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Levenhookia
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<h2 id="evolution-and-taxonomy">Evolution and taxonomy</h2> <p>The genus is known to be closely related to the genus <i><a href="/facts/Stylidium/aWb8sTXy">Stylidium</a></i>. Specifically, the <a href="/facts/Subgenus/csbIQaGC">subgenus</a> <i><a href="/facts/Stylidium_subg._Centridium/2jIDLMgY">Centridium</a></i> is the subgeneric taxonomy in the genus <i>Stylidium</i> that appears to be most closely related to <i>Levenhookia</i> and most suggests an ancestral relationship.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Sherwin_Carlquist/nVvA1adr">Sherwin Carlquist</a> notes that <i>Levenhookia</i> is most likely a derivative of <i>Stylidium</i> and has relied on outcropping as its mode of evolution. The species in this genus represent a series from <i><a href="/facts/Levenhookia_preissii/5HLblNMC">L. preissii</a></i>, which requires cross pollination for reproduction, to <i>L. dubia</i>, which relies on facultative self-pollination.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> In an earlier publication, <a href="/facts/Rica_Erickson/Sr2Hpd84">Rica Erickson</a> described this series in reverse, suggesting that path as the evolutionary sequence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Several species of <i>Stylidium</i> have also been noted to mimic flower morphology of certain <i>Levenhookia</i> species to utilize similar available pollinators. Specifically, <i>S. xanthopis</i> mimics <i><a href="/facts/Levenhookia_leptantha/8cIb5z5K">L. leptantha</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Stylidium_ecorne/FrKsbCG8">S. ecorne</a></i> mimics <i><a href="/facts/Levenhookia_pauciflora/k64EdHqh">L. pauciflora</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>Three <a href="/facts/Rank_(botany)/bPFQpe9A">sections</a> have been established and described by <a href="/facts/Johannes_Mildbraed/9CtF0FEJ">Johannes Mildbraed</a> in 1908 to separate the subgeneric taxonomy in this genus. Section <i><a href="/facts/Levenhookia_sect._Coleostylis/r329EzH3">Coleostylis</a></i> consists of <i>L. chippendalei</i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> <i>L. preissii</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Levenhookia_stipitata/ElbnAYvn">L. stipitata</a></i>, and possibly <i><a href="/facts/Levenhookia_octomaculata/BCcrLP0A">L. octomaculata</a></i>, which Erickson described in 1956, noting its affinities with <i>L. stipitata</i> but without placing it in a section.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Section <i><a href="/facts/Levenhookia_sect._Estipitatae/n5vedYp4">Estipitatae</a></i> consists of <i>L. dubia</i>, <i>L. leptantha</i>, and <i>L. sonderi</i>, which was considered by Mildbraed to be a <a href="/facts/Variety_(botany)/r3qRdjVt">variety</a> of <i>L. dubia</i>. Section <i><a href="/facts/Levenhookia_sect._Levenhookia/wu3tdGHw">Levenhookia</a></i> consists of <i>L. pusilla</i> and <i>L. pauciflora</i>, though it could also contain <i><a href="/facts/Levenhookia_pulcherrima/xceohW3y">L. pulcherrima</a></i>, which Carlquist described in 1969 and noted its close association to the other two species in section <i>Levenhookia</i> but neglected to place it within a section.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Section <i>Levenhookia</i> was originally described by Mildbraed as section <i>Eulevenhookia</i>, which was later changed to the current section title <i>Levenhookia</i> as an <a href="/facts/Autonym_(botany)/QuydfKJy">autonym</a> since it is the <a href="/facts/Biological_type/mTM1beKX">type</a> section.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Erickson, R. and Willis, J.H. (1966). Some additions to Australian Stylidiaceae. Victorian Naturalist, 83: 107-112. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Carlquist, S. (1969). Studies in Stylidiaceae: New taxa, field observations, evolutionary tendencies. Aliso, 7(1): 13-64. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Carlquist, S. (1969). Studies in Stylidiaceae: New taxa, field observations, evolutionary tendencies. Aliso, 7(1): 13-64. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Darnowski, D.W., Carroll, D.M., Płachno, B., Kabanoff, E., and Cinnamon, E. (2006). Evidence of protocarnivory in triggerplants (Stylidium spp.; Stylidiaceae). Plant Biology, 8(6): 805-812. <a href="http://www.thieme-connect.com/ejournals/abstract/plantbiology/doi/10.1055/s-2006-924472" target="_blank">http://www.thieme-connect.com/ejournals/abstract/plantbiology/doi/10.1055/s-2006-924472</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Carlquist, S. (1969). Studies in Stylidiaceae: New taxa, field observations, evolutionary tendencies. Aliso, 7(1): 13-64. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Carlquist, S. (1969). Studies in Stylidiaceae: New taxa, field observations, evolutionary tendencies. Aliso, 7(1): 13-64. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Erickson, R. (1958). Triggerplants. Paterson Brokensha Pty., Ltd., Perth, Australia. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Carlquist, S. (1969). Studies in Stylidiaceae: New taxa, field observations, evolutionary tendencies. Aliso, 7(1): 13-64. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Erickson, R. and Willis, J.H. (1966). Some additions to Australian Stylidiaceae. Victorian Naturalist, 83: 107-112. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Erickson, R. and Willis, J.H. (1956). Critical notes on Australian Stylidiaceae, with descriptions of three new species and two new varieties. The Victorian Naturalist, 72: 130-136. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Carlquist, S. (1969). Studies in Stylidiaceae: New taxa, field observations, evolutionary tendencies. Aliso, 7(1): 13-64. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Mildbraed, J. (1908). Stylidiaceae. In: Engler, A. Das Pflanzenreich: Regni vegetabilis conspectus. IV. 278. Leipzig. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>The International Plant Names Index (2004). Levenhookia sect. Eulevenhookia Mildbr. Accessed 11 August 2007. <a href="http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=76735-3&back_page=%2Fipni%2FeditAdvPlantNameSearch.do%3Ffind_infragenus%3D%26find_isAPNIRecord%3Dtrue%26find_geoUnit%3D%26find_includePublicationAuthors%3Dtrue%26find_addedSince%3D%26find_family%3D%26find_genus%3DLevenhookia%26find_sortByFamily%3Dtrue%26find_isGCIRecord%3Dtrue%26find_infrafamily%3D%26find_rankToReturn%3Dall%26find_publicationTitle%3D%26find_authorAbbrev%3D%26find_infraspecies%3D%26find_includeBasionymAuthors%3Dtrue%26find_modifiedSince%3D%26find_isIKRecord%3Dtrue%26find_species%3D%26output_format%3Dnormal&show_history=true" target="_blank">http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=76735-3&back_page=%2Fipni%2FeditAdvPlantNameSearch.do%3Ffind_infragenus%3D%26find_isAPNIRecord%3Dtrue%26find_geoUnit%3D%26find_includePublicationAuthors%3Dtrue%26find_addedSince%3D%26find_family%3D%26find_genus%3DLevenhookia%26find_sortByFamily%3Dtrue%26find_isGCIRecord%3Dtrue%26find_infrafamily%3D%26find_rankToReturn%3Dall%26find_publicationTitle%3D%26find_authorAbbrev%3D%26find_infraspecies%3D%26find_includeBasionymAuthors%3Dtrue%26find_modifiedSince%3D%26find_isIKRecord%3Dtrue%26find_species%3D%26output_format%3Dnormal&show_history=true</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>