Responsive web design

<h2 id="challenges-and-other-approaches">Challenges, and other approaches</h2>
Luke Wroblewski has summarized some of the RWD and mobile design challenges and created a catalog of multi-device layout patterns.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> He suggested that, compared with a simple HWD approach, device experience or RESS (responsive web design with server-side components) approaches can provide a user experience that is better optimized for mobile devices.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> Server-side CSS generator implementation of stylesheet languages like <a href="/facts/Sass_(stylesheet_language)/qsc3Bw3W">Sass</a> can be part of such an approach. Google has recommended responsive design for smartphone websites over other approaches.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a>
Although many publishers have implemented responsive designs, one challenge for RWD adoption was that some <a href="/facts/Web_banner/lmCm7yIW">banner advertisements</a> and videos were not fluid.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> However, <a href="/facts/Search_advertising/sF8hgGlA">search advertising</a> and (banner) <a href="/facts/Display_advertising/1wscYn31">display advertising</a> came to support specific device platform targeting and different advertisement size formats for desktop, smartphone, and basic mobile devices. Different <a href="/facts/Landing_page/GUFfJdsx">landing page</a> <a href="/facts/URL/pPD5g7Wq">URLs</a> have been used for different platforms,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> or <a href="/facts/Ajax_(programming)/cS0P0whT">Ajax</a> has been used to display different advertisement variants on a page.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> CSS tables permitted hybrid fixed and fluid layouts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a>
There have been many ways of validating and testing RWD designs,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> ranging from mobile site validators and mobile emulators to simultaneous testing tools like <a href="/facts/Adobe_Edge_Inspect/tQ4JSH1d">Adobe Edge Inspect</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> The Chrome, Firefox and Safari browsers and developer tools have offered responsive design viewport resizing tools, as do third parties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
Further information: <a href="/facts/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web/6MDw5vuo">History of the World Wide Web</a> and <a href="/facts/Web_2.0/mn8W4Xnu">Web 2.0</a>
The W3C specification of HTML+ stated that websites have to be rendered according to the user preferences.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> The customization of web page layout was lacking however. Many web developers resorted to ordinary HTML tables as a way to customize the layout and bring some basic responsiveness to their websites at the same time.
First major site to feature a layout that adapts in a non-trivial manner to browser viewport width was <a href="/facts/Audi/AEyDIbTo">Audi</a>.com launched in late 2001,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> created by a team at <a href="/facts/Razorfish_(company)/025AaSCo">razorfish</a> consisting of Jürgen Spangl and Jim Kalbach (information architecture), Ken Olling (design), and Jan Hoffmann (interface development). Limited browser capabilities meant that for Internet Explorer, the layout could adapt dynamically in the browser whereas, for Netscape, the page had to be reloaded from the server when resized.
Cameron Adams created a demonstration in 2004.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> By 2008, a number of related terms such as "flexible", "liquid",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> "fluid", and "elastic" were being used to describe layouts. CSS3 media queries were almost ready for prime time in late 2008/early 2009.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> Ethan Marcotte coined the term responsive web design<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a>—and defined it to mean fluid grid / flexible images / media queries—in a May 2010 article in <a href="/facts/A_List_Apart/mNkTub9a">A List Apart</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> He described the theory and practice of responsive web design in his brief 2011 book titled Responsive Web Design. Responsive design was listed as #2 in Top Web Design Trends for 2012 by <a href="/facts/.net_(magazine)/9fVGYA9V">.net magazine</a> after <a href="/facts/Progressive_enhancement/d54qcFcj">progressive enhancement</a> at #1.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a>
<a href="/facts/Mashable/WIVRhoS4">Mashable</a> called 2013 the Year of Responsive Web Design.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a>

<h2 id="related-concepts">Related concepts</h2>
See also: <a href="/facts/Unobtrusive_JavaScript/lq17jwcC">Unobtrusive JavaScript</a> and <a href="/facts/Progressive_enhancement/d54qcFcj">Progressive enhancement</a>
Mobile-first design and <a href="/facts/Progressive_enhancement/d54qcFcj">progressive enhancement</a> are related concepts that predate RWD.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> Browsers of basic mobile phones do not understand JavaScript or <a href="/facts/Media_queries/10dY5vDK">media queries</a>, so a recommended practice was to create a basic web site and enhance it for <a href="/facts/Smartphone/cSIrBMWG">smartphones</a> and <a href="/facts/Personal_computer/koaYfNce">personal computers</a>, rather than rely on <a href="/facts/Graceful_degradation/rasrYlJk">graceful degradation</a> to make a complex, image-heavy site work on mobile phones.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul>
<li>Internet portal</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Adaptive_web_design/jtSSRHFS">Adaptive web design</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Bootstrap_(front-end_framework)/3m5HALpd">Bootstrap (front-end framework)</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/CSS_framework/2tEnktQc">CSS framework</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Em_(typography)/P9e4Yd83">Em (typography) § CSS</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Foundation_(framework)/5abl0cXg">Foundation (framework)</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Tableless_web_design/oIhglWRN">Tableless web design</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/T_Layout/kAjnU87S">T Layout</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Marcotte, Ethan (May 25, 2010). "Responsive Web design". A List Apart. <a href="http://www.alistapart.com/articles/responsive-web-design/" target="_blank">http://www.alistapart.com/articles/responsive-web-design/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Schade, Amy (May 4, 2014). "Responsive Web Design (RWD) and User Experience". Nielsen Norman Group. Retrieved October 19, 2017. <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/articles/responsive-web-design-definition/" target="_blank">https://www.nngroup.com/articles/responsive-web-design-definition/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Marcotte, Ethan (May 25, 2010). "Responsive Web design". A List Apart. <a href="http://www.alistapart.com/articles/responsive-web-design/" target="_blank">http://www.alistapart.com/articles/responsive-web-design/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"Core concepts of Responsive Web design". September 8, 2014. <a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/hh653584.aspx" target="_blank">http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/hh653584.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Marcotte, Ethan (March 3, 2009). "Fluid Grids". A List Apart. <a href="http://www.alistapart.com/articles/fluidgrids/" target="_blank">http://www.alistapart.com/articles/fluidgrids/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Marcotte, Ethan (June 7, 2011). "Fluid images". A List Apart. <a href="http://www.alistapart.com/articles/fluid-images/" target="_blank">http://www.alistapart.com/articles/fluid-images/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Hannemann, Anselm (September 7, 2012). "The road to responsive images". net Magazine. <a href="http://www.creativebloq.com/html5/road-responsive-images-9126108" target="_blank">http://www.creativebloq.com/html5/road-responsive-images-9126108</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Gillenwater, Zoe Mickley (December 15, 2010). Examples of flexible layouts with CSS3 media queries. Stunning CSS3. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-321-722133. <a href="978-0-321-722133" target="_blank">978-0-321-722133</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Gillenwater, Zoe Mickley (October 21, 2011). "Crafting quality media queries". <a href="http://zomigi.com/blog/essential-considerations-for-crafting-quality-media-queries/" target="_blank">http://zomigi.com/blog/essential-considerations-for-crafting-quality-media-queries/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:11">"@media rule". w3.org. W3C. <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/media.html#at-media-rule" target="_blank">https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/media.html#at-media-rule</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Marcotte, Ethan (March 3, 2009). "Fluid Grids". A List Apart. <a href="http://www.alistapart.com/articles/fluidgrids/" target="_blank">http://www.alistapart.com/articles/fluidgrids/</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Marcotte, Ethan (June 7, 2011). "Fluid images". A List Apart. <a href="http://www.alistapart.com/articles/fluid-images/" target="_blank">http://www.alistapart.com/articles/fluid-images/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">"Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update 2014–2019 White Paper". Cisco. January 30, 2015. Retrieved August 4, 2015. <a href="http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-networking-index-vni/white_paper_c11-520862.html" target="_blank">http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-networking-index-vni/white_paper_c11-520862.html</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:16">"Official Google Webmaster Central Blog: Rolling out the mobile-friendly update". Official Google Webmaster Central Blog. Retrieved August 4, 2015. <a href="http://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.com/2015/04/rolling-out-mobile-friendly-update.html" target="_blank">http://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.com/2015/04/rolling-out-mobile-friendly-update.html</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Thevenin, D.; Coutaz, J. (2002). "Plasticity of User Interfaces: Framework and Research Agenda". Proc. Interact'99, A. Sasse & C. Johnson Eds, IFIP IOS Press. Edinburgh. pp. 110–117. <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Wroblewski, Luke (May 17, 2011). "Mobilism: jQuery Mobile". <a href="http://www.lukew.com/ff/entry.asp?1330" target="_blank">http://www.lukew.com/ff/entry.asp?1330</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Wroblewski, Luke (February 6, 2012). "Rolling Up Our Responsive Sleeves". <a href="http://www.lukew.com/ff/entry.asp?1494" target="_blank">http://www.lukew.com/ff/entry.asp?1494</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Wroblewski, Luke (March 14, 2012). "Multi-Device Layout Patterns". <a href="http://www.lukew.com/ff/entry.asp?1514" target="_blank">http://www.lukew.com/ff/entry.asp?1514</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Wroblewski, Luke (February 29, 2012). "Responsive Design ... or RESS". <a href="http://www.lukew.com/ff/entry.asp?1509" target="_blank">http://www.lukew.com/ff/entry.asp?1509</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Wroblewski, Luke (September 12, 2011). "RESS: Responsive Design + Server Side Components". <a href="http://www.lukew.com/ff/entry.asp?1392" target="_blank">http://www.lukew.com/ff/entry.asp?1392</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:27">"Server-Side Device Detection: History, Benefits And How-To". Smashing magazine. September 24, 2012. <a href="https://mobile.smashingmagazine.com/2012/09/24/server-side-device-detection-history-benefits-how-to/" target="_blank">https://mobile.smashingmagazine.com/2012/09/24/server-side-device-detection-history-benefits-how-to/</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Wroblewski, Luke (February 6, 2012). "Rolling Up Our Responsive Sleeves". <a href="http://www.lukew.com/ff/entry.asp?1494" target="_blank">http://www.lukew.com/ff/entry.asp?1494</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">JavaScript and Responsive Web Design Google Developers <a href="https://developers.google.com/webmasters/smartphone-sites/javascript" target="_blank">https://developers.google.com/webmasters/smartphone-sites/javascript</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">"The Role of Table Layouts in Responsive Web Design". Web Design Tuts+. January 23, 2013. Retrieved May 21, 2015. <a href="http://webdesign.tutsplus.com/tutorials/the-role-of-table-layouts-in-responsive-web-design--webdesign-10294" target="_blank">http://webdesign.tutsplus.com/tutorials/the-role-of-table-layouts-in-responsive-web-design--webdesign-10294</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:32">Rinaldi, Brian (September 26, 2012). "Browser testing... with Adobe Edge Inspect". <a href="http://www.adobe.com/devnet/edge-inspect/articles/browser-testing-across-devices-with-adobe-edge-inspect.html" target="_blank">http://www.adobe.com/devnet/edge-inspect/articles/browser-testing-across-devices-with-adobe-edge-inspect.html</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">"Responsive Design View". Mozilla Developer Network. Retrieved May 21, 2015. <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Tools/Responsive_Design_View" target="_blank">https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Tools/Responsive_Design_View</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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</ol>

Responsive web design open-in-new

Responsive web design