General Dynamics F-16XL

<h2 id="development">Development</h2>
<h3>SCAMP</h3>

Shortly after winning the <a href="/facts/Lightweight_Fighter_program/vENFsanF">lightweight fighter</a> program, <a href="/facts/General_Dynamics/LoTpPuU6">General Dynamics Fort Worth</a> began investigating possible F-16 derivatives with the goal of enhancing both air-to-air and air-to-ground mission capabilities while retaining parts commonality with the F-16A.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1">1</a> Under the leadership of <a href="/facts/Harry_Hillaker/HkAsd1ok">Harry Hillaker</a> (designer of the original F-16), the Supersonic Cruise and Maneuver Prototype (SCAMP) project was started. Several wing designs were considered, including one using a <a href="/facts/Forward-swept_wing/x60lkcqz">forward-swept wing</a>, but the large "<a href="/facts/Delta_wing/qM5lRjJ3">cranked-arrow</a>" wing (similar to that of the <a href="/facts/Saab_35_Draken/o8AHIB09">Saab 35 Draken</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> was pursued due to its much more efficient <a href="/facts/Lift-to-drag_ratio/yTDYBok1">lift-to-drag ratio</a> at supersonic speeds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a>
The company worked closely with NASA's <a href="/facts/Langley_Research_Center/UrNAPV7g">Langley Research Center</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> and invested significant <a href="/facts/R%26D/2h5UddUu">R&D</a> funds for wind tunnel testing. Over several years the design was refined which led to the final F-16XL design by late 1980.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a>

<h3>Enhanced Tactical Fighter competition</h3>

In 1980, the USAF signed on as a partner,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> providing the fuselages of the third<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> and fifth<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> production F-16s for conversion. These two fuselages became the only examples of the F-16XL.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>
In March 1981, the USAF announced the <a href="/facts/Enhanced_Tactical_Fighter/lmGNzTHF">Enhanced Tactical Fighter</a> (ETF) program to procure a replacement for the <a href="/facts/General_Dynamics_F-111_Aardvark/oCScquIC">F-111 Aardvark</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> The concept envisioned an aircraft capable of launching deep <a href="/facts/Air_interdiction/6RM1Dv9J">interdiction</a> missions without requiring additional support in the form of fighter escorts or jamming support. General Dynamics submitted the F-16XL, while <a href="/facts/McDonnell_Douglas/cplglcRH">McDonnell Douglas</a> submitted <a href="/facts/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15E_Strike_Eagle/Vo4eCmzV">a variant of the F-15 Eagle</a>. Though the two aircraft were competing for the same role, they had fairly different design approaches. The F-15E required very few alterations from its base F-15B or D, while the F-16XL had major structural and aerodynamic differences from the original F-16.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> As such, the F-16XL would have required much more effort, time, and money to put into full production.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> Additionally, the F-15E had two engines, which gave it a much higher <a href="/facts/Maximum_takeoff_weight/tjdrYcoo">maximum takeoff weight</a> and redundancy in the case of engine failure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>
In February 1984, the USAF awarded the ETF contract to McDonnell Douglas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> The two F-16XLs were returned to the Air Force and placed in storage at <a href="/facts/Edwards_Air_Force_Base/MwAW8n6a">Edwards Air Force Base</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> Had General Dynamics won the competition, the F-16XL would have gone into production as the <a href="/facts/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon_variants/pWNn0f7Y">F-16E/F</a> (E for single seat, F for two seats).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a>

<h2 id="design">Design</h2>

The wing and rear horizontal control surfaces of the base F-16A were replaced with a cranked-arrow delta wing 115% larger than the original wing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> Extensive use of <a href="/facts/Carbon-fiber_reinforced_polymer/6PlL4mB2">graphite-bismaleimide composites</a> allowed the savings of 595 pounds (270 kg) of weight,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> but the F-16XL-1 and XL-2 were 4,100 pounds (1,900 kg) and 5,600 pounds (2,500 kg) heavier respectively than the original F-16A.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>
Less noticeable is that the fuselage was lengthened by 56 inches (140 cm) by the addition of two sections at the joints of the main fuselage sub-assemblies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> With the new wing design, the tail section had to be canted up 3.16°,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> and the ventral fins removed, to prevent them from striking the pavement during takeoff and landing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> The F-16XL-2 also received a larger inlet which would go on to be included in later F-16 variants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a>
These changes resulted in a 25% improvement in <a href="/facts/Lift-to-drag_ratio/yTDYBok1">lift-to-drag ratio</a> in supersonic flight<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> while remaining comparable in subsonic flight,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> and a plane that reportedly handled smoothly at high speeds and low altitudes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> The enlargements increased internal fuel capacity by 4,350 pounds (1,970 kg), or about 65%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> The F-16XL could carry twice the ordnance of the F-16A and deliver it 50% farther.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> The enlarged wing and strengthened hardpoints allowed for a highly configurable payload:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>

<ul><li>16× 1,000 pounds (450 kg) wing hardpoints</li>
<li>5× 2,000 pounds (910 kg) wing hardpoints</li>
<li>4× semi-recessed <a href="/facts/AIM-120_AMRAAM/VghWWfM9">AIM-120 AMRAAM</a> stations under fuselage<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a></li>
<li>2× wingtip stations</li>
<li>1× centerline station<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a></li>
<li>2× wing "heavy/wet" stations<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a></li>
<li>2× chin <a href="/facts/LANTIRN/xBvEQYIN">LANTIRN</a> stations</li></ul>
<h2 id="nasa-testing">NASA testing</h2>

In 1988, the two aircraft were turned over to NASA <a href="/facts/Dryden_Flight_Research_Center/g5XxJ6RV">Ames-Dryden Flight Research Facility</a> for supersonic <a href="/facts/Laminar_flow/RFXN4eAC">laminar flow</a> research for the <a href="/facts/High_Speed_Civil_Transport/55NSNSnw">High Speed Civil Transport</a> (HSCT) program.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> The F-16XL was considered ideal for these tests because of its cranked-arrow wing and high-speed, high-altitude capabilities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> The tests were carried out by a NASA and industry team<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> and were intended to achieve laminar flow over the wings, validate <a href="/facts/Computational_fluid_dynamics/zuWdtNJp">computational fluid dynamics</a> (CFD) design methodology, and test active suction systems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> These tests involved the installation of either passive or active suction aerodynamic gloves. The active suction glove was intended to suck away <a href="/facts/Turbulence/NpgFUhG5">turbulent airflow</a> over the wings during supersonic flight, restoring laminar flow and reducing <a href="/facts/Drag_(physics)/vdl4jF7I">drag</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> The NASA <a href="/facts/Langley_Research_Center/UrNAPV7g">Langley Research Center</a> developed and coordinated F-16XL experiments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a>
F-16XL-1 was fitted with an active suction glove encasing the left wing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> Designed and built by <a href="/facts/North_American_Aviation/zY6IG0pa">North American Aviation</a>, it had laser-cut holes that were nominally 0.0025 inches (0.064 mm) diameter at a uniform 2,500 per square inch (390/cm2) spacing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> The suction was provided by a <a href="/facts/Convair_880/5lpfATl1">Convair 880</a> air-conditioning turbocompressor where the 20mm cannon's ammunition had been.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> The glove covered over 5 square feet (0.46 m2) of the wing. Overall, F-16XL-1 completed 31 test flights for these tests from May 1990 to September 1992.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> Afterwards, it was used to test takeoff performance, engine noise, and sonic boom phenomena.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a>
F-16XL-2 had its engine replaced with the more powerful <a href="/facts/General_Electric_F110/rTcRdqrp">General Electric F110-129</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a> It achieved limited <a href="/facts/Supercruise/4h2k11nH">supercruise</a>, a design goal of the F-16XL that was never attained in ETF testing, when it reached Mach 1.1 at 20,000 feet (6,100 m) on full military power.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a> It was mounted with a passive glove on the right wing and an active suction glove on the left wing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a> The passive glove was fitted with instruments to measure the flow characteristics over the wing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> The active suction glove was designed and fabricated by Boeing; it was made of titanium and had over 12 million laser-cut holes, each 0.0025 inches (0.064 mm) in diameter, spaced 0.010 to 0.055 inches (0.025 to 0.140 cm) apart.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a> Suction was provided by a cabin-air pressurization turbocompressor from a <a href="/facts/Boeing_707/8TgSYe3M">Boeing 707</a>, installed where the 20mm ammunition drum had been, which exhausted above the right wing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a> Overall, F-16XL-2 performed 45 test flights from October 1995 to November 1996.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a>
While "significant progress" was made towards achieving laminar flow at supersonic speeds, neither aircraft achieved the requisite laminar flow characteristics at intended speeds and altitudes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a> Nonetheless, NASA officials considered the test program to have been successful.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a> NASA briefly investigated using a <a href="/facts/Tupolev_Tu-144/1pFjI2rg">Tupolev Tu-144</a> which would more closely resemble the high-speed civil transport aircraft to continue supersonic laminar flow research, but did not pursue the idea due to a limited budget.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a>
At the conclusion of their test programs in 1999, both F-16XLs were placed into storage at NASA Dryden.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a> In 2007, Boeing and NASA studied the feasibility of returning F-16XL-1 to flight status and upgrading it with many of the improvements found in the USAF's F-16 Block 40 in order to further test sonic boom mitigation technology.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a> F-16XL-1 was taxi tested at Dryden and given systems checks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a> However, both F-16XLs were retired in 2009 and stored at Edwards AFB.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a>

<h2 id="f-16xl-aircraft-on-display">F-16XL aircraft on display</h2>
<ul><li>75-0747 – Museum Air Park, <a href="/facts/Air_Force_Test_Center/WWI2aA1X">Air Force Flight Center Museum</a>, <a href="/facts/Edwards_AFB/MwAW8n6a">Edwards AFB</a>, California<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a></li>
<li>75-0749 – in storage at the Air Force Flight Center Museum, Edwards AFB, California<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="specifications-f-16xl-number-2">Specifications (F-16XL number 2)</h2>

Data from Darling,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a> F-16.net,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a> Piccirillo<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a>General characteristics
<ul><li>Crew: One (XL #1) or Two (XL #2)</li>
<li>Length: 54 ft 2 in (16.51 m)</li>
<li>Wingspan: 32 ft 5 in (9.88 m) (34 feet 3 inches (10.44 m) with an <a href="/facts/AIM-9/LPm7nQTT">AIM-9</a> on the wingtip mount)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a></li>
<li>Height: 17 ft 7 in (5.36 m)</li>
<li>Wing area: 663 sq ft (61.6 m2)</li>
<li>Empty weight: 21,157 lb (9,600 kg) <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a></li>
<li>Gross weight: 48,000 lb (21,800 kg)</li>
<li>Max takeoff weight: 48,000 lb (21,800 kg)</li>
<li>Powerplant: 1 × <a href="/facts/General_Electric_F110/rTcRdqrp">General Electric F110</a>-GE-100 <a href="/facts/Turbofan/x8XWVw19">turbofan</a>, 17,100 lbf (76 kN) thrust dry, 28,900 lbf (129 kN) with afterburner</li></ul>
Performance

<ul><li>Maximum speed: 1,350 mph (2,170 km/h, 1,170 kn) <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a></li>
<li>Maximum speed: Mach 2.0</li>
<li>Range: 2,285 mi (3,675 km, 1,985 nmi) (longest achieved through October 1985<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a>)</li>
<li>Ferry range: 2,580 mi (4,160 km, 2,245 nmi) (with 2x 600 US gallons (2,300 L) drop tanks<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a>)</li>
<li>Service ceiling: 55,000 ft (16,750 m) <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a></li>
<li>Rate of climb: 62,000 ft/min (310 m/s) <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a></li></ul>
Armament

<ul><li>Guns: 1 × 20 mm <a href="/facts/M61_Vulcan/8APAQoDK">M61 Vulcan</a> rotary cannon<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a></li>
<li>Hardpoints: 17 pylons with a capacity of up to 15,000 pounds (6,800 kg) of payload (Note: stations 2–5 and 13–16 were split into groups, similar to the F-15E)</li></ul>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul>
<li>Aviation portal</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Tupolev_Tu-144/1pFjI2rg">Tupolev Tu-144</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Saab_35_Draken/o8AHIB09">Saab 35 Draken</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/High_Speed_Civil_Transport/55NSNSnw">High Speed Civil Transport</a></li></ul>
Related development

<ul><li><a href="/facts/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon/0KRD0Gqy">General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/General_Dynamics_F-16_VISTA/ah8lTzXa">General Dynamics F-16 VISTA</a></li></ul>
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

<ul><li><a href="/facts/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15E_Strike_Eagle/Vo4eCmzV">McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle</a></li></ul>

Related lists

<ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_fighter_aircraft/JDEPzkbH">List of fighter aircraft</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States/jTsQeQdE">List of military aircraft of the United States</a></li></ul>

<h3>Citations</h3>

<h3>Notes</h3>

<h3>Bibliography</h3>
<ul><li>Anders, Scott G.; Fischer, Michael C. (1 December 1999). <a href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20000004183">F-16XL-2 Supersonic Laminar Flow Control Flight Test Experiment</a> (Technical report). NASA Langley Research Center. NASA/TP-1999-209683. Retrieved 5 March 2023.</li>
<li>Anderson, Bianca T.; Bohn-Meyer, Marta (1 October 1992). <a href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19930002033">Overview of supersonic laminar flow control research on the F-16XL ships 1 and 2</a>. Anaheim, CA: <a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a>. 93N11221. Retrieved 4 March 2023.</li>
<li>Chambers, Joseph R. (1 October 2000). <a href="https://history.nasa.gov/monograph19.pdf">Partners in Freedom: Contributions of the Langley Research Center to U.S. Military Aircraft of the 1990's</a> (PDF). <a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a>. Retrieved 21 February 2023.</li>
<li>Darling, Kev (2003). F-16 Fighting Falcon. Combat Legend. London: Crowood Press UK. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-84037-399-8.</li>
<li>Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf">Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research</a> (PDF). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to F-16XL.

<ul><li>"F-16XL", <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050908024402/http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/Gallery/Photo/F-16XL1/">DFRC</a> (photo gallery), vol. 1, NASA, archived from <a href="https://www1.dfrc.nasa.gov/Gallery/Photo/F-16XL1/">the original</a> on 2005-09-08, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050317081312/http://www1.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/F-16XL2/">photo gallery number 2</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606222500/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/pdf/88653main_H-2382.pdf">F-16XL experiment report</a> (PDF), Dryden: NASA, December 1999, archived from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/pdf/88653main_H-2382.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2023-06-06, retrieved 2005-05-24.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.airforcemag.com/article/1183f16xl/">"The Revolutionary Evolution of the F-16XL"</a>, Air Force magazine, November 1983.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/07/10/215385/nasa-could-put-f-16xl-back-in-the-air.html">"NASA Could Put The F-16XL Back In The Air"</a>, Flight International, Flight global, 2007.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.codeonemagazine.com/article.html?item_id=37">"F-16 Designer Harry Hillaker"</a>, Code One Magazine, Lockheed Martin, 1991.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070202184707/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/1991/articles/jul_91/july2a_91.html">"Harry Hillaker — Father of the F-16"</a>, Code one, Jul 1991, archived from <a href="http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/1991/articles/jul_91/july2a_91.html">the original</a> on February 2, 2007</li>
<li>Baugher, Joseph 'Joe', <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006151517/http://home.att.net/~jbaugher4/f16_29.html">F-16XL</a>, ATT, archived from <a href="http://home.att.net/~jbaugher4/f16_29.html">the original</a> on 2008-10-06</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Piccirillo 2014, p. 7: "These were oriented to extending range and payload, expanding basic missions, and developing advanced versions or derivative configurations of the aircraft. Importantly, these were intended to enhance both air-to-air and air-to-ground capabilities while retaining the maximum possible commonality with the basic F-16 design." - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">The "cranked-arrow" delta wing originated with the Draken, which was studied by General Dynamics engineers during the SCAMP program.[2] <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Piccirillo 2014, p. 7-10. - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Chambers 2000, pp. 156–158. - Chambers, Joseph R. (1 October 2000). Partners in Freedom: Contributions of the Langley Research Center to U.S. Military Aircraft of the 1990's (PDF). NASA. Retrieved 21 February 2023. <a href="https://history.nasa.gov/monograph19.pdf" target="_blank">https://history.nasa.gov/monograph19.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Piccirillo 2014, pp. 34–35, 69–70. - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Piccirillo 2014, Chapter 3. - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Serial number 75-0747; would become F-16XL-2; had been severely damaged in an airshow accident in October 1980[6] <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Serial number 75-0749; would become F-16XL-1[6] <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Piccirillo 2014, pp. 76–77 - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Piccirillo 2014, p. 149. - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Piccirillo 2014, p. 159: "...the F-16E required major changes to the basic F-16 airframe. ... Changes required for the F-15E were not considered by the GAO to be as great as those needed for the F-16E, and mainly consisted of structural modifications to the wings as well as a strengthened landing gear." - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Piccirillo 2014, pp. 156–157 - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Piccirillo 2014, pp. 156–157 - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">F-16E would have had a maximum takeoff weight of 48,000 pounds (22,000 kg) versus F-15E's 80,000 pounds (36,000 kg)[9] <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Piccirillo 2014, p. 161. - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">"February 24, 1984: F-15 Became the Air Force's New Dual-Role Fighter". www.aftc.af.mil. Air Force Flight Test Center. 24 February 2021. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2023. <a href="https://www.aftc.af.mil/News/On-This-Day-in-Test-History/Article-Display-Test-History/Article/2481449/february-24-1984-f-15-became-the-air-forces-new-dual-role-fighter/" target="_blank">https://www.aftc.af.mil/News/On-This-Day-in-Test-History/Article-Display-Test-History/Article/2481449/february-24-1984-f-15-became-the-air-forces-new-dual-role-fighter/</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Walton, Bill (2017-11-11). "The F-16XL: This Advanced F-16 Variant Lost Out To The F-15E Strike Eagle, But Was It Better?". Avgeekery.com. Archived from the original on 2023-02-12. Retrieved 2023-02-12. <a href="https://avgeekery.com/f-16xl-advanced-f-16-variant-lost-f-15e-strike-eagle-better/" target="_blank">https://avgeekery.com/f-16xl-advanced-f-16-variant-lost-f-15e-strike-eagle-better/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Piccirillo 2014, p. 169. - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Piccirillo 2014, p. 143. - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Piccirillo 2014, p. 69 - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Piccirillo 2014, p. 74. - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Piccirillo 2014, pp. 60–61 - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Dry weights: XL-1 weighed 19,690 pounds (8,930 kg); XL-2 weighed 21,157 pounds (9,597 kg); F-16A weighed 15,586 pounds (7,070 kg)[17] <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Piccirillo 2014, p. 69 - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Piccirillo 2014, p. 78. - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Piccirillo 2014, p. 75. - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Piccirillo 2014, pp. 83–84. - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Piccirillo 2014, p. 116: "As speed approached Mach 1.0, the F-16XL's comparative cruise efficiency improved, and at Mach 1.4, the F-16XL had a 25-percent-higher lift-to-drag ratio than that of the F-16C." - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Piccirillo 2014, p. 9: "...the L/D ratios of the cranked-arrow, canard-delta, and baseline F-16 were essentially equal at subsonic speeds..." - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">F. Clifton Berry Jr. "The Revolutionary Evolution of the F-16XL". Air & Space Forces Magazine. Archived from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023. <a href="https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/1183f16xl/" target="_blank">https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/1183f16xl/</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Piccirillo 2014, p. 69 - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Just under 11,300 pounds (5,100 kg),[24][25] up from the F-16A's 6,950 pounds (3,150 kg)[15] <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Piccirillo 2014, p. 291. - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Piccirillo 2014, pp. 85–87 - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Dummy AIM-120s, fabricated from wood & sheet metal, were scabbed onto the undersurfaces of the F-16XL flight demonstrators because the AIM-120 missile had yet to be integrated onto the standard F-16; incorporation of the semisubmerged missile housing with its associated ejector launcher would have required a separate development and integration effort.[27] <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Intended for a 300-gallon drop tank[27] <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Intended for either 2× 600-gallon drop tanks or 4× air-to-ground weapons, but not both simultaneously[27] <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Piccirillo 2014, pp. 183–184. - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Anders & Fischer 1999, p. 5. - Anders, Scott G.; Fischer, Michael C. (1 December 1999). F-16XL-2 Supersonic Laminar Flow Control Flight Test Experiment (Technical report). NASA Langley Research Center. NASA/TP-1999-209683. Retrieved 5 March 2023. <a href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20000004183" target="_blank">https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20000004183</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">NASA teams included the Ames-Dryden Flight Research Facility and Langley Research Center; industry partners were Boeing, McDonnell Douglas, and Rockwell International[30] <a href="/wiki/Dryden_Flight_Research_Center" target="_blank">/wiki/Dryden_Flight_Research_Center</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Anders & Fischer 1999, p. 2. - Anders, Scott G.; Fischer, Michael C. (1 December 1999). F-16XL-2 Supersonic Laminar Flow Control Flight Test Experiment (Technical report). NASA Langley Research Center. NASA/TP-1999-209683. Retrieved 5 March 2023. <a href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20000004183" target="_blank">https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20000004183</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Piccirillo 2014, pp. 183–187 - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">"NASA - NASA Dryden Technology Facts - F-16XL Supersonic Laminar Flow". www.nasa.gov. NASA. Archived from the original on 4 March 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/about/Organizations/Technology/Facts/TF-2004-12-DFRC.html" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/about/Organizations/Technology/Facts/TF-2004-12-DFRC.html</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Anderson & Bohn-Meyer 1992, pp. 2–3. - Anderson, Bianca T.; Bohn-Meyer, Marta (1 October 1992). Overview of supersonic laminar flow control research on the F-16XL ships 1 and 2. Anaheim, CA: NASA. 93N11221. Retrieved 4 March 2023. <a href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19930002033" target="_blank">https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19930002033</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">"Past Projects: F-16XL Ship #2 Supersonic Laminar Flow Control". NASA. 10 May 2017. Archived from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/history/pastprojects/F16XL2/index.html" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/history/pastprojects/F16XL2/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Piccirillo 2014, pp. 199–202. - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Piccirillo 2014, pp. 199–202. - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Piccirillo 2014, pp. 183–187 - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Piccirillo 2014, pp. 199–202. - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">"NASA - NASA Dryden Technology Facts - F-16XL Supersonic Laminar Flow". www.nasa.gov. NASA. Archived from the original on 4 March 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/about/Organizations/Technology/Facts/TF-2004-12-DFRC.html" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/about/Organizations/Technology/Facts/TF-2004-12-DFRC.html</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Piccirillo 2014, p. 184. - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Walton, Bill (2017-11-11). "The F-16XL: This Advanced F-16 Variant Lost Out To The F-15E Strike Eagle, But Was It Better?". Avgeekery.com. Archived from the original on 2023-02-12. Retrieved 2023-02-12. <a href="https://avgeekery.com/f-16xl-advanced-f-16-variant-lost-f-15e-strike-eagle-better/" target="_blank">https://avgeekery.com/f-16xl-advanced-f-16-variant-lost-f-15e-strike-eagle-better/</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Piccirillo 2014, p. 202. - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Piccirillo 2014, p. 202: "F-16XL-2 was also able to demonstrate limited supercruise performance by maintaining Mach 1.1 at an altitude of 20,000 feet in full military power without resorting to the use of afterburner." - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">"NASA - NASA Dryden Technology Facts - F-16XL Supersonic Laminar Flow". www.nasa.gov. NASA. Archived from the original on 4 March 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/about/Organizations/Technology/Facts/TF-2004-12-DFRC.html" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/about/Organizations/Technology/Facts/TF-2004-12-DFRC.html</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Piccirillo 2014, p. 206. - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">Piccirillo 2014, pp. 209–210. - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">Piccirillo 2014, pp. 183–187 - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Anders & Fischer 1999, p. 12. - Anders, Scott G.; Fischer, Michael C. (1 December 1999). F-16XL-2 Supersonic Laminar Flow Control Flight Test Experiment (Technical report). NASA Langley Research Center. NASA/TP-1999-209683. Retrieved 5 March 2023. <a href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20000004183" target="_blank">https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20000004183</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">Piccirillo 2014, pp. 211–214. - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">"NASA - NASA Dryden Technology Facts - F-16XL Supersonic Laminar Flow". www.nasa.gov. NASA. Archived from the original on 4 March 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/about/Organizations/Technology/Facts/TF-2004-12-DFRC.html" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/about/Organizations/Technology/Facts/TF-2004-12-DFRC.html</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">Anderson & Bohn-Meyer 1992, pp. 2–3. - Anderson, Bianca T.; Bohn-Meyer, Marta (1 October 1992). Overview of supersonic laminar flow control research on the F-16XL ships 1 and 2. Anaheim, CA: NASA. 93N11221. Retrieved 4 March 2023. <a href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19930002033" target="_blank">https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19930002033</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">Anders & Fischer 1999, p. 23. - Anders, Scott G.; Fischer, Michael C. (1 December 1999). F-16XL-2 Supersonic Laminar Flow Control Flight Test Experiment (Technical report). NASA Langley Research Center. NASA/TP-1999-209683. Retrieved 5 March 2023. <a href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20000004183" target="_blank">https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20000004183</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">Piccirillo 2014, pp. 183–187 - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">Piccirillo 2014, pp. 226–227. - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">Anderson & Bohn-Meyer 1992, pp. 4–5. - Anderson, Bianca T.; Bohn-Meyer, Marta (1 October 1992). Overview of supersonic laminar flow control research on the F-16XL ships 1 and 2. Anaheim, CA: NASA. 93N11221. Retrieved 4 March 2023. <a href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19930002033" target="_blank">https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19930002033</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">Anders & Fischer 1999, pp. 40–42. - Anders, Scott G.; Fischer, Michael C. (1 December 1999). F-16XL-2 Supersonic Laminar Flow Control Flight Test Experiment (Technical report). NASA Langley Research Center. NASA/TP-1999-209683. Retrieved 5 March 2023. <a href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20000004183" target="_blank">https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20000004183</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">"NASA - NASA Dryden Technology Facts - F-16XL Supersonic Laminar Flow". www.nasa.gov. NASA. Archived from the original on 4 March 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/about/Organizations/Technology/Facts/TF-2004-12-DFRC.html" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/about/Organizations/Technology/Facts/TF-2004-12-DFRC.html</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">Piccirillo 2014, pp. 227–228. - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">Walton, Bill (2017-11-11). "The F-16XL: This Advanced F-16 Variant Lost Out To The F-15E Strike Eagle, But Was It Better?". Avgeekery.com. Archived from the original on 2023-02-12. Retrieved 2023-02-12. <a href="https://avgeekery.com/f-16xl-advanced-f-16-variant-lost-f-15e-strike-eagle-better/" target="_blank">https://avgeekery.com/f-16xl-advanced-f-16-variant-lost-f-15e-strike-eagle-better/</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:71">Piccirillo 2014, pp. 281–283 - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:72">Piccirillo 2014, pp. 281–283 - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:73">"F-16XL (Ship #1)". NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center. April 19, 2011. Archived from the original on June 19, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2021. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/aircraft/F-16XL/index.html" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/aircraft/F-16XL/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:74">"Aircraft Inventory List". The Flight Test Museum Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2023. <a href="https://flighttestmuseum.org/aircraft-inventory-list/" target="_blank">https://flighttestmuseum.org/aircraft-inventory-list/</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:75">"Aircraft Inventory List". The Flight Test Museum Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2023. <a href="https://flighttestmuseum.org/aircraft-inventory-list/" target="_blank">https://flighttestmuseum.org/aircraft-inventory-list/</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:76">Darling 2003, pp. 63, 64, 69. - Darling, Kev (2003). F-16 Fighting Falcon. Combat Legend. London: Crowood Press UK. ISBN 978-1-84037-399-8. <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:77">"F-16 XL, Cranked-Arrow Wing", F-16, archived from the original on 22 April 2009, retrieved 18 April 2009. <a href="http://www.f-16.net/f-16_versions_article1.html" target="_blank">http://www.f-16.net/f-16_versions_article1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:78">Piccirillo 2014, Chapter 4: Design and Construction Details. - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:79">Piccirillo 2014, p. 71. - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:80">Piccirillo 2014, pp. 60–61 - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:81">Mach 2.0 was only achieved during the supersonic laminar flow tests from around 1990–1992;[55] maximum speed prior had been limited to Mach 1.95, though faster speeds were likely possible.[56] <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:82">Piccirillo 2014, p. 303. - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:83">Piccirillo 2014, p. 116. - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:84">Piccirillo 2014, p. 203. - Piccirillo, Albert C. (2014). Elegance in Flight: A comprehensive history of the F-16XL experimental prototype and its role in NASA flight research (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 978-1-62683-022-6. Retrieved 20 February 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/elegance_in_flight.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:85">"F-16 XL, Cranked-Arrow Wing", F-16, archived from the original on 22 April 2009, retrieved 18 April 2009. <a href="http://www.f-16.net/f-16_versions_article1.html" target="_blank">http://www.f-16.net/f-16_versions_article1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:86">Ammunition bay was removed in 1991–1992 and replaced with a turbocompressor to provide suction for the aerodynamic glove tests[31] <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

General Dynamics F-16XL open-in-new

General Dynamics F-16XL