Manicule

<h2 id="terminology">Terminology</h2>

For most of its history, the mark has been inconsistently referred to by a variety of names. William H. Sherman, in the first dedicated study of the mark,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> uses the term manicule (from the Latin root manicula, meaning "little hand"), but also identifies 14<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a> further names which have been used:

<ul><li>hand</li>
<li>pointing hand</li>
<li>hand director</li>
<li>pointer</li>
<li>digit</li>
<li>fist</li>
<li>mutton fist</li>
<li>bishop's fist</li>
<li>index</li>
<li>indicationum</li>
<li>indicator</li>
<li>indicule</li>
<li>maniple</li>
<li>pilcrow</li></ul>

The last three Sherman labels erroneous, with indicule and maniple being mishearings or conflations, and <a href="/facts/Pilcrow/r7Rvn9r7">pilcrow</a> properly referring to the paragraph mark, ¶.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a>

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
<h3>Handwritten manicules</h3>

The symbol originates in scribal tradition of the medieval and Renaissance period, appearing in the margin of manuscripts to mark corrections or notes. The earliest book known to include manicules is the 1086 <a href="/facts/Domesday_Book/zTlp51pg">Domesday Book</a>, where they are used for marginal annotations alongside other marks such as <a href="/facts/Dagger_(mark)/lDNNgbgr">daggers</a>. The age of the annotations is not known, and they may date to later than the 11th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a>
Manicules are first known to appear in the 12th century in handwritten <a href="/facts/Manuscript/A6XNmrTd">manuscripts</a> in Spain,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> and became common in the 14th and 15th centuries in Italy with some very elaborate with shading and artful cuffs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> Some were playful and elaborate, but others were as simple as "two squiggly strokes suggesting the barest sketch of a pointing hand" and thus quick to draw.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> 
After the popularization of the <a href="/facts/Printing_press/7I3laFE0">printing press</a> starting in the 1450s, the handwritten version continued in handwritten form as a means to <a href="/facts/Annotate/dGfVSUKc">annotate</a> printed documents, eventually falling out of popularity by the nineteenth century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>

<h3>In print</h3>

Early printers using a type representing the manicule included 
Mathias Huss and Johannes Schabeler in Lyons in their 1484 edition of Paulus Florentinus's Breviarum totius juris canonici.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> Writer John Boardley identifies the first appearance of a manicule in a printed book as an earlier 1479 edition of the same work, Breviarum totius juris canonici, printed in Milan by Leonhard Pachel and Ulrich Scinzenzeller.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>
In contrast with their handwritten use, early printed manicules appeared in the main text, pointing outward toward corresponding printed margin notes. Later, beginning in the sixteenth century,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> the manicule came to be used as a decorative element on the title pages of books, alongside other so-called "<a href="/facts/Dingbat/3cP2LIPh">dingbats</a>" such as the <a href="/facts/Fleuron_(typography)/38Cur5ER">fleuron</a> (❦).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>
The manicule attained a great degree of popularity in the nineteenth century, particularly in advertisements. At this time, they also became more visually diverse, with larger and more complex fists being created.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> They were also widely used in signage, with some <a href="/facts/Fingerpost/FTRc3n6u">fingerposts</a> having relief-printed or even fully three-dimensional physical manifestations of pointing hands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> The <a href="/facts/United_States_Postal_Service/1Je8qAHF">United States Postal Service</a> has also used a pointing hand as a graphical indicator for its "<a href="/facts/Return_address/7fIbnEnJ">Return to Sender</a>" stamp.
Its popularity declined toward the end of the nineteenth century, perhaps due to its oversaturation in advertising. By the 1890s, it was rarely used unless for ironic effect.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> Sherman (2005) argues that as the symbols became standardized, they were no longer reflective of individuality in comparison to other writing, and this explains their diminished popularity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> 

<h2 id="usage-examples">Usage examples</h2>

The typical use of the pointing hand is as a <a href="/facts/Bullet_(typography)/DyPRSa50">bullet</a>-like symbol to direct the reader's attention to important text, having roughly the same meaning as the word "attention" or "<a href="/facts/Nota_bene/q7trSJUH">note</a>". It is used this way both by annotators and printers. Even in the first few centuries of use, it can be seen used to draw attention to specific text, such as a title (in some cases in the form of a row of manicules), inserted text, noteworthy passage, or <a href="/facts/Sententiae/ljyo1tul">sententiae</a>. In some cases, <a href="/facts/Fleuron_(typography)/38Cur5ER">flower marks</a> and <a href="/facts/Asterisks/qwmtPW5V">asterisks</a> were used for similar purposes. Less commonly, in earlier centuries the pointing hand acted as a <a href="/facts/Section_divider/2ShCM60o">section divider</a> with a <a href="/facts/Pilcrow/r7Rvn9r7">pilcrow</a> as paragraph divider; or more rarely as the paragraph divider itself.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>
Some encyclopedias use it in articles to <a href="/facts/Cross-reference/Fe1Bwq7c">cross-reference</a>, as in ☞ other articles. 
It occasionally sees use in magazines and comic books to indicate to the reader that a story on the right-hand page continues onto the next.
In modern printing, it was used as a standard typographical symbol marking notes. The American Dictionary of Printing and Bookmaking (1894) treats it as the seventh in the standard sequence of footnote markers, following the paragraph sign (<a href="/facts/Pilcrow/r7Rvn9r7">pilcrow</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a>
In linguistics, the symbol is used in <a href="/facts/Optimality_theory/TIJlsvcg">optimality theory</a> tableaux to identify the optimal output in a candidate of generated possibilities from a given input.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>
American science fiction writer <a href="/facts/Kurt_Vonnegut/sPmWap62">Kurt Vonnegut</a> used the symbol as a form of margin on the first line of every paragraph in his novel <a href="/facts/Breakfast_of_Champions/cE1EQYfM">Breakfast of Champions</a>. The literary effect of this was to create separation between each paragraph, reinforcing the <a href="/facts/Stream_of_consciousness_(narrative_mode)/wjWFwBp6">stream of consciousness</a> style of the text.
American essayist and cultural critic <a href="/facts/H.L._Mencken/lqVefBMF">H.L. Mencken</a>, often credited with having first coined the aphorism, "When you point one finger, there are three fingers pointing back to you," is also reported to have used this symbol to convey this sentiment in shorthand, seen first in his telegrams as early as the 1920s. 
<a href="/facts/Thomas_Pynchon/EbJhc8dS">Thomas Pynchon</a> parodies this punctuation mark in his novel <a href="/facts/Gravity%2527s_Rainbow/EG7R3y3b">Gravity's Rainbow</a> by depicting a <a href="/facts/Middle_finger/1Vzzd5hX">middle finger</a>, rather than an index finger, pointing at a line of text.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a>

<h2 id="computer-cursor">Computer cursor</h2>
An upward pointing hand is often used in the <a href="/facts/Cursor_(user_interface)/bGhgwPSq">mouse cursor</a> in <a href="/facts/Graphical_user_interface/wBlQFWDP">graphical user interfaces</a> (such as those in <a href="/facts/Adobe_Acrobat/M2JSVARa">Adobe Acrobat</a> and <a href="/facts/Photoshop/f6bbmNx0">Photoshop</a>) to indicate an object that can be manipulated. 
The first is believed to be the <a href="/facts/Xerox_Star/MT15wQq1">Xerox Star</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> Many web browsers use an upward pointing hand cursor to indicate a clickable <a href="/facts/Hyperlink/LqNsa84e">hyperlink</a>. <a href="/facts/CSS/tA90XBQo">CSS</a> 2.0 allows the "cursor" property to be set to "hand" or "pointer" to intentionally change the mouse cursor to this symbol when hovering over an object; "move" may produce a closed fisted hand. 
Many <a href="/facts/Video_game/vmTdNASJ">video games</a> made in the 1980s and '90s, primarily text-based <a href="/facts/Adventure_game/jXMz5Ds8">adventure games</a>, also used these cursors.

<h2 id="unicode">Unicode</h2>

<a href="/facts/Unicode/DDu3MfPV">Unicode</a> (version 1.0, 1991) introduced six "pointing index" characters in the <a href="/facts/Miscellaneous_Symbols/kyHkYWUE">Miscellaneous Symbols</a> block:

<ul><li>U+261A ☚ BLACK LEFT POINTING INDEX</li>
<li>U+261B ☛ BLACK RIGHT POINTING INDEX</li>
<li>U+261C ☜ WHITE LEFT POINTING INDEX</li>
<li>U+261D ☝ WHITE UP POINTING INDEX</li>
<li>U+261E ☞ WHITE RIGHT POINTING INDEX</li>
<li>U+261F ☟ WHITE DOWN POINTING INDEX</li></ul>
Unicode 6.0 (2010) included four more pointing hands in <a href="/facts/Miscellaneous_Symbols_and_Pictographs/Tk2BJsnn">Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</a>:

<ul><li>U+1F446 👆 WHITE UP POINTING BACKHAND INDEX</li>
<li>U+1F447 👇 WHITE DOWN POINTING BACKHAND INDEX</li>
<li>U+1F448 👈 WHITE LEFT POINTING BACKHAND INDEX</li>
<li>U+1F449 👉 WHITE RIGHT POINTING BACKHAND INDEX</li></ul>
Unicode 7.0 (2014) added several more indices to the Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs block, sourced from the <a href="/facts/Wingdings_2/5g4GIMKs">Wingdings 2</a> font:

<ul><li>U+1F597 🖗 WHITE DOWN POINTING LEFT HAND INDEX</li>
<li>U+1F598 🖘 SIDEWAYS WHITE LEFT POINTING INDEX</li>
<li>U+1F599 🖙 SIDEWAYS WHITE RIGHT POINTING INDEX</li>
<li>U+1F59A 🖚 SIDEWAYS BLACK LEFT POINTING INDEX</li>
<li>U+1F59B 🖛 SIDEWAYS BLACK RIGHT POINTING INDEX</li>
<li>U+1F59C 🖜 BLACK LEFT POINTING BACKHAND INDEX</li>
<li>U+1F59D 🖝 BLACK RIGHT POINTING BACKHAND INDEX</li>
<li>U+1F59E 🖞 SIDEWAYS WHITE UP POINTING INDEX</li>
<li>U+1F59F 🖟 SIDEWAYS WHITE DOWN POINTING INDEX</li>
<li>U+1F5A0 🖠 SIDEWAYS BLACK UP POINTING INDEX</li>
<li>U+1F5A1 🖡 SIDEWAYS BLACK DOWN POINTING INDEX</li>
<li>U+1F5A2 🖢 BLACK UP POINTING BACKHAND INDEX</li>
<li>U+1F5A3 🖣 BLACK DOWN POINTING BACKHAND INDEX</li></ul>
Unicode 13.0 (2020) added a three-part index (🯁🯂🯃) in the <a href="/facts/Symbols_for_Legacy_Computing/Kw0XKdbY">Symbols for Legacy Computing</a> block:

<ul><li>U+1FBC1 🯁 LEFT THIRD WHITE RIGHT POINTING INDEX</li>
<li>U+1FBC2 🯂 MIDDLE THIRD WHITE RIGHT POINTING INDEX</li>
<li>U+1FBC3 🯃 RIGHT THIRD WHITE RIGHT POINTING INDEX</li></ul>
<h3>Emoji</h3>
Five Unicode manicule characters are <a href="/facts/Emoji/Qkp7gwBH">emoji</a>, including one of those in Unicode 1.0 and all four introduced in Unicode 6.0.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> All five have <a href="/facts/Variant_form_(Unicode)/CjXhs89M">standardized variants</a> for <a href="/facts/Emoji/Qkp7gwBH">text and emoji presentation</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a>

Emoji variation sequences<table><tbody><tr><td>U+</td><td>261D</td><td>1F446</td><td>1F447</td><td>1F448</td><td>1F449</td></tr><tr><td>default presentation</td><td>text</td><td>emoji</td><td>emoji</td><td>emoji</td><td>emoji</td></tr><tr><td>base code point</td><td>☝</td><td>👆</td><td>👇</td><td>👈</td><td>👉</td></tr><tr><td>base+VS15 (text)</td><td>☝︎</td><td>👆︎</td><td>👇︎</td><td>👈︎</td><td>👉︎</td></tr><tr><td>base+VS16 (emoji)</td><td>☝️</td><td>👆️</td><td>👇️</td><td>👈️</td><td>👉️</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/V_sign/n5F3BPou">V sign</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Obelus/016zu92X">Obelus</a> (historic text pointer)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Hand_(hieroglyph)/EwGIvJx6">Hand (hieroglyph)</a> – Egyptian hieroglyph</li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="sources">Sources</h2>

<ul><li>Glaister, Geoffrey Ashall (2001). "digit 2.". Encyclopedia of the Book (2nd ed.). p. 141. This type ornament has a long history, the printed outline of a hand being used as a paragraph mark by, among other early printers, Huss at Lyons in 1484 in the edition of Paulus Florentinus's Breviarum totius juris canonici he printed with Johannes Schabeler. As with other typographic conventions this was taken from scribal practice, carefully drawn hands pointing to a new paragraph being found in early 12th century (Spanish) manuscripts. It is also known as a fist, hand, or index.</li>
<li>Hasler, Charles (1953). "A Show of Hands". <a href="/facts/Typographica/cKpx1teX">Typographica</a> (O. S. 8): 4–11. The standard sequence of reference marks was *, †, ‡, §, ‖, ¶, and ☞</li>
<li>Houston, Keith (2013). Shady Characters: The Secret Life of Punctuation, Symbols, and Other Typographical Marks. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780393064421.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Paul_McPharlin/k4roGuX6">McPharlin, Paul</a> (1942). <a href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006184356">Roman numerals, typographic leaves and pointing hands : some notes on their origin, history, and contemporary use</a>. Typophiles.</li>
<li>Prince, Alan; Smolensky, Paul (2004). Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar. Blackwell. (also <a href="http://roa.rutgers.edu/files/537-0802/537-0802-PRINCE-0-0.PDF">Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar</a> (PDF) (Technical report). Rutgers University Center for Cognitive Science and Computer Science Department. 2002.)</li>
<li>Sherman, William (2005). <a href="http://www.livesandletters.ac.uk/papers/FOR_2005_04_001.pdf">"Toward a History of the Manicule"</a> (PDF). Centre for Editing Lives and Letters, <a href="/facts/University_College_London/7dmHhCf5">University College London</a>.</li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manicules.

<ul><li><a href="https://www.flickr.com/groups/manicule/">Collection of photographs of manicules on Flickr</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Houston (2013). - Houston, Keith (2013). Shady Characters: The Secret Life of Punctuation, Symbols, and Other Typographical Marks. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393064421. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Sherman (2005). - Sherman, William (2005). "Toward a History of the Manicule" (PDF). Centre for Editing Lives and Letters, University College London. <a href="http://www.livesandletters.ac.uk/papers/FOR_2005_04_001.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.livesandletters.ac.uk/papers/FOR_2005_04_001.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Sherman mentions finding "15 other names", but lists only 14. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Sherman (2005), pp. 9–10. - Sherman, William (2005). "Toward a History of the Manicule" (PDF). Centre for Editing Lives and Letters, University College London. <a href="http://www.livesandletters.ac.uk/papers/FOR_2005_04_001.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.livesandletters.ac.uk/papers/FOR_2005_04_001.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">McPharlin (1942), pp. 47–48. - McPharlin, Paul (1942). Roman numerals, typographic leaves and pointing hands : some notes on their origin, history, and contemporary use. Typophiles. <a href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006184356" target="_blank">https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006184356</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Glaister (2001), p. 141. - Glaister, Geoffrey Ashall (2001). "digit 2.". Encyclopedia of the Book (2nd ed.). p. 141. This type ornament has a long history, the printed outline of a hand being used as a paragraph mark by, among other early printers, Huss at Lyons in 1484 in the edition of Paulus Florentinus's Breviarum totius juris canonici he printed with Johannes Schabeler. As with other typographic conventions this was taken from scribal practice, carefully drawn hands pointing to a new paragraph being found in early 12th century (Spanish) manuscripts. It is also known as a fist, hand, or index. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Sherman (2005), p. 11. - Sherman, William (2005). "Toward a History of the Manicule" (PDF). Centre for Editing Lives and Letters, University College London. <a href="http://www.livesandletters.ac.uk/papers/FOR_2005_04_001.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.livesandletters.ac.uk/papers/FOR_2005_04_001.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Sherman (2005), p. 12. - Sherman, William (2005). "Toward a History of the Manicule" (PDF). Centre for Editing Lives and Letters, University College London. <a href="http://www.livesandletters.ac.uk/papers/FOR_2005_04_001.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.livesandletters.ac.uk/papers/FOR_2005_04_001.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Houston (2013). - Houston, Keith (2013). Shady Characters: The Secret Life of Punctuation, Symbols, and Other Typographical Marks. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393064421. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Glaister (2001), p. 141. - Glaister, Geoffrey Ashall (2001). "digit 2.". Encyclopedia of the Book (2nd ed.). p. 141. This type ornament has a long history, the printed outline of a hand being used as a paragraph mark by, among other early printers, Huss at Lyons in 1484 in the edition of Paulus Florentinus's Breviarum totius juris canonici he printed with Johannes Schabeler. As with other typographic conventions this was taken from scribal practice, carefully drawn hands pointing to a new paragraph being found in early 12th century (Spanish) manuscripts. It is also known as a fist, hand, or index. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Boardley, John (27 January 2020). "Point, don't point". I Love Typography. <a href="https://ilovetypography.com/2020/01/27/typographic-manicules-point-dont-point/" target="_blank">https://ilovetypography.com/2020/01/27/typographic-manicules-point-dont-point/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">McPharlin (1942), p. 51. - McPharlin, Paul (1942). Roman numerals, typographic leaves and pointing hands : some notes on their origin, history, and contemporary use. Typophiles. <a href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006184356" target="_blank">https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006184356</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Houston (2013). - Houston, Keith (2013). Shady Characters: The Secret Life of Punctuation, Symbols, and Other Typographical Marks. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393064421. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Houston (2013). - Houston, Keith (2013). Shady Characters: The Secret Life of Punctuation, Symbols, and Other Typographical Marks. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393064421. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Sherman (2005), p. 13. - Sherman, William (2005). "Toward a History of the Manicule" (PDF). Centre for Editing Lives and Letters, University College London. <a href="http://www.livesandletters.ac.uk/papers/FOR_2005_04_001.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.livesandletters.ac.uk/papers/FOR_2005_04_001.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Houston (2013). - Houston, Keith (2013). Shady Characters: The Secret Life of Punctuation, Symbols, and Other Typographical Marks. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393064421. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Sherman (2005), pp. 20–21. - Sherman, William (2005). "Toward a History of the Manicule" (PDF). Centre for Editing Lives and Letters, University College London. <a href="http://www.livesandletters.ac.uk/papers/FOR_2005_04_001.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.livesandletters.ac.uk/papers/FOR_2005_04_001.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Sherman (2005), pp. 14–18. - Sherman, William (2005). "Toward a History of the Manicule" (PDF). Centre for Editing Lives and Letters, University College London. <a href="http://www.livesandletters.ac.uk/papers/FOR_2005_04_001.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.livesandletters.ac.uk/papers/FOR_2005_04_001.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Hasler (1953). - Hasler, Charles (1953). "A Show of Hands". Typographica (O. S. 8): 4–11. The standard sequence of reference marks was *, †, ‡, §, ‖, ¶, and ☞ <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Prince & Smolensky (2004), p. 19. - Prince, Alan; Smolensky, Paul (2004). Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar. Blackwell. <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Pynchon, Thomas (2012). Gravity's Rainbow. Penguin. ISBN 9781101594650. Retrieved 2012-12-18. <a href="9781101594650" target="_blank">9781101594650</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Sherman (2005), p. 13. - Sherman, William (2005). "Toward a History of the Manicule" (PDF). Centre for Editing Lives and Letters, University College London. <a href="http://www.livesandletters.ac.uk/papers/FOR_2005_04_001.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.livesandletters.ac.uk/papers/FOR_2005_04_001.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">"UTR #51: Unicode Emoji". Unicode Consortium. 2023-09-05. <a href="https://unicode.org/reports/tr51/" target="_blank">https://unicode.org/reports/tr51/</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">"UCD: Emoji Data for UTR #51". Unicode Consortium. 2023-02-01. <a href="https://unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/emoji/emoji-data.txt" target="_blank">https://unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/emoji/emoji-data.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">"UTS #51 Emoji Variation Sequences". The Unicode Consortium. <a href="https://unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/emoji/emoji-variation-sequences.txt" target="_blank">https://unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/emoji/emoji-variation-sequences.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Manicule open-in-new

Manicule