Charles Sumner Tainter

<h2 id="biography">Biography</h2>
Tainter was born in <a href="/facts/Watertown%2c_Massachusetts/RgNIKR5s">Watertown, Massachusetts</a>, where he attended <a href="/facts/Public_school_(government_funded)/l0PkjUuJ">public school</a>. His education was modest, acquiring his knowledge mostly through self-education. In 1873, he took a job with the <a href="/facts/Alvan_Clark_%2526_Sons/EHdcMTcb">Alvan Clark and Sons Company</a> producing telescopes in <a href="/facts/Cambridge%2c_Massachusetts/k9UMIJ7U">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, which then came under contract with the <a href="/facts/U.S._Navy/xYK0fUou">U.S. Navy</a> to conduct observations of the <a href="/facts/Transit_of_Venus/Ygk5w0WC">transit of Venus</a> on December 8, 1874, resulting in Tainter being sent with one of its observation expeditions to <a href="/facts/New_Zealand/4mpSlJdg">New Zealand</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> In 1878 he opened his own shop for the production of scientific instruments in <a href="/facts/Cambridgeport%2c_Massachusetts/W2DaNRjB">Cambridgeport, Massachusetts</a>, where he made the acquaintance of <a href="/facts/Alexander_Graham_Bell/oQer2abq">Alexander Graham Bell</a>. A year later Bell called Tainter to what would become his <a href="/facts/Volta_Laboratory_and_Bureau/42Wqk85x">Volta Laboratory</a> in <a href="/facts/Washington%2c_D.C./enXPK156">Washington, D.C.</a>, where he would work for the next several years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> He worked there alongside one of the first two woman medical doctors to graduate from Georgetown University, <a href="/facts/Jeannette_Judson_Sumner/RnLcMpE9">Nettie J. Sumner</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>
During this time, Tainter worked with the Bells on several inventions, amongst them the <a href="/facts/Photophone/NtgI8p7r">photophone</a> and <a href="/facts/Phonograph/VcNQRYVT">phonograph</a>, which they developed into the <a href="/facts/Graphophone/pQaVJsRm">Graphophone</a>, a substantial improvement of Edison's earlier device, for which Tainter received several patents along with the Bells.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> Edison subsequently sued the <a href="/facts/Volta_Laboratory_and_Bureau/42Wqk85x">Volta Graphophone Company</a> (of which Tainter was part owner) for <a href="/facts/Patent/LjT2bG3A">patent</a> infringement, but the case was settled by a compromise between the two.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>

In 1886, he married Lila R. Munro,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> and over the next years worked in Washington, perfecting his graphophone and founding a company trying to market the Graphophone as a dictation machine: the first <a href="/facts/Dictaphone/PesEDWet">Dictaphone</a>. In 1887 Tainter invented the <a href="/facts/Helix/BqC4AKwL">helically</a> wound paper tube as an improved graphophone cylinder. This design was light and strong, and came to be widely used in applications far removed from its original intent, such as mailing tubes and product containers.
In 1888 he was stricken with severe <a href="/facts/Pneumonia/Jw0KquTA">pneumonia</a>, which would incapacitate him intermittently for the rest of his life,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> leading him and his wife to move to <a href="/facts/San_Diego/YFUP7gB9">San Diego</a>, California in 1903. After the death of his first wife in 1924, he married Laura F. Onderdonk in 1928.
Tainter received several distinguished awards for his graphophone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a>

<h2 id="unpublished-work">Unpublished work</h2>
In 1947 Tainter's widow, Laura Fontaine Onderdonk,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> donated a number of Sumner Tainter's unpublished writings, including the surviving Home Notebooks, to the <a href="/facts/Smithsonian_Institution/pqC74ta9">Smithsonian Institution</a>'s <a href="/facts/National_Museum_of_American_History/cBQI5aWu">National Museum of American History</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> The Home Notebooks contain daily agendas describing in detail the project work Tainter conducted at the Volta Laboratory during the 1880s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> In 1950 Laura Tainter donated other historical items, including Sumner Tainter's manuscripts of "Memoirs of Charles Sumner Tainter", the first 71 pages of which detailed his experiences up to 1887, plus further writings on his work at the Graphophone factory in Bridgeport, Connecticut.

<h2 id="awards-and-honors">Awards and honors</h2>
<ul><li>The Electrical Exhibition in Paris awarded Tainter a gold medal for his co-invention of the <a href="/facts/Photophone/NtgI8p7r">photophone</a> the previous year (1881);<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a></li>
<li>the French Government appointed him an "Officier de L Instruction Publique" for his work in the invention of the Graphaphone (1889);<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a></li>
<li>the San Francisco Exposition awarded him a gold medal for his Graphophone work (1915);<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a></li>
<li>the Panama Pacific Exposition also awarded him a gold medal for his work on the Graphophone (1915);<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a></li>
<li>the <a href="/facts/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science/zfWYugCg">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a> made Tainter an Emeritus Life Member of their institute (Pittsburgh, December 1934).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="patents">Patents</h2>
Patent images viewable in <a href="/facts/TIFF/TjBJcLeT">TIFF</a> format

<ul><li><a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US235496">U.S. patent 235,496</a> Photophone Transmitter, filed September 1880, issued December 1880 (with Alexander Bell)</li>
<li><a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US235497">U.S. patent 235,497</a> Selenium Cell, filed September 1880, issued December 1880 (with Alexander Bell)</li>
<li><a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US235616">U.S. patent 235,616</a> Process of Treating Selenium To Increase Its Electric Conductivity, filed August 1880, issued December 1880 (with Alexander Bell)</li>
<li><a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US241909">U.S. patent 241,909</a> Photophonic Receiver, filed March 1881, issued May 1881 (with Alexander Bell)</li>
<li><a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US336173">U.S. patent 336,173</a> Telephone Transmitter (using a "jet of conductive fluid"), filed April 1885, issued February 1886</li>
<li><a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US341212">U.S. patent 341,212</a> Reproducing Sounds from Phonograph Records (without using a stylus), filed November 1885, issued May 1886 (with Alexander and Chichester Bell)</li>
<li><a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US341213">U.S. patent 341,213</a> Transmitting And Recording Sounds By Radiant Energy, filed November 1885, issued May 1886 (with Alexander and Chichester Bell)</li>
<li><a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US341214">U.S. patent 341,214</a> Recording and Reproducing Speech and Other Sounds (improvements include compliant cutting head, wax surface, and <a href="/facts/Constant_linear_velocity/UJdUk4rv">constant linear velocity</a> disk), filed June 1885, issued May 1886 (with Chichester Bell)</li>
<li><a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US341288">U.S. patent 341,288</a> Apparatus for Recording and Reproducing Sounds (wax coated cylinder, pause and reverse mechanism), filed December 1885, issued May 1886</li>
<li><a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US374133">U.S. patent 374,133</a> Paper Cylinder for Graphophonic Records (<a href="/facts/Helix/BqC4AKwL">helically</a> wound), filed April 1887, issued November 1887</li>
<li><a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US375579">U.S. patent 375,579</a> Apparatus for Recording and Reproducing Speech and Other Sounds (with <a href="/facts/Treadle/l0dx3yTr">treadle</a> drive designed for <a href="/facts/Dictation_(exercise)/IEDTLrHE">dictation</a>), filed July 1887, issued December 1887</li>
<li><a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US380535">U.S. patent 380,535</a> Graphophone (with duplicate transcription), filed December 1887, issued April 1888</li>
<li><a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US421450">U.S. patent 421,450</a> Graphophone Tablet (hard "ozocerite" (<a href="/facts/Carnauba_wax/I4vlabR6">carnauba wax</a>) cylinder coating), filed November 1887, issued February 1890</li>
<li><a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US428646">U.S. patent 428,646</a> Machine for the Manufacture of Wax-coated Tablets for Graphophones (helically wound paper tubes), filed June 1889, issued May 1890</li></ul>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Alvan_Clark_%2526_Sons/EHdcMTcb">Alvan Clark & Sons</a>, instrument makers</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Phonograph/VcNQRYVT">Phonograph</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Photophone/NtgI8p7r">Photophone</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Volta_Laboratory_and_Bureau/42Wqk85x">Volta Laboratory and Bureau</a>, Alexander Graham Bell's research laboratory in Washington, D.C.</li></ul>

<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<ul><li>Frow, George L. & Sefl, Albert F. "The Edison Cylinder Phonographs 1877 – 1929", Kent, Great Britain: Flo-Print, 1978.</li>
<li>Juttlemann, Herbert. "Phonographen und Grammaphone", Braunschweig, Germany: Klinkhardt and Biermann, 1979.</li>
<li>Marty, Daniel. "The Illustrated History of Phonographs", translation by Douglas Tubbs, VILO Inc., New York,1981.</li>
<li>Proudfoot, Christopher. "Collecting Phonographs and Gramaphones", Christie's International Collectors Series, Mayflower Books, New York, 1980.</li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/National_Phonograph_Company/68IL2y36">National Phonograph Company</a>. "The Phonograph and How to Use It", Allen Koenigsberg, New York,1971 (c. 1900).</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040810065125/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/graphophone.html">Charles Tainter and the Graphophone</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.dcmemorials.com/index_indiv0001693.htm">Plaque</a> in Washington D.C. marking the successful Bell/Tainter photophone experiment</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Schoenherr, Steven. Recording Technology History: Charles Sumner Tainter and the Graphophone Archived December 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, originally published at the History Department of, University of San Diego, revised July 6, 2005. Retrieved from University of San Diego History Department website December 19, 2009. Document transferred to a personal website upon Professor Schoenherr's retirement. Retrieved again from homepage.mac.com/oldtownman website July 21, 2010. <a href="http://homepage.mac.com/oldtownman/recording/graphophone.html" target="_blank">http://homepage.mac.com/oldtownman/recording/graphophone.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Welch, Walter Leslie & Brodbeck Stenzel Burt, Leah, & Read, Oliver. From Tinfoil To Stereo: The Acoustic Years Of The Recording Industry, 1877–1929, University Press of Florida, 1994, ISBN 0-8130-1317-8, ISBN 978-0-8130-1317-6. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Rz0Z7AT8TwC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=1Rz0Z7AT8TwC</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Harding, Robert S. Charles Sumner Tainter Papers: 1878–1908 & 1919 Archived 2010-03-11 at the Wayback Machine, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1984. Retrieved from National Museum of American History Archives Center website, December 19, 2009. <a href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8124.htm" target="_blank">http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8124.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Harding, Robert S. Charles Sumner Tainter Papers: 1878–1908 & 1919 Archived 2010-03-11 at the Wayback Machine, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1984. Retrieved from National Museum of American History Archives Center website, December 19, 2009. <a href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8124.htm" target="_blank">http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8124.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Schoenherr, Steven. Recording Technology History: Charles Sumner Tainter and the Graphophone Archived December 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, originally published at the History Department of, University of San Diego, revised July 6, 2005. Retrieved from University of San Diego History Department website December 19, 2009. Document transferred to a personal website upon Professor Schoenherr's retirement. Retrieved again from homepage.mac.com/oldtownman website July 21, 2010. <a href="http://homepage.mac.com/oldtownman/recording/graphophone.html" target="_blank">http://homepage.mac.com/oldtownman/recording/graphophone.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Harding, Robert S. Charles Sumner Tainter Papers: 1878–1908 & 1919 Archived 2010-03-11 at the Wayback Machine, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1984. Retrieved from National Museum of American History Archives Center website, December 19, 2009. <a href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8124.htm" target="_blank">http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8124.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Bell, Alexander Graham (papers) (1969). The National Union Catalog of manuscript collections 1968: Index 1967-1968. Washington, DC: The Library of Congress. p. 226. <a href="http://archive.org/details/trent_0116401849611_1968" target="_blank">http://archive.org/details/trent_0116401849611_1968</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Schoenherr, Steven. Recording Technology History: Charles Sumner Tainter and the Graphophone Archived December 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, originally published at the History Department of, University of San Diego, revised July 6, 2005. Retrieved from University of San Diego History Department website December 19, 2009. Document transferred to a personal website upon Professor Schoenherr's retirement. Retrieved again from homepage.mac.com/oldtownman website July 21, 2010. <a href="http://homepage.mac.com/oldtownman/recording/graphophone.html" target="_blank">http://homepage.mac.com/oldtownman/recording/graphophone.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Harding, Robert S. Charles Sumner Tainter Papers: 1878–1908 & 1919 Archived 2010-03-11 at the Wayback Machine, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1984. Retrieved from National Museum of American History Archives Center website, December 19, 2009. <a href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8124.htm" target="_blank">http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8124.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Harding, Robert S. Charles Sumner Tainter Papers: 1878–1908 & 1919 Archived 2010-03-11 at the Wayback Machine, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1984. Retrieved from National Museum of American History Archives Center website, December 19, 2009. <a href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8124.htm" target="_blank">http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8124.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Harding, Robert S. Charles Sumner Tainter Papers: 1878–1908 & 1919 Archived 2010-03-11 at the Wayback Machine, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1984. Retrieved from National Museum of American History Archives Center website, December 19, 2009. <a href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8124.htm" target="_blank">http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8124.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Harding, Robert S. Charles Sumner Tainter Papers: 1878–1908 & 1919 Archived 2010-03-11 at the Wayback Machine, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1984. Retrieved from National Museum of American History Archives Center website, December 19, 2009. <a href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8124.htm" target="_blank">http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8124.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">"Sound Experiments at the Volta Laboratory - Hear My Voice | Albert H. Small Documents Gallery | Smithsonian's National Museum of American History". <a href="https://americanhistory.si.edu/documentsgallery/exhibitions/hear-my-voice/6.html" target="_blank">https://americanhistory.si.edu/documentsgallery/exhibitions/hear-my-voice/6.html</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Schoenherr, Steven. Recording Technology History: Charles Sumner Tainter and the Graphophone Archived December 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, originally published at the History Department of, University of San Diego, revised July 6, 2005. Retrieved from University of San Diego History Department website December 19, 2009. Document transferred to a personal website upon Professor Schoenherr's retirement. Retrieved again from homepage.mac.com/oldtownman website July 21, 2010. <a href="http://homepage.mac.com/oldtownman/recording/graphophone.html" target="_blank">http://homepage.mac.com/oldtownman/recording/graphophone.html</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Harding, Robert S. Charles Sumner Tainter Papers: 1878–1908 & 1919 Archived 2010-03-11 at the Wayback Machine, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1984. Retrieved from National Museum of American History Archives Center website, December 19, 2009. <a href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8124.htm" target="_blank">http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8124.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Smithsonian Institution: Guide to the Charles Sumner Tainter Papers. Collection ID: NMAH.AC.0124. Repository: Archives Center, National Museum of American History. <a href="https://sova.si.edu/record/NMAH.AC.0124" target="_blank">https://sova.si.edu/record/NMAH.AC.0124</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Harding, Robert S. Charles Sumner Tainter Papers: 1878–1908 & 1919 Archived 2010-03-11 at the Wayback Machine, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1984. Retrieved from National Museum of American History Archives Center website, December 19, 2009. <a href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8124.htm" target="_blank">http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8124.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">National Museum of American History. HistoryWired: A few of our favorite things: Alexander Graham Bell and the Graphophone, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Retrieved from the Smithsonian's HistoryWired.si.edu website, 17 December 2009. <a href="http://historywired.si.edu/detail.cfm?ID=187" target="_blank">http://historywired.si.edu/detail.cfm?ID=187</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Harding, Robert S. Charles Sumner Tainter Papers: 1878–1908 & 1919 Archived 2010-03-11 at the Wayback Machine, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1984. Retrieved from National Museum of American History Archives Center website, December 19, 2009. <a href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8124.htm" target="_blank">http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8124.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Harding, Robert S. Charles Sumner Tainter Papers: 1878–1908 & 1919 Archived 2010-03-11 at the Wayback Machine, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1984. Retrieved from National Museum of American History Archives Center website, December 19, 2009. <a href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8124.htm" target="_blank">http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8124.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Harding, Robert S. Charles Sumner Tainter Papers: 1878–1908 & 1919 Archived 2010-03-11 at the Wayback Machine, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1984. Retrieved from National Museum of American History Archives Center website, December 19, 2009. <a href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8124.htm" target="_blank">http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8124.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Harding, Robert S. Charles Sumner Tainter Papers: 1878–1908 & 1919 Archived 2010-03-11 at the Wayback Machine, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1984. Retrieved from National Museum of American History Archives Center website, December 19, 2009. <a href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8124.htm" target="_blank">http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8124.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Harding, Robert S. Charles Sumner Tainter Papers: 1878–1908 & 1919 Archived 2010-03-11 at the Wayback Machine, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1984. Retrieved from National Museum of American History Archives Center website, December 19, 2009. <a href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8124.htm" target="_blank">http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8124.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Charles Sumner Tainter open-in-new

Charles Sumner Tainter