vrede. Drie fundamentele wetten van de Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden</a>. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 200. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-9087041274. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240627062110/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2022. (in cooperation with H.L.Ph. Leeuwenberg and H.B. van der Weel)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Jonathan_Israel/gsalSmq2">Israel, Jonathan</a> (1989). Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585–1740. Clarendon Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0198211392.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Jonathan_Israel/gsalSmq2">Israel, Jonathan</a> (1990). Empires and Entrepôts: The Dutch, the Spanish Monarchy, and the Jews, 1585–1713. Continuum International Publishing Group. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1852850221.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Jonathan_Israel/gsalSmq2">Israel, Jonathan</a> (1995). The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0198730721.</li>
<li>Israel, Jonathan I. (1997). Conflicts of Empires: Spain, the Low Countries and the Struggle for World Supremacy, 1585–1713. Hambledon Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780826435538.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Helmut_Koenigsberger/KvojRKgE">Koenigsberger, Helmut G.</a> (2007). Monarchies, States Generals and Parliaments: The Netherlands in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0521044370. [2001] paperback</li>
<li>Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020b). Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): v. II. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd., inc. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 979-8687563130.</li>
<li>van der Lem, Anton (1995). <a href="https://dutchrevolt.library.universiteitleiden.nl/nederlands/het-verhaal/">De Opstand in de Nederlanden (1555–1648)</a> (in Dutch). Uitgeverij Kosmos / Leiden University. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240418172237/https://dutchrevolt.library.universiteitleiden.nl/nederlands/het-verhaal/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2022 – via dutchrevolt.library.universiteitleiden.nl.</li>
<li>van der Lem, Anton (2019). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m4KGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA143">Revolt in the Netherlands: The Eighty Years War, 1568–1648</a>. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 142–243. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1789140880. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240627062112/https://books.google.com/books?id=m4KGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA143#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2022.</li>
<li>Lesaffer, Randall (2006). "Siege Warfare and the Early Modern Laws of War". <a href="https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/754969/SIEGEWAR.PDF">Ius Brabanticum, ius commune, ius gentium</a> (PDF). pp. 87–109. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221203122156/https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/754969/SIEGEWAR.PDF">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 December 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2022.</li>
<li>Mulder, Liek; Doedens, Anne; Kortlever, Yolande (2008). Geschiedenis van Nederland, van prehistorie tot heden. Baarn: HBuitgevers. p. 288. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-9055746262.</li>
<li>Parker, Geoffrey (2004). The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road 1567–1659 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0521543927. paperback</li>
<li>Palafox y Mendoza, Juan de (1762). "Sitio y socorro de Fuenterrabía y sucesos del año de treinta y ocho". Obras del ilustrissimo Don Juan de Palafox y Mendoza (in Spanish). Vol. X. Gabriel Ramírez. pp. 92–272.</li>
<li>Picouet, Pierre A. (2020). The Armies of Philip IV of Spain 1621–1665. The Fight for European Supremacy. Helion & Company. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781911628613.</li>
<li>Richer, Estienne (1623). Le Mercure françois (in French). Vol. VIII. Estienne Richer.</li>
<li>Rooze-Stouthamer, Clasina Martina (2009). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tCh4wbRYpNgC">De opmaat tot de Opstand: Zeeland en het centraal gezag (1566–1572)</a> (in Dutch). Uitgeverij Verloren. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-9087040918.</li>
<li>Scammel, G.V. (1989). The First Imperial Age: European Overseas Expansion c. 1400–1715. Routledge.</li>
<li>Tracy, J.D. (2008). The Founding of the Dutch Republic: War, Finance, and Politics in Holland 1572–1588. Oxford University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0199209118.</li>
<li>Wilson, Peter (2009). Europe's Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years War. Allen Lane. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0713995923.</li>
<li>Collin de Pancy, Jacques Albin Simon (1836). Fastes militaires des Belges, ou Histoire des guerres, sièges, conquêtes, expéditions et faits d'armes qui ont illustré la Belgique depuis l'invasion de César jusqu'à nos jours (in French). Brussels: Au Bureau des fastes militaires.</li></ul>

<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<ul><li>Duke, Alastair (1992). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120213064544/https://dutchrevolt.leiden.edu/english/sources/Pages/default.aspx">"Select documents for the Reformation and the Revolt of the Low Countries, 1555-1609"</a>. <a href="/facts/Universiteit_Leiden/MqnmnTtF">Universiteit Leiden</a>. Archived from <a href="https://dutchrevolt.leiden.edu/english/sources/Pages/default.aspx">the original</a> on 13 February 2012.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Pieter_Geyl/LIKpPgor">Geyl, Pieter</a> (1932). <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.499080">The revolt of the Netherlands, 1555-1609</a>. <a href="/facts/Williams_%26_Norgate/J3SThcWj">Williams & Norgate</a>. <a href="/facts/LCCN_(identifier)/5hb5Cw2V">LCCN</a> <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/79053235">79053235</a>. <a href="/facts/OL_(identifier)/A13NLNNh">OL</a> <a href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL16200585M">16200585M</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Pieter_Geyl/LIKpPgor">Geyl, Pieter</a> (1936). The Netherlands Divided (1609-1648). <a href="/facts/Williams_%26_Norgate/J3SThcWj">Williams & Norgate</a>. <a href="/facts/LCCN_(identifier)/5hb5Cw2V">LCCN</a> <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/37013853">37013853</a>. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3546232">3546232</a>.</li>
<li>Mellink, Albert Fredrik; <a href="/facts/Ernst_Kossmann/bYcWvQwW">Kossmann, Ernst Heinrich</a> (1974). <a href="https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/koss002text01_01/">Texts concerning the revolt of the Netherlands</a>. Cambridge studies in the history and theory of politics. London: <a href="/facts/Cambridge_University_Press/fgEBSSRq">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-20014-1.</li>
<li>Marnef, Guido (January 2009). "Belgian and Dutch Post-war Historiography on the Protestant and Catholic Reformation in the Netherlands". Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte. 100 (1): 271–292. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.14315%2Farg-2009-100-1-271">10.14315/arg-2009-100-1-271</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2198-0489">2198-0489</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Geoffrey_Parker_(historian)/hGDEjMjN">Parker, Geoffrey</a> (1977). <a href="https://archive.org/details/dutchrevolt0000park">The Dutch Revolt</a>. Ithaca: <a href="/facts/Cornell_University_Press/qbwTuIJC">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8014-1136-6.</li>
<li>Rodríguez Pérez, Yolanda (2008). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8h-_H4APTQUC">The Dutch revolt through Spanish eyes: self and other in historical and literary texts of Golden Age Spain, c. 1548-1673</a>. Hispanic studies. Oxford: P. Lang. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-03911-136-7.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eighty Years' War.

<ul><li><a href="http://dutchrevolt.leidenuniv.nl/">De Bello Belgico</a> (in Dutch) – about the Revolt in the Netherlands, website of Leiden University</li>
<li><a href="http://www.inghist.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/WVO">Correspondence of William of Orange</a> (in Dutch)</li>
<li><a href="http://bvpb.mcu.es/en/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.cmd?path=11000459&forma=&presentacion=pagina&forma=&posicion=1&accion_ir=Go">La Guerra de Flandes, desde la muerte del emperador Carlos V hasta la Tregua de los Doce Años</a> (in Spanish)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.onsverleden.net/">"Nederlandse Opstand" on www.onsverleden.net</a> (in Dutch)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/sabb002brab01_01/sabb002brab01_01_0015.htm">Sabbe, M. (1933) "De Veldtocht van 1635–1636 – Inneming en Verlies van de Schencke-Schans – Het 'Raffelspel' om de Schans," in: Brabant in't verweer. Bijdrage tot de studie der Zuid-Nederlandsche strijdliteratuur in de eerste helft der 17e eeuw</a> (in Dutch)</li>
<li>(in Dutch) <a href="http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/poel003fred01_01/poel003fred01_01_0032.htm">Poelhekke, J.J. (1978) Frederik Hendrik Prins van Oranje. Een biografisch drieluik</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Dutch: Tachtigjarige Oorlog; Spanish: Guerra de los Ochenta Años or Guerra de Flandes, literally "War of Flanders" <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" target="_blank">/wiki/Dutch_language</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">There is disagreement about name and periodisation of the war, see Historiography of the Eighty Years' War § Name and periodisation. <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War#Name_and_periodisation" target="_blank">/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War#Name_and_periodisation</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">The Habsburg Netherlands were at the time also known as the Seventeen Provinces, today roughly covering the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and parts of northern France, but excluding areas such as the Principality of Liège. <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" target="_blank">/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"Tachtigjarige Oorlog §1. Historische problematiek". Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002. <a href="/wiki/Encarta" target="_blank">/wiki/Encarta</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Constitutionally, the Crowns of Castile and Aragon would not be united into the Kingdom of Spain until the 1707–1716 Nueva Planta decrees, and Charles formally reigned as Charles I of Castile and Aragon (sometimes informally called "Spain"). But in historiography, he is more commonly known as Emperor Charles V. <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" target="_blank">/wiki/Crown_of_Castile</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Unless otherwise indicated, "Netherlands" and "Netherlandish" refer here to the entire area of the Habsburg Netherlands and its inhabitants (including modern Belgium, Luxembourg and parts of northern France, but excluding areas such as the Principality of Liège), whereas "Dutch Republic" and "Dutch" will refer to the country, currently known as the Netherlands, and its inhabitants. <a href="/wiki/Belgium" target="_blank">/wiki/Belgium</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">"Tachtigjarige Oorlog §1. Historische problematiek". Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002. <a href="/wiki/Encarta" target="_blank">/wiki/Encarta</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">"...the starting phase of the Revolt in Zeeland. We label the 1566–1572 period as the strike up to the Revolt: years in which the resistance against central authority, grown out to a rebellion, began to powerfully manifest itself."[17] <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">"Tachtigjarige Oorlog §1. Historische problematiek". Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002. <a href="/wiki/Encarta" target="_blank">/wiki/Encarta</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008, p. 117–118. - Mulder, Liek; Doedens, Anne; Kortlever, Yolande (2008). Geschiedenis van Nederland, van prehistorie tot heden. Baarn: HBuitgevers. p. 288. ISBN 978-9055746262. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008, p. 120. - Mulder, Liek; Doedens, Anne; Kortlever, Yolande (2008). Geschiedenis van Nederland, van prehistorie tot heden. Baarn: HBuitgevers. p. 288. ISBN 978-9055746262. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008, p. 120. - Mulder, Liek; Doedens, Anne; Kortlever, Yolande (2008). Geschiedenis van Nederland, van prehistorie tot heden. Baarn: HBuitgevers. p. 288. ISBN 978-9055746262. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008, p. 120. - Mulder, Liek; Doedens, Anne; Kortlever, Yolande (2008). Geschiedenis van Nederland, van prehistorie tot heden. Baarn: HBuitgevers. p. 288. ISBN 978-9055746262. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008, p. 120. - Mulder, Liek; Doedens, Anne; Kortlever, Yolande (2008). Geschiedenis van Nederland, van prehistorie tot heden. Baarn: HBuitgevers. p. 288. ISBN 978-9055746262. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008, p. 120–121. - Mulder, Liek; Doedens, Anne; Kortlever, Yolande (2008). Geschiedenis van Nederland, van prehistorie tot heden. Baarn: HBuitgevers. p. 288. ISBN 978-9055746262. <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008, p. 121. - Mulder, Liek; Doedens, Anne; Kortlever, Yolande (2008). Geschiedenis van Nederland, van prehistorie tot heden. Baarn: HBuitgevers. p. 288. ISBN 978-9055746262. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008, p. 121–122. - Mulder, Liek; Doedens, Anne; Kortlever, Yolande (2008). Geschiedenis van Nederland, van prehistorie tot heden. Baarn: HBuitgevers. p. 288. ISBN 978-9055746262. <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">van der Lem 1995, p. Chapter IV. - van der Lem, Anton (1995). De Opstand in de Nederlanden (1555–1648) (in Dutch). Uitgeverij Kosmos / Leiden University. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2022 – via dutchrevolt.library.universiteitleiden.nl. <a href="https://dutchrevolt.library.universiteitleiden.nl/nederlands/het-verhaal/" target="_blank">https://dutchrevolt.library.universiteitleiden.nl/nederlands/het-verhaal/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">van der Lem 1995, p. Chapter IV. - van der Lem, Anton (1995). De Opstand in de Nederlanden (1555–1648) (in Dutch). Uitgeverij Kosmos / Leiden University. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2022 – via dutchrevolt.library.universiteitleiden.nl. <a href="https://dutchrevolt.library.universiteitleiden.nl/nederlands/het-verhaal/" target="_blank">https://dutchrevolt.library.universiteitleiden.nl/nederlands/het-verhaal/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">van der Lem 1995. - van der Lem, Anton (1995). De Opstand in de Nederlanden (1555–1648) (in Dutch). Uitgeverij Kosmos / Leiden University. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2022 – via dutchrevolt.library.universiteitleiden.nl. <a href="https://dutchrevolt.library.universiteitleiden.nl/nederlands/het-verhaal/" target="_blank">https://dutchrevolt.library.universiteitleiden.nl/nederlands/het-verhaal/</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">van der Lem 1995. - van der Lem, Anton (1995). De Opstand in de Nederlanden (1555–1648) (in Dutch). Uitgeverij Kosmos / Leiden University. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2022 – via dutchrevolt.library.universiteitleiden.nl. <a href="https://dutchrevolt.library.universiteitleiden.nl/nederlands/het-verhaal/" target="_blank">https://dutchrevolt.library.universiteitleiden.nl/nederlands/het-verhaal/</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">van der Lem 1995. - van der Lem, Anton (1995). De Opstand in de Nederlanden (1555–1648) (in Dutch). Uitgeverij Kosmos / Leiden University. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2022 – via dutchrevolt.library.universiteitleiden.nl. <a href="https://dutchrevolt.library.universiteitleiden.nl/nederlands/het-verhaal/" target="_blank">https://dutchrevolt.library.universiteitleiden.nl/nederlands/het-verhaal/</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">van der Lem 1995. - van der Lem, Anton (1995). De Opstand in de Nederlanden (1555–1648) (in Dutch). Uitgeverij Kosmos / Leiden University. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2022 – via dutchrevolt.library.universiteitleiden.nl. <a href="https://dutchrevolt.library.universiteitleiden.nl/nederlands/het-verhaal/" target="_blank">https://dutchrevolt.library.universiteitleiden.nl/nederlands/het-verhaal/</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">van der Lem 1995. - van der Lem, Anton (1995). De Opstand in de Nederlanden (1555–1648) (in Dutch). Uitgeverij Kosmos / Leiden University. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2022 – via dutchrevolt.library.universiteitleiden.nl. <a href="https://dutchrevolt.library.universiteitleiden.nl/nederlands/het-verhaal/" target="_blank">https://dutchrevolt.library.universiteitleiden.nl/nederlands/het-verhaal/</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">van der Lem 1995. - van der Lem, Anton (1995). De Opstand in de Nederlanden (1555–1648) (in Dutch). Uitgeverij Kosmos / Leiden University. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2022 – via dutchrevolt.library.universiteitleiden.nl. <a href="https://dutchrevolt.library.universiteitleiden.nl/nederlands/het-verhaal/" target="_blank">https://dutchrevolt.library.universiteitleiden.nl/nederlands/het-verhaal/</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020b, v. II pp. 95-124. - Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020b). Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): v. II. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd., inc. ISBN 979-8687563130. <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">van der Lem 1995, p. Chapter V. - van der Lem, Anton (1995). De Opstand in de Nederlanden (1555–1648) (in Dutch). Uitgeverij Kosmos / Leiden University. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2022 – via dutchrevolt.library.universiteitleiden.nl. <a href="https://dutchrevolt.library.universiteitleiden.nl/nederlands/het-verhaal/" target="_blank">https://dutchrevolt.library.universiteitleiden.nl/nederlands/het-verhaal/</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020b, v. II p. 124. - Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020b). Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): v. II. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd., inc. ISBN 979-8687563130. <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">van der Lem 1995. - van der Lem, Anton (1995). De Opstand in de Nederlanden (1555–1648) (in Dutch). Uitgeverij Kosmos / Leiden University. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2022 – via dutchrevolt.library.universiteitleiden.nl. <a href="https://dutchrevolt.library.universiteitleiden.nl/nederlands/het-verhaal/" target="_blank">https://dutchrevolt.library.universiteitleiden.nl/nederlands/het-verhaal/</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Groenveld 2009, p. 16. - Groenveld, Simon (2009). Unie – Bestand – Vrede. Drie fundamentele wetten van de Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 200. ISBN 978-9087041274. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2022. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Groenveld 2009, p. 16–17. - Groenveld, Simon (2009). Unie – Bestand – Vrede. Drie fundamentele wetten van de Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 200. ISBN 978-9087041274. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2022. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Groenveld 2009, p. 10–11. - Groenveld, Simon (2009). Unie – Bestand – Vrede. Drie fundamentele wetten van de Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 200. ISBN 978-9087041274. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2022. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Groenveld 2009, p. 18–19. - Groenveld, Simon (2009). Unie – Bestand – Vrede. Drie fundamentele wetten van de Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 200. ISBN 978-9087041274. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2022. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Groenveld 2009, p. 18–19. - Groenveld, Simon (2009). Unie – Bestand – Vrede. Drie fundamentele wetten van de Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 200. ISBN 978-9087041274. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2022. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Groenveld 2009, p. 21. - Groenveld, Simon (2009). Unie – Bestand – Vrede. Drie fundamentele wetten van de Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 200. ISBN 978-9087041274. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2022. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Groenveld 2009, p. 18–19. - Groenveld, Simon (2009). Unie – Bestand – Vrede. Drie fundamentele wetten van de Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 200. ISBN 978-9087041274. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2022. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Groenveld 2009, p. 22. - Groenveld, Simon (2009). Unie – Bestand – Vrede. Drie fundamentele wetten van de Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 200. ISBN 978-9087041274. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2022. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Groenveld 2009, p. 22. - Groenveld, Simon (2009). Unie – Bestand – Vrede. Drie fundamentele wetten van de Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 200. ISBN 978-9087041274. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2022. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Groenveld 2009, p. 22. - Groenveld, Simon (2009). Unie – Bestand – Vrede. Drie fundamentele wetten van de Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 200. ISBN 978-9087041274. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2022. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">van der Lem 2019, p. 142–143. - van der Lem, Anton (2019). Revolt in the Netherlands: The Eighty Years War, 1568–1648. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 142–243. ISBN 978-1789140880. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2022. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m4KGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA143" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=m4KGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA143</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Gelderblom 2000, p. 77–78. - Gelderblom, Oscar (2000). Zuid-Nederlandse kooplieden en de opkomst van de Amsterdamse stapelmarkt (1578–1630) (in Dutch). Hilversum: Verloren. p. 350. ISBN 978-9065506207. Retrieved 9 July 2022. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=neIWrD1zn_sC&pg=PA77" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=neIWrD1zn_sC&pg=PA77</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Fruin 1899, p. 3. - Fruin, Robert Jacobus (1899). Tien jaren uit den Tachtigjarigen Oorlog. 1588–1598. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 386. Archived from the original on 24 September 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2022. <a href="https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/frui001tien01_01/colofon.htm" target="_blank">https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/frui001tien01_01/colofon.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Blokker, Jan (2006). Waar is de Tachtigjarige Oorlog gebleven? (in Dutch) (1st ed.). De Harmonie. ISBN 90-6169-741-7. <a href="90-6169-741-7" target="_blank">90-6169-741-7</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Groenveld 2009, p. 90. - Groenveld, Simon (2009). Unie – Bestand – Vrede. Drie fundamentele wetten van de Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 200. ISBN 978-9087041274. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2022. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Groenveld 2009, p. 90. - Groenveld, Simon (2009). Unie – Bestand – Vrede. Drie fundamentele wetten van de Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 200. ISBN 978-9087041274. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2022. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Israel 1995, pp. 399–405. - Israel, Jonathan (1995). The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0198730721. <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Lynch, John (1969). Spain Under the Habsburgs: Spain and America, 1598–1700 Volume 2 of Spain Under the Habsburgs. B. Blackwell. p. 42. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KhhpAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=KhhpAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Lindquist, Thea L (2001). The Politics of Diplomacy: The Palatinate and Anglo-Imperial Relations in the Thirty Years' War. University of Wisconsin. pp. 98–99. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l0qtAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=l0qtAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Israel 1995, pp. 458–459. - Israel, Jonathan (1995). The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0198730721. <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">Israel 1995, pp. 407–408. - Israel, Jonathan (1995). The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0198730721. <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">"Twaalfjarig Bestand". Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002. <a href="/wiki/Encarta" target="_blank">/wiki/Encarta</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Groenveld 2009, p. 25. - Groenveld, Simon (2009). Unie – Bestand – Vrede. Drie fundamentele wetten van de Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 200. ISBN 978-9087041274. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2022. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Groenveld 2009, p. 25. - Groenveld, Simon (2009). Unie – Bestand – Vrede. Drie fundamentele wetten van de Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 200. ISBN 978-9087041274. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2022. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Groenveld 2009, p. 25. - Groenveld, Simon (2009). Unie – Bestand – Vrede. Drie fundamentele wetten van de Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 200. ISBN 978-9087041274. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2022. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Groenveld 2009, p. 26. - Groenveld, Simon (2009). Unie – Bestand – Vrede. Drie fundamentele wetten van de Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 200. ISBN 978-9087041274. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2022. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Lesaffer 2006, pp. 2–4. - Lesaffer, Randall (2006). "Siege Warfare and the Early Modern Laws of War". Ius Brabanticum, ius commune, ius gentium (PDF). pp. 87–109. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 December 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2022. <a href="https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/754969/SIEGEWAR.PDF" target="_blank">https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/754969/SIEGEWAR.PDF</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">Parker, Geoffrey (1972). The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road 1567–1659: The Logistics of Spanish Victory and Defeat in the Low Countries' Wars (2004 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-0521543927. <a href="978-0521543927" target="_blank">978-0521543927</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">Groenveld 2009, p. 26. - Groenveld, Simon (2009). Unie – Bestand – Vrede. Drie fundamentele wetten van de Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 200. ISBN 978-9087041274. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2022. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Groenveld 2009, p. 142. - Groenveld, Simon (2009). Unie – Bestand – Vrede. Drie fundamentele wetten van de Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 200. ISBN 978-9087041274. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2022. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">Groenveld 2009, pp. 144–146. - Groenveld, Simon (2009). Unie – Bestand – Vrede. Drie fundamentele wetten van de Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 200. ISBN 978-9087041274. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2022. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6Dx5VYXFIC</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">Israel 1995, pp. 596–597. - Israel, Jonathan (1995). The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0198730721. <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">The Dutch States General, for dramatic effect, decided to promulgate the ratification of the Peace of Münster (which was actually ratified by them on 15 May 1648) on the 80th anniversary of the execution of the Counts of Egmont and Horne, 5 June 1648.[50] <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008, pp. 143–144. - Mulder, Liek; Doedens, Anne; Kortlever, Yolande (2008). Geschiedenis van Nederland, van prehistorie tot heden. Baarn: HBuitgevers. p. 288. ISBN 978-9055746262. <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">Runa Hellinga (27 September 2019). "Die eeuw van goud ging aan Brabant en Limburg voorbij". Trouw (in Dutch). Retrieved 15 July 2022. <a href="https://www.trouw.nl/binnenland/die-eeuw-van-goud-ging-aan-brabant-en-limburg-voorbij~be1ecffd/" target="_blank">https://www.trouw.nl/binnenland/die-eeuw-van-goud-ging-aan-brabant-en-limburg-voorbij~be1ecffd/</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">"Tachtigjarige Oorlog §1. Historische problematiek". Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002. <a href="/wiki/Encarta" target="_blank">/wiki/Encarta</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">"Tachtigjarige Oorlog §1. Historische problematiek". Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002. <a href="/wiki/Encarta" target="_blank">/wiki/Encarta</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">"Tachtigjarige Oorlog §1. Historische problematiek". Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002. <a href="/wiki/Encarta" target="_blank">/wiki/Encarta</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">"Tachtigjarige Oorlog §1. Historische problematiek". Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002. <a href="/wiki/Encarta" target="_blank">/wiki/Encarta</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">"Tachtigjarige Oorlog §1. Historische problematiek". Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002. <a href="/wiki/Encarta" target="_blank">/wiki/Encarta</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Eighty Years' War open-in-new

Eighty Years' War