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Homelessness and aging
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<h2 id="research">Research</h2> <p>Research in the older homeless population varies in age classification. The experiences that accompany homelessness, especially in the older population, require a lower age cut off point than is typically used for the older housed population.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> A specific age for which is considered elderly homeless varies in research, however, there is a general consensus that those older homeless that are between the ages of 50 and 65 years are at greater risks. Those between the ages of 50 and 65 are at greater risks because they fall between viable working age and governmental safety nets. This age group typically experiences poor physical health, poor <a href="/facts/Nutrition/SMJ3Dhfs">nutrition</a> and severe living conditions that put them in a greater risk category than those who are younger than 50 and older than 65 years of age.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> Studies consider this age group of the elderly homeless too old to benefit from employment services and too young for <a href="/facts/Social_safety_net/VVh2dj92">social safety net</a> benefits.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>A <a href="/facts/University_of_California/M9AWowUd">University of California</a> study has followed 350 participants in <a href="/facts/Oakland,_California/84tfrNlx">Oakland</a> since 2013. Their conclusions were that the majority had worked in low-paid low-skill occupations. 80% were <a href="/facts/African_Americans/pTgcAdo8">African American</a>. They were at greater risk of homelessness because they spent over 50% of their income on rent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Most were sicker to begin with and therefore spent more on medication. Once homeless, they died at a rate four to five times what would be expected in the general population, from the same causes as do other people – <a href="/facts/Cardiovascular_disease/HD420nMv">heart disease</a> and <a href="/facts/Cancer/PVW6n1D0">cancer</a> – but they do so 20 to 30 years earlier.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>A 2013 report commissioned by the <a href="/facts/Government_of_Australia/UAFhWff0">Australian Government</a> found that while general homelessness had increased by 3% since 2011, for those over 55 it had increased by 14%, despite Australia having a comprehensive social safety net.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> The main reasons were Financial difficulties (22%) Domestic and family violence (15%) <a href="/facts/Affordable_housing/4q4bTrSu">Housing crisis</a> (14%).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>The differences between the housed and homeless living conditions are significant to <a href="/facts/Life_expectancy/uPc8bWWW">life expectancy</a> of the older population. Under the conditions of homelessness, it is typical for those 50 and older to resemble similar health conditions to those of a 70 year old housed person.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Homelessness has been found to be a factor in dramatically shortening a person's life expectancy. Premature death is most often the result of the combination of acute and <a href="/facts/Chronic_condition/6CqLP41r">chronic medical</a> conditions aggravated by situations of homelessness.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>The health of the elderly homeless population is often neglected until the severity of an illness requires emergency room treatment. Economic factors create pathways to homelessness for an increasing population of elderly.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> The elderly homeless face difficulties that compound with age such as lack of a permanent place to receive <a href="/facts/Healthcare_industry/RMpfc1uU">health care services</a>, <a href="/facts/Medicine/2fnp90Je">medicine</a>, and medical equipment<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p><p>Health factors </p><p>Older adults who are faced with living on the streets are more at risk for developing chronic and debilitating diseases such as <a href="/facts/Diabetes/2xeHXbsI">diabetes</a>, heart and related <a href="/facts/Respiratory_disease/CDRTg5Ev">respiratory diseases</a>, and others as a result of premature aging.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> The effects of premature aging can cause older adults who are homeless to have developed earlier illness in their life than they previously would. Often these individuals are saddled with limited or no access to proper healthcare and are faced with a cycle of living on the streets, being <a href="/facts/Commitment_(mental_health)/gH4xIBBr">institutionalized</a> or even jailed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> As a result of the fluctuating economy, many older adults are finding themselves at risk of homelessness.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> A group that was once able to live off of savings, retirements, or pensions are finding it increasingly harder to do so. Individuals aged 50–64 have little to no savings and as a result of the <a href="/facts/Great_Recession/9LoVUhLf">Great Recession</a> of 2008 many saw a loss in the value of their property.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p><p>Risk factors </p><p>Those who are most at risk for homelessness are those who are currently or have lived in poverty in the past.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> The reasons for homelessness can be characterized into three groups: those who lack stable, social relationships and are "predisposed to personal vulnerabilities", those who lack access to affordable housing, and those who can not afford or receive proper healthcare.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> Those who do not have strong familial relationships with kids or other family members and do not have strong friend relationships are more at risk of becoming homelessness than those that do.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p><p>Resources in the community </p><p>To assist with the growing homeless elderly population in the <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a> there has been several programs initiated. The <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development/wSllVu8s">U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development</a> (HUD) in 2008 began to provide permanent housing for those who were living on the street and showed proof of disability (mental, physical) and an inability to find affordable housing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> Many local and national organizations such as the <a href="http://www.hearth-home.org/outreach-program">Hearth Outreach Program</a> (located in Boston), the <a href="https://nationalhomeless.org/">National Coalition for homelessness</a>, the <a href="/facts/National_Alliance_to_End_Homelessness/0vVR0k3Y">National Alliance to End Homelessness</a>, <a href="https://www.justiceinaging.org/">Justice in Aging</a> and others, seek ways to raise money and improve the lives of the elderly living in homelessness.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Cohen, Carl I. "Aging and homelessness." The Gerontologist 39, no. 1 (1999): 5-15. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Cohen, Carl I., Jay Sokolovsky, and Maureen Crane. "Aging, homelessness and the law." In Aging: Caring for Our Elders, pp. 219-235. Springer Netherlands, 2001. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Grenier, Amanda; Barken, Rachel; Sussman, Tamara; Rothwell, David; Bourgeois-Guérin, Valérie; Lavoie, Jean-Pierre (March 2016). "A Literature Review of Homelessness and Aging: Suggestions for a Policy and Practice-Relevant Research Agenda". Canadian Journal on Aging. 35 (1): 28–41. doi:10.1017/S0714980815000616. ISSN 1710-1107. PMID 26782092. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0714980815000616" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0714980815000616</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Tompsett, Carolyn J.; Fowler, Patrick J.; Toro, Paul A. (2009). "Age differences among homeless individuals: adolescence through adulthood". Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community. 37 (2): 86–99. doi:10.1080/10852350902735551. ISSN 1085-2352. PMC 2774834. PMID 19363770. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2774834" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2774834</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Kirkman, M. Sue; Briscoe, Vanessa Jones; Clark, Nathaniel; Florez, Hermes; Haas, Linda B.; Halter, Jeffrey B.; Huang, Elbert S.; Korytkowski, Mary T.; Munshi, Medha N.; Odegard, Peggy Soule; Pratley, Richard E. (2012-12-01). "Diabetes in Older Adults". Diabetes Care. 35 (12): 2650–2664. doi:10.2337/dc12-1801. ISSN 0149-5992. PMC 3507610. PMID 23100048. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3507610" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3507610</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>People, Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Health Care for Homeless (1988). Summary and Recommendations. National Academies Press (US). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK218243/" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK218243/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>People, Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Health Care for Homeless (1988). Who Are the Homeless?. National Academies Press (US). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK218239/" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK218239/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"How the homeless population is changing: it's older and sicker". Retrieved 7 January 2017. <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-the-homeless-population-is-changing-its-older-and-sicker-50632" target="_blank">https://theconversation.com/how-the-homeless-population-is-changing-its-older-and-sicker-50632</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Heart Health and Aging". National Institute on Aging. Retrieved 2021-01-15. <a href="http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/heart-health-and-aging" target="_blank">http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/heart-health-and-aging</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Homelessness and homelessness services". Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Retrieved 2021-01-15. <a href="https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-welfare/homelessness-and-homelessness-services" target="_blank">https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-welfare/homelessness-and-homelessness-services</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Specialist homelessness services 2012–2013". Retrieved 7 January 2017. <a href="http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=60129545638" target="_blank">http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=60129545638</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>People, Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Health Care for Homeless (1988). Health Problems of Homeless People. National Academies Press (US). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK218236/" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK218236/</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Fazel, Seena; Geddes, John R; Kushel, Margot (2014-10-25). "The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations". Lancet. 384 (9953): 1529–1540. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61132-6. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 4520328. PMID 25390578. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4520328" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4520328</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Stafford, Amanda; Wood, Lisa (December 2017). "Tackling Health Disparities for People Who Are Homeless? Start with Social Determinants". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 14 (12): 1535. doi:10.3390/ijerph14121535. ISSN 1661-7827. PMC 5750953. PMID 29292758. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5750953" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5750953</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>People, Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Health Care for Homeless (1988). Health Care Services for Homeless People. National Academies Press (US). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK218235/" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK218235/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Sorrell, Jeanne M. (2016). "Aging on the Street: Homeless Older Adults in America". Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 54 (9): 25–29. doi:10.3928/02793695-20160817-04. PMID 27576225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Sorrell, Jeanne M. (2016). "Aging on the Street: Homeless Older Adults in America". Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 54 (9): 25–29. doi:10.3928/02793695-20160817-04. PMID 27576225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Jaul, Efraim; Barron, Jeremy (2017-12-11). "Age-Related Diseases and Clinical and Public Health Implications for the 85 Years Old and Over Population". Frontiers in Public Health. 5: 335. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2017.00335. ISSN 2296-2565. PMC 5732407. PMID 29312916. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5732407" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5732407</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Goldberg, J., Lang, K., & Barrington, V. (2016, April). How to Prevent and End Homelessness Among Older Adults. Retrieved February 25, 2018. <a href="http://www.justiceinaging.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Homelessness-Older-Adults.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.justiceinaging.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Homelessness-Older-Adults.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Population, Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Long-Run Macroeconomic Effects of the Aging U. S. (2012-12-10). Saving and Retirement Security. National Academies Press (US). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK148839/" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK148839/</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Brown, R. T., Lori Thomas, M., Cutler, D. F., & Hinderlie, M. (2013). Meeting the Housing and Care Needs of Older Homeless Adults: A Permanent Supportive Housing Program Targeting Homeless Seniors. Seniors Housing & Care Journal, 21(1), 126-135. <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Brown, R. T., Lori Thomas, M., Cutler, D. F., & Hinderlie, M. (2013). Meeting the Housing and Care Needs of Older Homeless Adults: A Permanent Supportive Housing Program Targeting Homeless Seniors. Seniors Housing & Care Journal, 21(1), 126-135. <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Brown, R. T., Lori Thomas, M., Cutler, D. F., & Hinderlie, M. (2013). Meeting the Housing and Care Needs of Older Homeless Adults: A Permanent Supportive Housing Program Targeting Homeless Seniors. Seniors Housing & Care Journal, 21(1), 126-135. <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Brown, R. T., Lori Thomas, M., Cutler, D. F., & Hinderlie, M. (2013). Meeting the Housing and Care Needs of Older Homeless Adults: A Permanent Supportive Housing Program Targeting Homeless Seniors. Seniors Housing & Care Journal, 21(1), 126-135. <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering; Division, Health and Medicine; Practice, Board on Population Health and Public Health; Affairs, Policy and Global; Program, Science and Technology for Sustainability; Individuals, Committee on an Evaluation of Permanent Supportive Housing Programs for Homeless (2018-07-11). The History of Homelessness in the United States. National Academies Press (US). {{cite book}}: |first4= has generic name (help) <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519584/" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519584/</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>