Reinforced carbon–carbon

<h2 id="production">Production</h2>
The material is made in three stages:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a>
First, material is laid up in its intended final shape, with carbon filament and/or cloth surrounded by an <a href="/facts/Organic_compound/gqCNaN45">organic</a> <a href="/facts/Binder_(material)/GBxjQF0U">binder</a> such as plastic or <a href="/facts/Pitch_(resin)/GpdKnQMa">pitch</a>. Often, <a href="/facts/Coke_(fuel)/vD8xjd0m">coke</a> or some other fine carbon <a href="/facts/Aggregate_(composite)/dKfhlNIw">aggregate</a> is added to the binder mixture.
Second, the lay-up is heated, so that <a href="/facts/Pyrolysis/h1cEegI7">pyrolysis</a> transforms the binder to relatively pure carbon. The binder loses volume in the process, causing voids to form; the addition of aggregate reduces this problem, but does not eliminate it.
Third, the voids are gradually filled by forcing a carbon-forming gas such as <a href="/facts/Acetylene/yaDh6cmJ">acetylene</a> through the material at a high temperature, over the course of several days. This long <a href="/facts/Heat_treatment/xR2tVyTU">heat treatment</a> process also allows the carbon to form into larger <a href="/facts/Graphite/sSf3KMXr">graphite</a> crystals, and is the major reason for the material's high cost. The gray "Reinforced Carbon–Carbon (RCC)" panels on the space shuttle's wing leading edges and nose cone cost NASA $100,000/sq ft to produce, although much of this cost was a result of the advanced geometry and research costs associated with the panels. This stage can also include manufacturing of the finished product.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a>
C/C is a hard material that can be made highly resistant to thermal expansion, temperature gradients, and thermal cycling, depending on how the fibre scaffold is laid up and the quality/density of the matrix filler. Carbon–carbon materials retain their properties above 2000 °C. This temperature may be exceeded with the help of protective coatings to prevent oxidation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a>
The material has a density between 1.6 and 1.98 g/cm3.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>

<h2 id="similar-products">Similar products</h2>

Carbon fibre-reinforced silicon carbide (C/SiC) is a development of pure carbon–carbon that uses <a href="/facts/Silicon_carbide/kQLVAYbr">silicon carbide</a> with <a href="/facts/Carbon_fiber/6PlL4mB2">carbon fibre</a>. It is slightly denser than pure carbon-carbon and thought[by whom?] to be more durable.
It can be used in the brake disc and brake pads of high-performance road cars. The first car to use it was the <a href="/facts/Mercedes-Benz_C215/pY7X2lTu">Mercedes-Benz C215</a> Coupe F1 edition.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> It is standard on the <a href="/facts/Bugatti_Veyron/jMoqv3Am">Bugatti Veyron</a> and many <a href="/facts/Bentley/NTLGFkTW">Bentleys</a>, <a href="/facts/Ferrari/HdvDk90a">Ferraris</a>, <a href="/facts/Lamborghini/UQyUKejC">Lamborghinis</a>, <a href="/facts/Porsche/9S83Lb11">Porsches</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Corvette_ZR1/Jv1Yjztg">Corvette ZR1</a> and <a href="/facts/Chevrolet_Corvette_C6/Jv1Yjztg"> Z06</a>. They are also offered as an optional upgrade on certain[which?] high performance <a href="/facts/Audi/AEyDIbTo">Audi</a> cars, including the D3 <a href="/facts/Audi_S8/qNIYMrnb">S8</a>, B7 <a href="/facts/Audi_RS4/afbfqRtf">RS4</a>, C6 <a href="/facts/Audi_S6/bXFfF15s">S6</a> and <a href="/facts/Audi_RS6/rI3vsLgI">RS6</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Audi_R8_(road_car)/q03HX3C2">R8</a>. The material is not used in Formula 1 because of its weight.
Carbon brakes became widely available for commercial airplanes in the 1980s,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> having been first used on the <a href="/facts/Concorde/TAMElD6g">Concorde</a> <a href="/facts/Supersonic_transport/vtbRALKG">supersonic transport</a>.
A related non-ceramic carbon composite with uses in high-tech racing automotives is the <a href="/facts/Carbotanium/aenhpbJc">carbotanium</a> carbon–titanium composite used in the Zonda R and Huayra supercars made by the Italian motorcar company <a href="/facts/Pagani_(automobile)/CjkAt93I">Pagani</a>.

<h2 id="footnotes">Footnotes</h2>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971%20-%202817.html">Carbon brakes for Concorde</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Variously hyphenated 
"carbon fibre reinforced carbon",[2]
"carbon-fibre-reinforced carbon",[3]
or "carbon fibre-reinforced carbon";[4]
while "carbon fibre" is also spelled "carbon fiber". <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Lewandowska-Szumieł, M; Komender, J; Gorecki, A; Kowalski, M (1997). "Fixation of carbon fibre-reinforced carbon composite implanted into bone". Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine. 8 (8): 485–488. doi:10.1023/A:1018526226382. ISSN 0957-4530. PMID 15348714. S2CID 26258090. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Kochendörfer, Richard (2009-09-28) [2001]. Singh, Mrityunjay; Jessen, Todd (eds.). "Ceramic Matrix Composites - From Space to Earth: The Move from Prototype to Serial Production". Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings. 22 (3: 25th Annual Conference on Composites, Advanced Ceramics, Materials, and Structures — A). John Wiley & Sons: 11–22 : 11. doi:10.1002/9780470294680.ch2. ISBN 9780470295144. ISSN 0196-6219. Retrieved 7 September 2017. <a href="9780470295144" target="_blank">9780470295144</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"Carbon Fiber Properties" (PDF). Rochester Institute of Technology EDGE (Engineering Design Guide and Environment). May 2004. Retrieved January 30, 2019. <a href="http://edge.rit.edu/content/P07109/public/Design%20I/Published%20Research%20Documents/CARBON%20FIBER%20PROPERTIES.pdf" target="_blank">http://edge.rit.edu/content/P07109/public/Design%20I/Published%20Research%20Documents/CARBON%20FIBER%20PROPERTIES.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"Carbon Fiber Properties" (PDF). Rochester Institute of Technology EDGE (Engineering Design Guide and Environment). May 2004. Retrieved January 30, 2019. <a href="http://edge.rit.edu/content/P07109/public/Design%20I/Published%20Research%20Documents/CARBON%20FIBER%20PROPERTIES.pdf" target="_blank">http://edge.rit.edu/content/P07109/public/Design%20I/Published%20Research%20Documents/CARBON%20FIBER%20PROPERTIES.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Material Properties Data: Carbon–carbon <a href="http://www.makeitfrom.com/data/?material=Carbon-Carbon" target="_blank">http://www.makeitfrom.com/data/?material=Carbon-Carbon</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">LALIT M MANOCHA (24 April 2003). "High performance carbon–carbon composites" (PDF). Sādhanā. 28 (1–2): 349–358. doi:10.1007/BF02717143. S2CID 123705345. Retrieved 2014-06-28. <a href="http://www.ias.ac.in/sadhana/Pdf2003Apr/Pe1069.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.ias.ac.in/sadhana/Pdf2003Apr/Pe1069.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">2000 Mercedes-Benz CL55 AMG F1 <a href="http://www.supercars.net/cars/1229.html" target="_blank">http://www.supercars.net/cars/1229.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Boeing: Operational Advantages of Carbon Brakes <a href="http://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/articles/qtr_03_09/article_05_1.html" target="_blank">http://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/articles/qtr_03_09/article_05_1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Reinforced carbon–carbon open-in-new

Reinforced carbon–carbon