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Don Ihde
open-in-new
<h2 id="major-concepts-and-thought">Major concepts and thought</h2> <h3>Postphenomenology</h3> <p>Don Ihde uses the methodological tools of <a href="/facts/Phenomenology_(philosophy)/AILzLkKx">phenomenology</a> to analyse technology, and specifically the relations between humans and technological artefacts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Rather than thinking about technology as an abstract category, postphenomenological analysis looks at actual artefacts and the way they interact with users.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Technologies, according to this view, mediate our relationship to the world, influencing the way we see it, understand it, and act on it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> Other important authors in the field of postphenomenology are <a href="/facts/Peter-Paul_Verbeek/TA5tuucc">Peter-Paul Verbeek</a> and Robert Rosenberger. </p> <h3>Bodies in cyberspace</h3> <p>Ihde's work <i>Bodies in Technology</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> spells out the original exploration of the ways cyberspace affects the human experience. The book explores embodiment in cyberspace with references to <a href="/facts/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction/EkmIxGCx">human–computer interaction</a> (HCI) research. The main question of the book is the meaning of bodies in technology. </p><p>Ihde rejects <a href="/facts/Cartesian_dualism/IbrW6R7C">Cartesian dualism</a>. Even to have an out of body experience is to have an implicit 'here-body' from which we experience an 'object-body' over there. He has further explored these arguments in his book <i>Bodies in Technology</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>Beginning with a "phenomenology of multistability" in the way various "technological media" are perceived, Ihde examines the "roles of human embodiment, perception, and spatial transformations within communication and information media."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>Ihde argues that movies like the <a href="/facts/Matrix_trilogy/YVA5Tum1">Matrix trilogy</a> play upon fantasy in a technological context and relate to the human sense of embodiment. He stresses an important fact that we have to experience the embodiment where we live, rather than to "plugin" to a technofantasies world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h3>Technoscience</h3> <p>The study of <a href="/facts/Technoscience/sDvmg2ad">technoscience</a> examines recent work in the fields of the philosophies of science and technology, and science studies; it also emphasizes the roles of our material cultures and expertise. According to Ihde, science and technology are in a symbiotic relationship, where scientific research relies fully on the development of scientific instruments, the technological development. </p><p>In a paper "Was Heidegger prescient concerning Technoscience?", Ihde re-examines <a href="/facts/Martin_Heidegger/VSvHqhcj">Martin Heidegger</a>'s philosophy of science with a reappraisal of what was innovative, and what remained archaic. Heidegger then is read against the background of the "new" approaches to science in science studies, and against the background of the scientific revolutions which have occurred since the mid-20th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h3>Material and expanding hermeneutics</h3> <p>Ihde has introduced the concept of material hermeneutics, which characterises much practice within the domains of technoscience. He rejects the vestigial <a href="/facts/Wilhelm_Dilthey/r0o404A3">Diltheyan</a> division between the <a href="/facts/Humanism/lM8R0wLs">humanistic</a> and <a href="/facts/Natural_sciences/8hg81Q2p">natural sciences</a> and argues that certain types of critical interpretation, broadly hermeneutic, characterize both sets of disciplines. He examines what he calls a style of interpretation based in material practices relating to imaging technologies which have given rise to the visual hermeneutics in technoscience studies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p><p>With references to science studies, sociology of science and feminist critique of science, Ihde has presented the idea of expanding hermeneutics, which emphasises praxis, instruments and laboratories over theoretical work. He claims that in science, the instruments and technologies used operate in a hermeneutic way.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <h3>Philosophers in "R&D"</h3> <p>Ihde argued on numerous occasions that "if the philosopher is to play a more important role it must not be only in or limited to the Hemingway role. Rather, it should take place in the equivalent of the officers' strategy meeting, before the battle takes shape. I will call this the 'R&D role'".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> Philosophers should engage with interdisciplinary research and actively participate in research and development work.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> He has claimed that only by having philosophers in R&D can they have truly new and emerging technologies that are philosophically engaged.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> Philosophers, precisely postphenomenologists, could help the scientific community to think about the future, rather than only about present-day phenomena or the past.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="selected-works">Selected works</h2> <h3>Books</h3> <ul><li><i>Sense and Significance</i> (1973)</li> <li><i>Listening and Voice: A phenomenology of sound</i> (1976)</li> <li><i>Experimental Phenomenology: An Introduction</i> (1977)</li> <li><i>Technics and Praxis: A Philosophy of Technology</i> (1979)</li> <li><i>Hermeneutic Phenomenology: The Philosophy of Paul Ricoeur</i> (1980)</li> <li><i>Existential Technics</i> (1983)</li> <li><i>Consequences of Phenomenology</i> (1986)</li> <li><i>Technology and the Lifeworld: From Garden to Earth</i> (1990)</li> <li><i>Instrumental Realism</i> (1991)</li> <li><i>Postphenomenology: essays in the postmodern context</i> (1993)</li> <li><i>Philosophy of Technology: An Introduction</i> (1998)</li> <li><i>Expanding Hermeneutics: Visualism in Science</i> (1999)</li> <li><i>Bodies in Technology</i> (2001)</li> <li><i>Chasing Technoscience</i> (2003)</li> <li><i>Listening and Voice: Phenomenologies of Sound</i> (2nd expanded edition, 2007)</li> <li><i>Ironic Technics</i> (2008)</li> <li><i>Postphenomenology and Technoscience</i> (Chinese 2008, English 2009; also in Spanish, Hebrew and forthcoming Portuguese)</li> <li><i>Embodied Technics</i> (2010)</li> <li><i>Heidegger's Technologies: Postphenomenological Perspectives</i> (2010)</li> <li><i>Expanded 2nd edition, Experimental Phenomenology: Multistabilities</i> (2012)</li> <li><i>Acoustic Technics</i> (2015)</li> <li><i>Husserl's Missing Technologies</i> (2016)</li> <li><i>Medical Technics</i> (2019)</li></ul> <h3>Articles</h3> <ul><li>Ihde, D. (1997). Thingly hermeneutics/Technoconstructions in <i>Man and World</i> 30: 369–381, 1997, Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.</li> <li>Ihde, D. (2000). Technoscience and the 'other' continental philosophy in <i>Continental Philosophy Review</i> 33: 59–74, Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.</li> <li>Ihde, D. (2003). <i>THE ULTIMATE PHENOMENOLOGICAL REDUCTION</i> (pp. 59 – 67) in Interfaces 21/22 <a href="http://topologicalmedialab.net/xinwei/classes/readings/Arakawa+Gins/Interfaces-Arakawa_volume21-22-1.pdf">http://topologicalmedialab.net/xinwei/classes/readings/Arakawa+Gins/Interfaces-Arakawa_volume21-22-1.pdf</a></li> <li>Ihde, D. (2004). A phenomenology of technics. In D. M. Kaplan (Ed.) Readings in the philosophy of technology (pp. 137–159). Lanham, MD.: Rowman & Littlefield.</li> <li>Ihde D. (2004a). <i>Simulation and embodiment</i> In: yearbook of the Institute of Advanced Study on Science, Technology and Society, Profil Verlag, pp 231–244.</li> <li>Ihde D. (2006). Technofantasies and embodiment. In: Diocaretz M, Herbrechter S (eds) The matrix in theory, (Rodopi, 2006), pp 153–166.</li> <li>Ihde D. (2008). Of which human are we post? In: The global spiral (Publication of Metanexus Institute) vol 9, Issue 3, June 2008.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ctc-RYc30yM">Don Ihde – <i>The fantasy draws upon deep human desires</i></a>, where Ihde is talking about history of technofantasies, postphenomenology of embodiment and transhumanism</li> <li><a href="http://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/philosophy/people/faculty_pages/ihde.html">Ihde's home page at Stony Brook University</a>.</li> <li><a href="http://pure.au.dk/portal/files/34709218/interviewwithDonIhde.pdf">Interview with Don Ihde</a>, May 2003.</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060515085952/http://www.ell.aau.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/Podcasts/Audio/16.03.2006_-_Interview_w._Don_Ihde.mp3">Interview (audio) with Ihde</a>, March 2006.</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606175248/http://www.sunypress.edu/details.asp?id=61285">A festschrift on Ihde</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071027010548/http://www.sunypress.edu/details.asp?id=61521">Ihde on Listening and Voice. Phenomenologies of Sound</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/SPT/v12n2/hickman.html">Larry Hickman on Postphenomenology and Pragmatism: Closer Than You Might Think?"</a> published in Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology, Vol. 12 No. 2, Spring 2008</li> <li><a href="https://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/SPT/v12n2/">Contributors discuss Don Ihde's <i>corpus</i> on postphenomenology</a> published in Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology, Vol. 12 No. 2, Spring 2008</li> <li><a href="http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/SPT/v7n2/feenberg.html">Andrew Feenberg discusses Ihde's <i>Bodies in Technology</i></a> published in Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology, vol. 7 no. 2, 2003</li> <li><a href="https://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/SPT/v6n3/verbeek.html">Peter-Paul Verbeek reviews Ihde's <i>Expanding Hermeneutics: Visualism in Science</i></a> published in Techné 6:3 Spring 2003</li> <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ctc-RYc30yM">Don Ihde: Postphenomenology, Embodiment and Transhumanism, Society for Social Studies of Science, Buenos Aires, Argentina, August 23, 2014 (with Subtitles in Portuguese)</a></li> <li><a href="http://figureground.org/interview-with-don-ihde/">Interview with Don Ihde @ Figure/Ground. September 4th, 2010</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>How Technology Changes Us – Lecture with Don Ihde and Peter-Paul Verbeek <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmBgJjfjG7Q" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmBgJjfjG7Q</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Katinka Waelbers, Doing Good with Technologies: Taking Responsibility for the Social Role of Emerging Technologies, Springer, 2011, p. 77. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Paul T. Durbin "Philosophy of technology: in search of discourse synthesis", Technè: Research in Philosophy and Technology 10:2, Winter 2006, pp. 95–96: "Don Ihde's Technics and Praxis is the first full-scale philosophical analysis of technology by an American to appear in English" <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Acne - the Power of Information - Acne". <a href="http://thepowerofinformation.eu/programme" target="_blank">http://thepowerofinformation.eu/programme</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"In Memoriam: Don Ihde (1934–2024)". Leiter Reports: A Philosophy Blog. Retrieved 7 February 2024. <a href="https://leiterreports.typepad.com/blog/2024/01/in-memoriam-don-ihde-1934-2024.html" target="_blank">https://leiterreports.typepad.com/blog/2024/01/in-memoriam-don-ihde-1934-2024.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"In the News". Stony Brook University. Retrieved 8 February 2024. <a href="https://www.stonybrook.edu/philosophy/" target="_blank">https://www.stonybrook.edu/philosophy/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Introna, Lucas. "Phenomenological Approaches to Ethics and Information Technology". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 20 August 2021. <a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-it-phenomenology/" target="_blank">https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-it-phenomenology/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Introna, Lucas. "Phenomenological Approaches to Ethics and Information Technology". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 20 August 2021. <a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-it-phenomenology/" target="_blank">https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-it-phenomenology/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Introna, Lucas. "Phenomenological Approaches to Ethics and Information Technology". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 20 August 2021. <a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-it-phenomenology/" target="_blank">https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-it-phenomenology/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Bodies in Technology. <a href="http://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/bodies-in-technology" target="_blank">http://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/bodies-in-technology</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Bodies in Technology. <a href="http://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/bodies-in-technology" target="_blank">http://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/bodies-in-technology</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-05. Retrieved 2015-11-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100705040652/http://www.ifs.tu-darmstadt.de/fileadmin/gradkoll/Publikationen/space-folder/pdf/Ihde.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100705040652/http://www.ifs.tu-darmstadt.de/fileadmin/gradkoll/Publikationen/space-folder/pdf/Ihde.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Ralon, Laureano (2010-09-04). "Interview with Don Ihde". Figure/Ground. Retrieved 24 August 2015. <a href="http://figureground.org/interview-with-don-ihde" target="_blank">http://figureground.org/interview-with-don-ihde</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Ihde, D (2001) Was Heidegger Prescient Concerning Technoscience? Existentia 11 (3-4):373-386 <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Ihde, Don (2005). "Material hermeneutics". Symmetrical Archaeology. Stanford: Theoretical Archaeology Group. <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Material Hermeneutics" Archived January 20, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, presented at "A Symmetrical Archaeology, TAG 2005" symposium. <a href="http://traumwerk.stanford.edu:3455/symmetry/816" target="_blank">http://traumwerk.stanford.edu:3455/symmetry/816</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Ihde, D (1999) Technology and Prognostic Predicaments, AI & Soc (1999) 13:44-51, Springer-Verlag London <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Ihde, D (1999) Technology and Prognostic Predicaments, AI & Soc (1999) 13:44-51, Springer-Verlag London <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Ihde, D (2012) Can continental philosophy deal with the new technologies? (pp. 321 – 332), Journal of Speculative Philosophy, Vol. 26, No. 2, The Pennsylvania State University Press <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Ihde, D (2003) Postphenomenology - Again? (pp. 1 -30) Working Papers from Centre for STS Studies Department of Information & Media Studies, University of Aarhus, Published by The Centre for STS Studies, Aarhus <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>