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Paleoproterozoic
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<h2 id="atmosphere">Atmosphere</h2> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Prebiotic_atmosphere/HqbMkAza">Prebiotic atmosphere</a>, <a href="/facts/Geological_history_of_oxygen/6VTugNzT">Geological history of oxygen</a>, and <a href="/facts/Great_Oxygenation_Event/LmTyM8jT">Great Oxygenation Event</a></p> <p>The <a href="/facts/Earth%27s_atmosphere/FV97Am25">Earth's atmosphere</a> was originally a weakly <a href="/facts/Reducing_atmosphere/enTqwvme">reducing atmosphere</a> consisting largely of <a href="/facts/Nitrogen/Nf1QpGDz">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/facts/Methane/kBHneYnh">methane</a>, <a href="/facts/Ammonia/MtLtJFtz">ammonia</a>, <a href="/facts/Carbon_dioxide/xGzpppEp">carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="/facts/Inert_gas/3EkBEoYh">inert gases</a>, in total comparable to <a href="/facts/Titan%27s_atmosphere/CtbzACEo">Titan's atmosphere</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> When <a href="/facts/Oxygenic_photosynthesis/TMV7w693">oxygenic photosynthesis</a> evolved in <a href="/facts/Cyanobacteria/S8bKxIU9">cyanobacteria</a> during the <a href="/facts/Mesoarchean/jsK450vc">Mesoarchean</a>, the increasing amount of <a href="/facts/Byproduct/qDosnqoD">byproduct</a> <a href="/facts/Dioxygen/UVNYnKUQ">dioxygen</a> began to deplete the <a href="/facts/Reductant/CtfSGVXC">reductants</a> in the <a href="/facts/Ocean/8W8lYgjD">ocean</a>, <a href="/facts/Land_surface/r2lduLeI">land surface</a> and the atmosphere. Eventually all surface reductants (particularly <a href="/facts/Ferrous_iron/TCxvdjfW">ferrous iron</a>, <a href="/facts/Sulfur/IK0amTfM">sulfur</a> and <a href="/facts/Atmospheric_methane/oH20tvwB">atmospheric methane</a>) were exhausted, and the atmospheric <a href="/facts/Free_oxygen/acyn6o8r">free oxygen</a> levels soared permanently during the Siderian and Rhyacian periods in an <a href="/facts/Atmospheric_chemistry/EbmISm33">aerochemical</a> event called the <a href="/facts/Great_Oxidation_Event/LmTyM8jT">Great Oxidation Event</a>, which brought atmospheric oxygen from near none to up to 10% of the modern level.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="life">Life</h2> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Symbiogenesis/2gHlgj4j">Symbiogenesis</a></p> <p>At the beginning of the preceding <a href="/facts/Archean/PHt8Sm8n">Archean</a> eon, almost all existing lifeforms were <a href="/facts/Single-cell_organism/9PQsRuHU">single-cell</a> <a href="/facts/Prokaryotic/oYyvaDDH">prokaryotic</a> <a href="/facts/Anaerobic_organism/bhQnlqCq">anaerobic organisms</a> whose <a href="/facts/Metabolism/WxDrm8k5">metabolism</a> was based on a form of <a href="/facts/Cellular_respiration/kb6gpsvL">cellular respiration</a> that did not require oxygen, and <a href="/facts/Autotroph/UDc8bzqD">autotrophs</a> were either <a href="/facts/Chemosynthetic/AFUdIqc5">chemosynthetic</a> or relied upon <a href="/facts/Anoxygenic_photosynthesis/vALSo4pU">anoxygenic photosynthesis</a>. After the Great Oxygenation Event, the then mainly <a href="/facts/Archaea/Adxh0aHw">archaea</a>-dominated anaerobic <a href="/facts/Microbial_mat/qVfYYzvW">microbial mats</a> were devastated as free oxygen is highly reactive and biologically toxic to cellular structures. This was compounded by a 300-<a href="/facts/Million_years/DXcnXuAw">million-year</a>-long <a href="/facts/Icehouse_Earth/ENS3leWV">global icehouse</a> event known as the <a href="/facts/Huronian_glaciation/SxGpeQ1p">Huronian glaciation</a> — at least partly due to the depletion of atmospheric methane, a powerful <a href="/facts/Greenhouse_gas/HXaHqrT8">greenhouse gas</a> — resulted in what is widely considered one of the first and most significant <a href="/facts/Mass_extinction/HloJubtR">mass extinctions</a> on Earth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> The organisms that thrived after the extinction were mainly <a href="/facts/Aerobe/a629EQD7">aerobes</a> that evolved <a href="/facts/Antioxidant/4TG4MQ83">bioactive antioxidants</a> and eventually <a href="/facts/Aerobic_respiration/kb6gpsvL">aerobic respiration</a>, and surviving anaerobes were forced to live <a href="/facts/Symbiotic/MrBArRGa">symbiotically</a> alongside aerobes in hybrid colonies, which enabled the evolution of <a href="/facts/Mitochondria/ErHqrdJ1">mitochondria</a> in <a href="/facts/Eukaryotic_organism/SkwyPLMA">eukaryotic organisms</a>. </p><p>The Palaeoproterozoic represents the era from which the oldest cyanobacterial fossils, those of <i>Eoentophysalis belcherensis</i> from the Kasegalik Formation in the <a href="/facts/Belcher_Islands/FEPcbGUl">Belcher Islands</a> of <a href="/facts/Nunavut/aFaAad0W">Nunavut</a>, are known.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> By 1.75 Ga, thylakoid-bearing cyanobacteria had evolved, as evidenced by fossils from the McDermott Formation of Australia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>Many crown node eukaryotes (from which the modern-day eukaryotic lineages would have arisen) have been approximately dated to around the time of the Paleoproterozoic Era.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> While there is some debate as to the exact time at which eukaryotes evolved,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> current understanding places it somewhere in this era.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> Statherian <a href="/facts/Fossils/by7NzIA1">fossils</a> from the <a href="/facts/Changcheng_System/oVkCPLBD">Changcheng Group</a> in <a href="/facts/North_China/mmmH3l53">North China</a> provide evidence that eukaryotic life was already diverse by the late Palaeoproterozoic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="geological-events">Geological events</h2> <p>During this era, the earliest global-scale continent-continent collision belts developed. The associated continent and mountain building events are represented by the 2.1–2.0 Ga Trans-Amazonian and <a href="/facts/Eburnean_orogeny/pddtKYms">Eburnean</a> <a href="/facts/Orogeny/XrvRMpsw">orogens</a> in South America and West Africa; the ~2.0 Ga <a href="/facts/Limpopo_Belt/0xCDq2kA">Limpopo Belt</a> in southern Africa; the 1.9–1.8 Ga <a href="/facts/Trans-Hudson_orogeny/j4MBJzgt">Trans-Hudson</a>, <a href="/facts/Penokean_orogeny/MAz2a886">Penokean</a>, Taltson–Thelon, <a href="/facts/Wopmay_orogen/WxCJeysP">Wopmay</a>, <a href="/facts/Ungava_magmatic_event/UVArv8j1">Ungava</a> and <a href="/facts/Torngat_Mountains/6jfMhRb3">Torngat orogens</a> in North America, the 1.9–1.8 Ga <a href="/facts/Nagssugtoqidian_orogeny/xH9N1pbA">Nagssugtoqidian Orogen</a> in Greenland; the 1.9–1.8 Ga Kola–Karelia, <a href="/facts/Svecofennian_orogeny/dMwGR4ro">Svecofennian</a>, Volhyn-Central Russian, and Pachelma orogens in Baltica (Eastern Europe); the 1.9–1.8 Ga <a href="/facts/Akitkan_Orogen/gjj9MBG8">Akitkan Orogen</a> in Siberia; the ~1.95 Ga Khondalite Belt; the ~1.85 Ga Trans-North China Orogen in North China; and the 1.8-1.6 Ga <a href="/facts/Yavapai_orogeny/JzWIfwnN">Yavapai</a> and <a href="/facts/Mazatzal_orogeny/pwHgrruw">Mazatzal</a> orogenies in southern North America. </p><p>That pattern of collision belts supports the formation of a Proterozoic supercontinent named <a href="/facts/Columbia_(supercontinent)/o05E63CN">Columbia</a> or <a href="/facts/Nuna_(supercontinent)/o05E63CN">Nuna</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> That continental collisions suddenly led to mountain building at large scale is interpreted as having resulted from increased biomass and carbon burial during and after the Great Oxidation Event: Subducted carbonaceous sediments are hypothesized to have lubricated compressive deformation and led to crustal thickening.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Felsic/0jpm1eSA">Felsic</a> volcanism in what is now northern Sweden led to the formation of the <a href="/facts/Kiruna_Porphyry/ognLcCFd">Kiruna</a> and <a href="/facts/Arvidsjaur_Porphyry/LP0cwybX">Arvidsjaur</a> <a href="/facts/Porphyry_(geology)/7K4IzbvF">porphyries</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Subcontinental_lithospheric_mantle/aPSqARQI">lithospheric mantle</a> of <a href="/facts/Tectonic_evolution_of_Patagonia/Lm9NHEhg">Patagonia's oldest blocks</a> formed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paleoproterozoic. <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Boring_Billion/k7VDsVpu">Boring Billion</a> – Earth history, 1.8 to 0.8 billion years ago</li> <li><a href="/facts/Suavj%C3%A4rvi/KSUSDJbY">Suavjärvi impact structure</a> – Lake and claimed impact structure in Karelia, northwest Russia</li> <li><a href="/facts/Francevillian_biota/m5D0Svmm">Francevillian biota</a> – Possible Palaeoproterozoic multicellular fossils from Gabon</li> <li><a href="/facts/Vredefort_impact_structure/affD6ltj">Vredefort impact structure</a> – Largest verified impact structure on Earth, about 2 billion years old</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sudbury_Basin/poJSD267">Sudbury Basin</a> – Impact structure in Ontario, Canada</li> <li><a href="/facts/Neoarchean/fCh6XLKA">Neoarchean</a> – Fourth era of the Archean Eon, which immediately preceded the Paleoproterozoic</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903070338/http://essayweb.net/geology/timeline/paleoproterozoic.shtml">EssayWeb Paleoproterozoic Era</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527461.100-first-breath-earths-billionyear-struggle-for-oxygen.html">First breath: Earth's billion-year struggle for oxygen</a> New Scientist, #2746, 5 February 2010 by Nick Lane. Posits an earlier much longer snowball period, c2.4 - c2.0 Gya, triggered by the <a href="/facts/Great_Oxygenation_Event/LmTyM8jT">Great Oxygenation Event</a>.</li> <li>The information on eukaryotic lineage diversification was gathered from a <a href="/facts/New_York_Times/T9marWVX">New York Times</a> opinion blog by <a href="/facts/Olivia_Judson/MdEyGqIj">Olivia Judson</a>. See the text here: <a href="https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/02/09/unorthodox/?ex=1281416400&en=973ef10b73da1c59&ei=5087&WT.mc_id=OP-D-I-NYT-MOD-MOD-M136-ROS-0210-L2&WT.mc_ev=click">[1]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://ghkclass.com/ghkC.html?paleoproterozoic">Paleoproterozoic (chronostratigraphy scale)</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>There are several ways of pronouncing Paleoproterozoic, including IPA: /ˌpælioʊˌproʊtərəˈzoʊɪk, ˌpeɪ-, -liə-, -ˌprɒt-, -əroʊ-, -trə-, -troʊ-/ PAL-ee-oh-PROH-tər-ə-ZOH-ik, PAY-, -PROT-, -ər-oh-, -trə-, -troh-.[2][3] <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" target="_blank">/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Pannella, Giorgio (1972). "Paleontological evidence on the Earth's rotational history since early precambrian". Astrophysics and Space Science. 16 (2): 212. Bibcode:1972Ap&SS..16..212P. doi:10.1007/BF00642735. 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