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KickSat
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The project was <a href="/facts/Crowdfunding/u9gwrlYI">crowdfunded</a> through <a href="/facts/Kickstarter/J1R5A3f6">Kickstarter</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> The project was advertised with the goal of reducing the cost of spaceflight so that it could be affordable on an individual basis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="design">Design</h2> <p>In its minimal configuration, each <i>Sprite</i> <a href="/facts/Miniaturized_satellite/vXN5EwvX">femtosatellite</a> will be designed to send a very short message (a few bytes long) to a network of ground stations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> The chipset of use is a <a href="/facts/Texas_Instruments/88NUhuHF">TI</a> CC430F5137 (MCU + RF) with codebase from panStamp. <a href="/facts/Firmware/62UVKIUK">Firmware</a> developer kits were sent to donors who contributed enough to qualify for customizing their own Sprite.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>Sprites can be organized into fleets; one of them was to be named for the <a href="/facts/British_Interplanetary_Society/BYfN8YlF">British Interplanetary Society</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> <a href="/facts/London_Hackspace/nzB8agJq">London Hackspace</a> had begun work on its own ground station.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="inaugural-mission">Inaugural mission</h2> <p>KickSat launched on an <a href="/facts/ISS/VNPUBz9m">ISS</a> commercial resupply mission, <a href="/facts/SpaceX_CRS-3/sgRjrxCd">SpaceX CRS-3</a>, originally scheduled for late 2013,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> but ultimately delayed until April 18, 2014.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> On April 30, 2014, the microcontroller managing the master clock was found to have reset due to a technical problem, an effect of space radiation. This reset added two weeks to the deployment schedule for the sprites, and started a race against time to charge KickSat's battery enough to power deployment of the sprites before KickSat began atmospheric reentry. On May 14, 2014, KickSat reentered the atmosphere and burned up; all sprites were lost.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="other-missions">Other missions</h2> <p>Sprites were launched on board the <a href="/facts/Space_Shuttle/7BoyetEv">Space Shuttle</a> <a href="/facts/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour/fcX8nN5Q"><i>Endeavour</i></a> during <a href="/facts/STS-134/vXf9Dmcv">STS-134</a> in May 2011, and spent three years mounted to the outside of the <a href="/facts/ISS/VNPUBz9m">ISS</a> as part of the eighth <a href="/facts/Materials_International_Space_Station_Experiment/Dplmbf6a">Materials International Space Station Experiment</a>. Upon their return to Earth, they were still functional. This verified the design could survive the space environment for far longer than the planned nominal mission length. </p><p>In 2016, the KickSat Sprite was discussed as an early-stage prototype of the interstellar probe proposed for <a href="/facts/Breakthrough_Starshot/JhS31Lje">Breakthrough Starshot</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p><p>On June 23, 2017, the <a href="/facts/PSLV-C38/3sTIWxyr">PSLV-C38</a> launch carried 31 satellites into <a href="/facts/Low_Earth_orbit/rq1TwayJ">low Earth orbit</a>. Among them were <a href="/facts/Max_Valier_(satellite)/tyyDBXfr">Max Valier</a>, built by OHB of (Germany) and Venta-1 which were carrying six sprite spacecraft as secondary payloads.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p><p>After being shortlisted in February 2015 by NASA under its CubeSat Launch Initiative, KickSat-2 was launched aboard <a href="/facts/Cygnus_NG-10/YkV7VfCs">Cygnus NG-10</a> <i>SS John Glenn</i> on November 17, 2018.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> After detaching from the ISS, the free-flying Cygnus spacecraft deployed KickSat-2 at an altitude of 300 km on February 13, 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> KickSat-2 established communication with ground controllers soon after, reporting good health despite a weaker than expected signal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> On March 18, 2019, KickSat-2 deployed 105 Sprites which successfully transmitted data before reentering the atmosphere.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Peter Murray (August 15, 2011). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111026013349/http://singularityhub.com/2011/08/15/computer-chip-sized-spacecraft-will-explore-space-in-swarms/">"Computer Chip-Sized Spacecraft Will Explore Space in Swarms"</a>. Singularity Hub. Archived from <a href="http://singularityhub.com/2011/08/15/computer-chip-sized-spacecraft-will-explore-space-in-swarms/">the original</a> on October 26, 2011. Retrieved October 16, 2011.</li> <li>Jim Waymer (May 13, 2011). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111011123353/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/ithacajournal/access/2350211571.html?FMT=ABS&date=May+13%2C+2011">"Cornell mini-satellites to ride on shuttle"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/The_Ithaca_Journal/vLbWr6un">The Ithaca Journal</a></i>. Ithaca, N.Y. p. A1. Archived from <a href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/ithacajournal/access/2350211571.html?FMT=ABS&date=May+13%2C+2011">the original</a> on October 11, 2011.</li> <li>Charles Q. Choi (April 29, 2011). <a href="http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2011/0429/Cracker-size-satellites-to-launch-with-Space-Shuttle-Endeavour">"Cracker-size satellites to launch with Space Shuttle Endeavour"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/The_Christian_Science_Monitor/qNqrrd8K">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i>. Retrieved October 16, 2011.</li> <li>Paul Gilster (April 28, 2011). <a href="http://www.centauri-dreams.org/?p=17750">"Tiny Spacecraft Point to Future Sails"</a>. Tau Zero Foundation. Retrieved October 16, 2011.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mason_Peck/YtFmv8pD">Mason Peck</a> (August 2011). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811055752/http://spectrum.ieee.org/aerospace/satellites/exploring-space-with-chipsized-satellites/0">"Exploring Space with Chip-sized Satellites"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/IEEE_Spectrum/tmbdcCq5">IEEE Spectrum</a></i>. <a href="/facts/IEEE/UddC4pUW">IEEE</a>. Archived from <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/aerospace/satellites/exploring-space-with-chipsized-satellites/0">the original</a> on August 11, 2011. Retrieved October 16, 2011.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jennifer_Ouellette/t0KovkmC">Jennifer Ouellette</a> (May 16, 2011). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111014221805/http://news.discovery.com/space/satellite-on-a-chip-to-launch-with-space-shuttle-110516.html">"'Satellite on a Chip' to Launch with Space Shuttle"</a>. <i>Discovery News: Space News</i>. <a href="/facts/Discovery_Communications/6y0aeRqm">Discovery Communications</a>. Archived from <a href="http://news.discovery.com/space/satellite-on-a-chip-to-launch-with-space-shuttle-110516.html">the original</a> on October 14, 2011. Retrieved October 16, 2011.</li> <li>Clay Dillow (April 28, 2011). <a href="http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2011-04/cornells-tiny-chip-sats-are-headed-iss-could-soon-be-bound-saturn">"Cornell's Thumbnail-Sized Satellites Are Headed to Space, Could Soon be Bound for Saturn"</a>. <i>popsci.com</i>. <a href="/facts/Popular_Science/dE4EBW22">Popular Science</a>. Retrieved October 16, 2011.</li> <li>Elizabeth Simpson (April 27, 2011). <a href="http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/April11/endeavoursatellite.html">"Chip satellites – designed to blow in the solar wind – depart on Endeavour's final launch"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Cornell_Chronicle/hfbNJjCu">Cornell Chronicle</a></i>. Retrieved December 6, 2012.</li> <li>Caleb Garling (December 24, 2012). <a href="http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/Personal-satellites-that-fly-into-space-4144316.php">"Personal satellites that fly into space"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/San_Francisco_Chronicle/HV7h1xrr">San Francisco Chronicle</a></i>. Retrieved December 28, 2012.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul> <li>Spaceflight portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="http://www.spacecraftresearch.com/">"Space Systems Design Studio"</a>. Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at the <a href="/facts/Cornell_University_College_of_Engineering/eVhpIJPv">Cornell University College of Engineering</a>. Retrieved October 16, 2011.</li> <li><a href="https://vimeo.com/34892231">"Kicksat – The First Personal Satellite – Interview with inventor Zac Manchester"</a> (video). buzzumi. January 10, 2012. Retrieved January 12, 2012.</li> <li>Maria Minsker (January 25, 2012). <a href="http://www.cornellsun.com/section/science/content/2012/01/25/grad-student-launches-personal-satellites">"Grad Student Launches Personal Satellites"</a>. <i>The Cornell Daily Sun</i>. Ithaca, NY. Retrieved January 25, 2012.</li> <li>Zac Manchester; Michael Romanko; Rob Schwartz. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120910152549/http://zacinaction.github.com/kicksat/">"KickSat @ GitHub"</a>. <a href="/facts/GitHub/n1hNCsc3">GitHub</a>. Archived from <a href="https://zacinaction.github.com/kicksat/">the original</a> on September 10, 2012. Retrieved May 24, 2012.</li> <li>Anne Ju (December 5, 2012). <a href="http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/Dec12/kickSat.html">"Crowd-funded, DIY spacecraft to float into low-Earth orbit"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Cornell_Chronicle/hfbNJjCu">Cornell Chronicle</a></i>. Retrieved December 6, 2012.</li> <li>Anne Ju (December 5, 2012). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063234/http://www.ithacaindy.com/2012/12/05/cornells-kicksat-to-launch-sprites-into-space.htm">"Cornell's KickSat to launch sprites into space"</a>. Ithaca Independent. Archived from <a href="http://www.ithacaindy.com/2012/12/05/cornells-kicksat-to-launch-sprites-into-space.htm">the original</a> on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 6, 2012.</li> <li>Kelvin Long (January 2, 2013). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130327053318/http://www.bis-space.com/2013/01/02/8276/project-kicksat-update">"Project KickSat Update"</a>. <a href="/facts/British_Interplanetary_Society/BYfN8YlF">British Interplanetary Society</a>. Archived from <a href="http://www.bis-space.com/2013/01/02/8276/project-kicksat-update">the original</a> on March 27, 2013. Retrieved January 6, 2012.</li> <li>Zac Manchester (December 12, 2011). <a href="https://ecolloq.gsfc.nasa.gov/archive/2011-Fall/announce.manchester.html">"The Sprite Project: Satellite on a Chip"</a>. <i>Engineering Colloquium</i>. Greenbelt, Maryland: <a href="/facts/Goddard_Spaceflight_Center/WfoEKknM">Goddard Spaceflight Center</a>. Retrieved July 27, 2013.; presentation here: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131729/https://speakerdeck.com/zacinaction/goddard-chipsat-talk?slide=9">[1]</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Radu Tyrsina (October 11, 2011). "KickSat to Launch Postage Stamp-sized Satellites into Space for $300". Mobile Magazine. Archived from the original on October 14, 2011. Retrieved October 16, 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111014050625/http://www.mobilemag.com/2011/10/11/kicksat-to-launch-postage-stamp-sized-satellites-into-space-for-300/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20111014050625/http://www.mobilemag.com/2011/10/11/kicksat-to-launch-postage-stamp-sized-satellites-into-space-for-300/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Fish, Elizabeth (November 14, 2011). "Explore Space with a Spacecraft The Size of a Postage Stamp". Geek Tech (blog). Retrieved November 15, 2011. <a href="http://www.pcworld.com/article/243829/explore_space_with_a_spacecraft_the_size_of_a_postage_stamp.html" target="_blank">http://www.pcworld.com/article/243829/explore_space_with_a_spacecraft_the_size_of_a_postage_stamp.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Garling, Caleb (December 24, 2012). "Personal satellites that fly into space". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved December 26, 2012. <a href="http://www.sfgate.com/business/ontherecord/article/Personal-satellites-that-fly-into-space-4144316.php" target="_blank">http://www.sfgate.com/business/ontherecord/article/Personal-satellites-that-fly-into-space-4144316.php</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Bruce Dorminey (November 28, 2012). "First Kickstarter Funded Satellites To Launch in 2013". Forbes. Retrieved December 26, 2012. <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucedorminey/2012/11/28/chipsats-trump-sputnik-first-kickstarter-funded-satellites-to-launch-in-2013/" target="_blank">https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucedorminey/2012/11/28/chipsats-trump-sputnik-first-kickstarter-funded-satellites-to-launch-in-2013/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"KickSat Has Been Deployed in Low-Earth Orbit". arrl.org. April 19, 2014. Retrieved April 26, 2014. <a href="http://www.arrl.org/news/kicksat-has-been-deployed-in-low-earth-orbit" target="_blank">http://www.arrl.org/news/kicksat-has-been-deployed-in-low-earth-orbit</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>O'Neill, Ian (April 14, 2014). "Helium Leak Forces SpaceX Launch Scrub". news.discovery.com. Retrieved April 15, 2014. <a href="http://news.discovery.com/space/private-spaceflight/helium-leak-forces-spacex-launch-scrub-140414.htm" target="_blank">http://news.discovery.com/space/private-spaceflight/helium-leak-forces-spacex-launch-scrub-140414.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Reyes, Matthew (April 7, 2014). "DIY Satellites: Now and Near Future | Make". Make: DIY Projects and Ideas for Makers. Retrieved January 5, 2019. <a href="https://makezine.com/2014/04/07/diy-satellites-now-and-near-future/" target="_blank">https://makezine.com/2014/04/07/diy-satellites-now-and-near-future/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Zachary Manchester (October 4, 2011). "KickSat – Your personal spacecraft in space!". Kickstarter. Retrieved October 16, 2011. <a href="http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/251588730/kicksat-your-personal-spacecraft-in-space" target="_blank">http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/251588730/kicksat-your-personal-spacecraft-in-space</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Mark Brown (October 10, 2011). "Kickstarter project will launch hundreds of personal satellites into space". Wired UK. Archived from the original on October 1, 2015. Retrieved October 16, 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001112546/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2011-10/10/kicksat" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20151001112546/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2011-10/10/kicksat</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Wayne Hall (November 17, 2011). "An orbit of your own, "KickSat" crowdsources spaceflight". Kentucky Science & Technology Corporation. Archived from the original on November 19, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111119090052/http://www.kentuckyspace.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=381:qkicksatq-interview&catid=45:kentuckyspaceblog&Itemid=1" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20111119090052/http://www.kentuckyspace.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=381:qkicksatq-interview&catid=45:kentuckyspaceblog&Itemid=1</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Boonsri Dickinson (October 10, 2011). "Send your own satellite into space". CNET. Retrieved October 18, 2011. <a href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-20118335-1/send-your-own-satellite-into-space/" target="_blank">http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-20118335-1/send-your-own-satellite-into-space/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Michael Doornbos (October 21, 2011). "Evadot Podcast No. 86 – Would you like to have your own spacecraft in space? Kicksat.org says you can". Evadot.com. Retrieved November 20, 2011. <a href="http://evadot.com/2011/10/21/evadot-podcast-86-would-you-like-to-have-your-own-spacecraft-in-space-kicksat-org-says-you-can/" target="_blank">http://evadot.com/2011/10/21/evadot-podcast-86-would-you-like-to-have-your-own-spacecraft-in-space-kicksat-org-says-you-can/</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Johnson, Michael; Manchester, Zachary; Peck, Mason (January 30, 2012). "KickSat.org – an open source ChipSat dispenser and citizen space exploration proof of concept mission" (PDF). Rhode-Saint-Genèse (Brussels), Belgium: Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics. p. 91. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2016. Retrieved July 13, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221411/https://www.cubesatsymposium.eu/4thsymposium/bookofabstracts_cubesatsymposium.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221411/https://www.cubesatsymposium.eu/4thsymposium/bookofabstracts_cubesatsymposium.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics. "Fourth European CubeSat Symposium". Archived from the original on July 13, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2013. <a href="https://archive.today/20130713192730/https://www.cubesatsymposium.eu/4thsymposium/presentation.php" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20130713192730/https://www.cubesatsymposium.eu/4thsymposium/presentation.php</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Peter Murray (October 15, 2011). "Sprites – The Computer Chip-Sized Spacecraft That Will Send You a Text Message (for $300)". Singularity Hub. Archived from the original on October 17, 2011. Retrieved October 16, 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111017084954/http://singularityhub.com/2011/10/15/sprites-%E2%80%93-the-computer-chip-sized-spacecraft-that-will-send-you-a-text-message-for-300/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20111017084954/http://singularityhub.com/2011/10/15/sprites-%E2%80%93-the-computer-chip-sized-spacecraft-that-will-send-you-a-text-message-for-300/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>John Biggs (October 9, 2011). "KickSat: Send Tiny DIY Satellites Into Space". Techcrunch. Retrieved October 16, 2011. <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2011/10/09/kicksat-send-tiny-diy-satellites-into-space/" target="_blank">https://techcrunch.com/2011/10/09/kicksat-send-tiny-diy-satellites-into-space/</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Andrew Vaudin (October 24, 2011). "Join the BIS in space". bis-space.com: Featured Articles. British Interplanetary Society. Archived from the original on December 16, 2011. Retrieved October 25, 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111216143523/http://www.bis-space.com/2011/10/24/2950/join-the-bis-in-space" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20111216143523/http://www.bis-space.com/2011/10/24/2950/join-the-bis-in-space</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>AMSAT-UK (November 19, 2011). "London Hackspace work on HackSat1". AMSAT-UK. Retrieved November 20, 2011. <a href="http://www.uk.amsat.org/?p=2482" target="_blank">http://www.uk.amsat.org/?p=2482</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Bruce Dorminey (November 28, 2012). "First Kickstarter Funded Satellites To Launch in 2013". Forbes. Retrieved December 26, 2012. <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucedorminey/2012/11/28/chipsats-trump-sputnik-first-kickstarter-funded-satellites-to-launch-in-2013/" target="_blank">https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucedorminey/2012/11/28/chipsats-trump-sputnik-first-kickstarter-funded-satellites-to-launch-in-2013/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"Worldwide Launch Schedule". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved December 3, 2012. <a href="http://spaceflightnow.com/tracking/" target="_blank">http://spaceflightnow.com/tracking/</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"KickSat has reentered". Retrieved May 18, 2014. <a href="https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/zacinaction/kicksat-your-personal-spacecraft-in-space/posts/843807" target="_blank">https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/zacinaction/kicksat-your-personal-spacecraft-in-space/posts/843807</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Dave Gershgorn (April 13, 2016). "This Is The Tiny Spaceship That Could Take Us To Alpha Centauri". PopSci. Retrieved May 13, 2017. <a href="http://www.popsci.com/tiny-spaceship-could-take-us-to-alpha-centauri-started-on-kickstarter" target="_blank">http://www.popsci.com/tiny-spaceship-could-take-us-to-alpha-centauri-started-on-kickstarter</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>""Max Valier" nano-satellite successfully launched – OHB System ENG". www.ohb-system.de. 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