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Neo Destour
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The party was formed as a result of a split from the pre-existing <a href="/facts/Destour/BPNx3LWD">Destour</a> party in 1934, during the <a href="/facts/Ksar_Hellal_Congress/r2Dz1D3E">Ksar Hellal Congress</a> of March 2.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Several leaders were particularly prominent during the party's early years before World War II: <a href="/facts/Habib_Bourguiba/LXshGRpa">Habib Bourguiba</a>, <a href="/facts/Mahmoud_El_Materi/EDjDHrAM">Mahmoud El Materi</a>, <a href="/facts/Tahar_Sfar/KylGqtAW">Tahar Sfar</a>, <a href="/facts/Bahri_Guiga/uqNhha2T">Bahri Guiga</a>, and <a href="/facts/Salah_ben_Youssef/y6CzVl5S">Salah ben Youssef</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>Prior to the split, a younger group of Destour members had alarmed the party elders by appealing directly to the populace through their more radical newspaper <i>L'Action Tunisienne</i>. The younger group, many from the provinces, seemed more in tune with a wider spectrum of the country-wide Tunisian people, while the party elders represented a more established constituency in the capital city of <a href="/facts/Tunis/nmKNnW85">Tunis</a>; yet both groups were proponents of change, either autonomy or independence. The rupture came at the Destour party congress of 1934.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h3>World War II</h3> <p>At the outbreak of war in 1939, Neo-Destour leaders, though still untried, were deported to France. However, they were released by the Nazis in 1942 following the German occupation of <a href="/facts/Vichy_France/7wTyYUnW">Vichy France</a>. <a href="/facts/Adolf_Hitler/3zyXG1L8">Hitler</a> then handed them over to the <a href="/facts/Benito_Mussolini/q8UPaBlm">Mussolini</a>'s fascist government in Rome. There the leaders were treated with deference, the fascists hoping to gain support for the Axis. Bourguiba steadily refused to cooperate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> But Hussein Triki worked with the Nazis under Neo-Destour.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> After allies' advance, victory in <i>El Alamein,</i> he escaped to Europe, there he worked for <i>The Mahgreb</i>, a North African Arabic organization working for the Nazis' war machine against the allies<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> and has collaborated with Hitler's ally <a href="/facts/Haj_Amin_al-Husayni/lRxWeaT7">Mufti of Palestine</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p>The Neo-Destour Party was one of the Arab factions that the Nazi Germans hoped to win over to the Axis side . As majority of its leaders imprisoned by the French, Eitel Friedrich Moellhausen, Rahn's deputy, argued that the Arabs could be incited to action “against Jews and Anglo-Saxons” through the release of the prisoners in <a href="/facts/Marseille/kj7te1HG">Marseille</a>, without the Germans having to provide specific assurances concerning independence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <h3>Post WWII</h3> <p>Eventually the Neo Destour led the <a href="/facts/History_of_modern_Tunisia/z3sVyVaP">Tunisian independence</a> movement after the tumultuous period during World War II. Then Bourguiba was imprisoned and after the war in Egypt, while Ben Salih was the local, hands-on party leader. A significant break within the party ranks occurred in the final year of the independence struggle. In April, 1955, Salah ben Yusuf openly challenged Habib Bourguiba over his gradualist tactics during his <a href="/facts/Autonomy/5ne4C7N8">autonomy</a> negotiations with the French. Also Ben Yusuf, who cultivated support at <a href="/facts/Al-Zaytuna_Mosque/F31ba26b">al-Zaytuna Mosque</a> and took a <a href="/facts/Pan-Arab/7AH9WCrb">pan-Arab</a> political line, disputed Bourguiba's more liberal, secular, pro-Western approach. The party's labor leader Ahmad Ben Salah kept the <a href="/facts/UGTT/W6xbb1uu">Tunisian General Labor Union</a> in Bourguiba's camp. The Neo Destour party expelled Ben Yusuf that October; in November 1955 he mounted a large street demonstration but to no avail. Ben Yusuf then left for <a href="/facts/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser/Dm5lMejj">Nasser</a>'s Egypt where he was welcomed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p><p>Independence of Tunisia from France was negotiated largely by the Neo Destour's Bourguiba. The effective date was March 20, 1956. The next year the Republic of Tunisia was constituted, which replaced the <a href="/facts/Bey_of_Tunis/kNC9F0YB">Beylical</a> form of government. The Neo Destour became the ruling party under Prime Minister and later President Habib Bourguiba.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> In 1963, the Neo Destour was proclaimed <a href="/facts/One-party_state/bTmHoaGu">the only legally permitted party</a> in Tunisia, though for all intents and purposes the country had been a one-party state since independence. </p><p>Later, the Neo Destour party was renamed the <a href="/facts/Socialist_Destourian_Party/NFdJYsqW">Socialist Destourian Party</a> (PSD in its French acronym) in 1964, to signal the government's commitment to a socialist phase of political-economic development. This phase failed to fulfill expectations, however, and was discontinued in 1969 with the dismissal of Ahmad ben Salah as economics minister by President Bourguiba.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p>In 1988, under President <a href="/facts/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali/hUbWIxlg">Ben Ali</a>, the party was again renamed, to become the <a href="/facts/Constitutional_Democratic_Rally/DVuLQUQ9">Rassemblement Constitutionel Démocratique</a> (RCD).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> The RCD continued as the Tunisian ruling party under President Ben Ali, who became increasingly corrupt and dictatorial. Early in 2011, he was forced out of office and his regime and the ruling party abolished, as a result of the liberal <a href="/facts/Tunisian_Revolution/StDbLo0m">Tunisian Revolution</a>. Similar subsequent events of popular <a href="/facts/Regime_change/pdzGb0Q2">regime change</a>, which had spread to other Arab countries, became known as the <a href="/facts/Arab_Spring/IJrjLoll">Arab Spring</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="leaders">Leaders</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Mahmoud_El_Materi/EDjDHrAM">Mahmoud El Materi</a> (1934-1938)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Habib_Bourguiba/LXshGRpa">Habib Bourguiba</a> (1938-1964)</li></ul> <h2 id="electoral-history">Electoral history</h2> <h3>Presidential elections</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Election</th><th>Party candidate</th><th>Votes</th><th>%</th><th>Result</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/1959_Tunisian_general_election/uQr3ss4S">1959</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Habib_Bourguiba/LXshGRpa">Habib Bourguiba</a></td><td>1,005,769</td><td>100%</td><td>Elected Y</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Chamber of Deputies elections</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Election</th><th>Party leader</th><th>Votes</th><th>%</th><th>Seats</th><th>+/–</th><th>Position</th><th>Result</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/1956_Tunisian_Constituent_Assembly_election/58C5S39s">1956</a></td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Habib_Bourguiba/LXshGRpa">Habib Bourguiba</a></td><td>597,763</td><td>98.7%</td><td>98 / 98</td><td> 98</td><td> 1st</td><td>Supermajority government</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/1959_Tunisian_general_election/uQr3ss4S">1959</a></td><td>1,002,298</td><td>99.7%</td><td>90 / 90</td><td> 8</td><td> 1st</td><td>Supermajority government</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="notable-people">Notable people</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/H%C3%A9di_Saidi/e2u818Ff">Hédi Saidi</a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Destour/BPNx3LWD">Destour</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Socialist_Destourian_Party/NFdJYsqW">Socialist Destourian Party</a> (PSD)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Democratic_Constitutional_Rally/DVuLQUQ9">Democratic Constitutional Rally</a> (RCD)</li></ul> <h2 id="reference-notes">Reference notes</h2> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Dar Ayed Museum in Ksar Hellal will soon be renovated: https://directinfo.webmanagercenter.com/2016/06/25/monastir-musee-dar-ayed-a-ksar-hellal-connaitra-bientot-des-travaux-de-renovation/ <a href="https://directinfo.webmanagercenter.com/2016/06/25/monastir-musee-dar-ayed-a-ksar-hellal-connaitra-bientot-des-travaux-de-renovation/" target="_blank">https://directinfo.webmanagercenter.com/2016/06/25/monastir-musee-dar-ayed-a-ksar-hellal-connaitra-bientot-des-travaux-de-renovation/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>The Destour Party had been founded in 1920. Kenneth J. Perkins, A History of Modern Tunisia (Cambridge University 2004) p. 79. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Lisa Anderson, The State and Social Transformation in Tunisia and Libya, 1830-1980 (Princeton University 1986) pp. 162-167, 171. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Moore, Clement Henry (1962). "The Neo-Destour Party of Tunisia: A Structure for Democracy?". World Politics. 14 (3): 461–482. doi:10.2307/2009363. ISSN 1086-3338. JSTOR 2009363. S2CID 153808889. <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/neodestour-party-of-tunisia-a-structure-for-democracy/FD62C3296D37E5FD4EAD61587DEBF944" target="_blank">https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/neodestour-party-of-tunisia-a-structure-for-democracy/FD62C3296D37E5FD4EAD61587DEBF944</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Perkins, A History of Modern Tunisia (Cambridge University 2004) pp. 95-96, 98. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Robert Rinehart, "Historical Setting" at 42, in Tunisia. A Country Study edited by Harold D. Nelson (Washington, D.C. 1987). <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Ashford, Douglas E. (1965). "Neo-Destour Leadership and the "Confiscated Revolution"". World Politics. 17 (2): 215–231. doi:10.2307/2009348. ISSN 1086-3338. JSTOR 2009348. S2CID 153563466. <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/neodestour-leadership-and-the-confiscated-revolution/53C05D476907C1AFBB7CF490FBDCB2A3" target="_blank">https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/neodestour-leadership-and-the-confiscated-revolution/53C05D476907C1AFBB7CF490FBDCB2A3</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Richard M. Brace, Morocco Algeria Tunisia (Prentice Hall 1964) pp. 62-63. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Lisa Anderson, The State and Social Transformation in Tunisia and Libya, 1830-1980 (Princeton University 1986) pp. 163, 167. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Tunisia - The protectorate (1881–1956)". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-09-13. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Tunisia" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/place/Tunisia</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Arab Propagandist, Ousted by Argentina, Now in Venezuela". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 1977-03-08. Retrieved 2020-09-13. <a href="https://www.jta.org/1977/03/08/archive/arab-propagandist-ousted-by-argentina-now-in-venezuela" target="_blank">https://www.jta.org/1977/03/08/archive/arab-propagandist-ousted-by-argentina-now-in-venezuela</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Arab Propagandist, Ousted by Argentina, Now in Venezuela". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 1977-03-08. Retrieved 2020-09-13. <a href="https://www.jta.org/1977/03/08/archive/arab-propagandist-ousted-by-argentina-now-in-venezuela" target="_blank">https://www.jta.org/1977/03/08/archive/arab-propagandist-ousted-by-argentina-now-in-venezuela</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Weisbrot, Robert; Murciano, Robert (1979). The Jews of Argentina: From the Inquisition to Perón. Jewish Publication Society of America. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-8276-0114-7. <a href="978-0-8276-0114-7" target="_blank">978-0-8276-0114-7</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Rein, Raanan (2002). Argentina, Israel, and the Jews: Perón, the Eichmann Capture and After. University Press of Maryland. p. 402. ISBN 978-1-883053-72-7. Throughout the 1960s, Tacuara drew additional inspiration for its antiSemitic and anti-Israel views from contacts both with neo-Nazi organizations in other countries and Hussein Triki, the Arab League's representative in Buenos Aires, who promoted anti-Semitism under cover of anti-Zionism and as part of the anti- colonialist, anti-imperialist struggle... During the years of World War II, Triki had been a member of the nationalist movement in Tunisia. After the Allied victory in El Alamein, Triki escaped to Nazi-controlled territory where he disseminated propaganda against the Allies, collaborating with the Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin El-Husseini, who at the time was directing Nazi propaganda broadcasts in the Middle East. <a href="978-1-883053-72-7" target="_blank">978-1-883053-72-7</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Mallmann, Klaus-Michael; Cüppers, Martin (2013-10-18). Nazi Palestine: The Plans for the Extermination of the Jews in Palestine. Enigma Books. p. 181. ISBN 978-1-929631-93-3. <a href="978-1-929631-93-3" target="_blank">978-1-929631-93-3</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Perkins, A History of Modern Tunisia (Cambridge University 2004) pp. 116-118, 126-129. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Jacob Abadi, Tunisia since the Arab Conquest (Reading: Uthaca Press 2013) pp. 430-431, 451-453 (Ben Salah) <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Brace, Morocco Algeria Tunisia (Prentice Hall 1964) pp. 114-116, 121-123, 140-143. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Perkins, A History of Modern Tunisia (Cambridge University 2004) at 146-147. <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Jean R. Tartter, "Government and Politics" at 234-238, in Tunisia. A Country Study (Washington, D. C. 1987). <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Abadi, Tunisia since the Arab Conquest (Ithaca 2013) pp. 139-141. <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Perkins, A History of Modern Tunisia (Cambridge University 2004) p.185. <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Abadi, Tunisia since the Arab Conquest (Ithaca 2013) pp. 544-545. <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>