Tai Ya language

<h2 id="dialects">Dialects</h2>
Tai Hongjin can be split into five dialects, which are often <a href="/facts/Mutual_intelligibility/h1SbX0wN">mutually unintelligible</a> (Zhou 2001:14).

<ul><li>Yuánxīn 元新 (Yuanyang-Xinping): <a href="/facts/Honghe_County/JnXVFsNY">Honghe County</a> 红河县, <a href="/facts/Yuanyang_County,_Yunnan/hd5bxkhV">Yuanyang County</a> 元阳县 of <a href="/facts/Honghe_Hani_and_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture/bx6rJf2r">Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture</a> 红河州; <a href="/facts/Xinping_Yi_and_Dai_Autonomous_County/meqvx5RK">Xinping Yi and Dai Autonomous County</a> 新平彝族傣族自治县 of <a href="/facts/Yuxi/zjpXu8uS">Yuxi</a> City 玉溪市.</li>
<li>Yǒngwǔ 永武 (Yongren-Wuding): <a href="/facts/Yongren_County/AHbz15fe">Yongren County</a> 永仁县, <a href="/facts/Wuding_County/hXmw1ggq">Wuding County</a> 武定县, <a href="/facts/Lufeng_County/PraD8k8Y">Lufeng County</a> 禄丰县, <a href="/facts/Dayao_County/Xz9Hkdmm">Dayao County</a> 大姚县 — all in <a href="/facts/Chuxiong_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture/bh1Du3Ph">Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture</a> 楚雄彝族自治州.</li>
<li>Mǎguān 马关: <a href="/facts/Maguan_County/PEJ5sdlc">Maguan County</a> of <a href="/facts/Wenshan_Prefecture/N3hmCe7k">Wenshan Prefecture</a>.</li>
<li>Yuánjiāng 元江: <a href="/facts/Honghe_County/JnXVFsNY">Honghe County</a> 红河县, <a href="/facts/Yuanyang_County,_Yunnan/hd5bxkhV">Yuanyang County</a> 元阳县 of <a href="/facts/Honghe_Hani_and_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture/bx6rJf2r">Honghe Prefecture</a> 红河州; <a href="/facts/Yuanjiang_County/aAYhLddy">Yuanjiang County</a> 元江县 of <a href="/facts/Yuxi/zjpXu8uS">Yuxi</a> City 玉溪市.</li>
<li>Lǜshí 绿石 (Lüchun-Shiping): <a href="/facts/L%C3%BCchun_County/zoY5aotm">Lüchun County</a> 绿春县, <a href="/facts/Shiping_County/MnNu7zkB">Shiping County</a> 石屏县, <a href="/facts/Jianshui_County/7P9Jkaeh">Jianshui County</a> 建水县 — all in <a href="/facts/Honghe_Hani_and_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture/bx6rJf2r">Honghe Prefecture</a> 红河州. This dialect has more open rimes and nasal finals.</li></ul>
The total number of Tai Hongjin speakers combined is 136,000 (Zhou 2001:14). A related but separate <a href="/facts/Tai_languages/A8LAhjnd">Tai</a> language called <a href="/facts/Tai_D%C3%B3n_language/6j1RDbRR">Dǎi Jīnpíng</a> (金平傣语) is spoken in <a href="/facts/Jinping_Miao,_Yao,_and_Dai_Autonomous_County/UnCIhU1n">Jinping County</a> (金平县), <a href="/facts/Honghe_Prefecture/bx6rJf2r">Honghe Prefecture</a> (红河州), which Zhou (2001) reports as having 15,400 speakers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> This language has its own <a href="/facts/Writing_systems_of_Southeast_Asia/kSc1erHJ">traditional script</a> as well (see Zhou 2001:379).

<h3>Heipu</h3>
Heipu 黑蒲 (autonym: Kalang 卡郎 kʰa³³lun²¹; also called Baiyi 摆彝 by the Han Chinese) is a variety of Tai Ya (傣雅) spoken by 118 people in the two villages<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> of Shitouzhai (石头寨<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>) and Xiaomiao (小庙<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a>) in Panlong Township (盘龙乡), District 5 (五区), <a href="/facts/Xinping_Yi_and_Dai_Autonomous_County/meqvx5RK">Xinping County</a>, Yunnan (You 2013:268).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> Heipu (黑蒲) is a Han Chinese exonym referring to their practice of <a href="/facts/Teeth_blackening/9zeVU9mP">teeth blackening</a>. In Xinping County, the Heipu also refer to themselves as the Tai Kha (傣卡) (You 2013:336).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> It is mutually intelligible with Tai Ya as spoken in District 4 (四区) of Xinping County. However, Heipu is unique in that it has only four tones, and has lost the final stops -p, -t, -k. Heipu is not to be confused with two other groups of the same name:

<ul><li>Heipu 黑蒲, an ethnic <a href="/facts/Zhuang_people/1K8DWdu3">Zhuang</a> group in <a href="/facts/Lijiang/fMr1jw4W">Lijiang</a> County, Yunnan with a population of 675 (You 2013:55).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a></li>
<li>Heipu 黑蒲, an ethnic <a href="/facts/Bulang_people/IrLtK3Hg">Bulang</a> group in <a href="/facts/Mojiang_County/Um357G5v">Mojiang County</a>, Yunnan with the autonym Wa 娃 (You 2013:335-336).</li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<ul><li>Dawkins, Erin. 2007. <a href="http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/A%20Sociolinguistic%20Survey%20of%20Tai%20Ya%20in%20Thailand.pdf">A sociolingustic survey of Tai Ya in Thailand</a>. Chiang Mai: Payap University.</li>
<li>Tehan, Thomas M., and Erin Dawkins. 2010. <a href="http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/papers/Tai_Ya_Vitality_Paper_Dec2010.pdf">Tai Ya in Thailand Present and Future: Reversing Language Shift</a>. Research Project #53-01 in Linguistics Department Research Series, Payap University, Chiangmai, Thailand.</li>
<li>Xing Gongwan 邢公畹. 1989. Honghe Shangyou Daiyayu 红河上游傣雅语. China: Yuwen.</li></ul>
<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<ul><li>Xing Gongwan [邢公畹]. 1989. Upper Hongjin Dai Ya Language [红河上游傣雅语]. Language Publishing House [语文出版社].</li>
<li>Zhou Yaowen [周耀文]. 2001. A Study of Dai Dialects [傣语方言研究]. Ethnic Publishing House [民族出版社].</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li>283-word wordlist in Wuding Tianxin Tai dialect archived with <a href="/facts/Kaipuleohone/DNxjBHEm">Kaipuleohone</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">William Frawley (1 May 2003). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-19-513977-8. Retrieved 8 September 2013. <a href="978-0-19-513977-8" target="_blank">978-0-19-513977-8</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Kirk R. Person; Wenxue Yang (2005). The Tones of Tai Ya. Department of Linguistics, School of Graduate Studies, Payap University. Retrieved 8 September 2013. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rGpkAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=rGpkAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Tehan, T. Tehan; E. Dawkins (2010-12-07), "Tai Ya Reversing Language Shift 7 December 2010 1 Tai Ya in Thailand Present and Future: Reversing Language Shift" (PDF), Tai Ya Reversing Language Shift, pp. 2–3 <a href="http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/papers/Tai_Ya_Vitality_Paper_Dec2010.pdf" target="_blank">http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/papers/Tai_Ya_Vitality_Paper_Dec2010.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Kirk R. Person; Wenxue Yang (2005). The Tones of Tai Ya. Department of Linguistics, School of Graduate Studies, Payap University. Retrieved 8 September 2013. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rGpkAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=rGpkAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">The Dai Jinping data point studied in Zhou (2001) is that of Xinmeng village 新勐村, Mengla township 勐拉乡, Jinping County 金平县. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">云南民族识别参考资料 (1955), p.69 <a href="http://www.doc88.com/p-97281176367.html" target="_blank">http://www.doc88.com/p-97281176367.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">"新平县建兴乡盘龙村民委员会石头寨". Archived from the original on 2016-12-01. Retrieved 2021-06-18. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161201143823/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=250526" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20161201143823/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=250526</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">"新平县建兴乡盘龙村民委员会小庙". Archived from the original on 2016-12-01. Retrieved 2021-06-18. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161201210740/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=250527" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20161201210740/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=250527</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">You Weiqiong [尤伟琼]. 2013. Classifying ethnic groups of Yunnan [云南民族识别研究]. Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House [民族出版社]. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">You Weiqiong [尤伟琼]. 2013. Classifying ethnic groups of Yunnan [云南民族识别研究]. Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House [民族出版社]. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">You Weiqiong [尤伟琼]. 2013. Classifying ethnic groups of Yunnan [云南民族识别研究]. Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House [民族出版社]. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Tai Ya language open-in-new

Tai Ya language