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AC Propulsion
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>Founder Alan Cocconi designed and built the controller used in the original <a href="/facts/GM_Impact/VWkCn8T1">GM Impact</a>, which later became the <a href="/facts/General_Motors_EV1/VWkCn8T1">GM EV1</a>. ACP introduced the first AC-100 in 1992 and the AC-150 150 kW (200 hp) integrated drive system in 1994.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> The AC-150 has been used in a variety of applications such as the BMW <a href="/facts/Mini_E/EcpV5XwM">Mini E</a>, <a href="/facts/Foton_Midi/pkcj0GjL">Foton Midi</a> taxi and a USPS LLV demo vehicle. AC Propulsion was a pioneer in <a href="/facts/Vehicle_to_grid/mcKXTIDQ">Vehicle to grid</a> or V2G systems,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> with their second generation AC-150 <a href="/facts/Drivetrain/LhPy4KGC">drivetrain</a> offering a bidirectional grid power connection.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>The company works with automobile manufacturers such as <a href="/facts/Changan_Automobile/ab5sMsTl">Changan Automobile</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="vehicles-using-an-ac-propulsion-electric-drivetrain">Vehicles using an AC Propulsion electric drivetrain</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/AC_Propulsion_tzero/eY09H3f6">AC Propulsion tzero</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/AC_Propulsion_eBox/0bpyvRTo">AC Propulsion eBox</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li>Volvo 3CC</li> <li><a href="/facts/Venturi_Fetish/cJCvswKa">Venturi Fetish</a></li> <li>Courreges EXE</li> <li><a href="/facts/Courreges_ZOOOP/rJdQ9fGn">Courreges ZOOOP</a> (with <a href="/facts/Lithium_polymer_batteries/0I2uusoW">lithium polymer batteries</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Wrightspeed_X1/78pIkhuA">Wrightspeed X1</a> (based on the <a href="/facts/Ariel_Atom/rQGueRa2">Ariel Atom</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mini_E/EcpV5XwM">Mini E</a>[<i>dead link</i>]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Peraves/xE3S0vz0">Peraves</a> E-Tracer</li> <li><a href="/facts/Toyota_RAV4_EV/z9kNQerU">Toyota RAV4 EV</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tesla_Roadster_(2008)/5jKhPdaj">Tesla Roadster (2008)</a></li></ul> <h2 id="connection-with-tesla-motors">Connection with Tesla Motors</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Martin_Eberhard/fofq4eLk">Martin Eberhard</a> and <a href="/facts/Marc_Tarpenning/LJ5XoJuU">Marc Tarpenning</a> had both taken test drives in the lithium-ion battery powered revision of the <a href="/facts/AC_Propulsion_tzero/eY09H3f6">AC Propulsion tzero</a> before founding <a href="/facts/Tesla_Motors/dSyLNM1D">Tesla Motors</a>. Martin Eberhard encouraged Tom Gage and Alan Cocconi to move their prototype tzero into production. When they declined, in favor of working on their electrified <a href="/facts/Scion_xB/J61qYjhC">Scion xB</a> called the <a href="/facts/AC_Propulsion_eBox/0bpyvRTo">eBox</a>, Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning incorporated Tesla Motors to pursue the idea of building an electric roadster in the spirit of the tzero. <a href="/facts/Elon_Musk/GFgcp9Im">Elon Musk</a> later test drove the tzero as well, and he also encouraged AC Propulsion to commercialize the vehicle. Tom Gage again deferred, but put Elon Musk in contact with Martin Eberhard which led to Musk becoming Tesla Motors' first major investor through Series A funding.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>Before Tesla Motors developed its Roadster's proprietary <a href="/facts/Powertrain/LhPy4KGC">powertrain</a>, the company licensed AC Propulsion's EV Power System design and Reductive Charging patent which covers integration of the charging electronics with the <a href="/facts/Inverter_(electrical)/L8cJc3Hu">inverter</a>, thus reducing mass, complexity, and cost. Tesla then designed and built its own power electronics, motor, and other drivetrain components that incorporated this licensed technology from AC Propulsion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> Given the extensive redevelopment of the vehicle, Tesla Motors no longer licenses any proprietary technology from AC Propulsion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to AC Propulsion. <ul><li><a href="https://www.acpropulsion.com/">Official website</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Zorpette, Glenn. (May 1997) Profile: Alan Cocconi – Electric Cars and Pterosaurs are my Business (subscription required), Scientific American 276(5), 32-36. Archive from 1998 <a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/electric-cars-and-pterosaurs-are-my/" target="_blank">https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/electric-cars-and-pterosaurs-are-my/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"AC Propulsion - Creating electric vehicles that people want to drive". Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2014-06-10. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220154136/http://www.acpropulsion.com/about.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20161220154136/http://www.acpropulsion.com/about.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"AC Propulsion, Inc.: Private Company Information - Businessweek". Archived from the original on June 10, 2014. Retrieved 2014-06-10. <a href="https://archive.today/20140610021542/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=24792996" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20140610021542/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=24792996</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"AC Propulsion, Inc.: Private Company Information - Businessweek". Archived from the original on June 10, 2014. Retrieved 2014-06-10. <a href="https://archive.today/20140610021542/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=24792996" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20140610021542/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=24792996</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"AC Propulsion - Creating electric vehicles that people want to drive". Archived from the original on 2014-07-11. Retrieved 2014-06-10. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140711160724/http://www.acpropulsion.com/products.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140711160724/http://www.acpropulsion.com/products.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"AC Propulsion - Creating electric vehicles that people want to drive". Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2014-06-10. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220154136/http://www.acpropulsion.com/about.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20161220154136/http://www.acpropulsion.com/about.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"AC Propulsion - Creating electric vehicles that people want to drive". Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2014-06-10. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220154136/http://www.acpropulsion.com/about.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20161220154136/http://www.acpropulsion.com/about.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Lynch, Michael. "Biden Goes All In On Electric Vehicles—But Consumers Probably Won't". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2021-09-01. Retrieved 2021-09-01. <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaellynch/2021/08/06/biden-goes-all-in-on-electric-vehicles-but-consumers-probably-wont/" target="_blank">https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaellynch/2021/08/06/biden-goes-all-in-on-electric-vehicles-but-consumers-probably-wont/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"iCloud". Archived from the original on 2012-06-21. Retrieved 2014-06-10. <a href="http://web.me.com/soareyes/Stans_Mini_E/Mini_E_Blog/Entries/2010/5/16_Meet-Up_at_AC_Propulsion.html" target="_blank">http://web.me.com/soareyes/Stans_Mini_E/Mini_E_Blog/Entries/2010/5/16_Meet-Up_at_AC_Propulsion.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"AC Propulsion - Creating electric vehicles that people want to drive". Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2014-06-10. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220154136/http://www.acpropulsion.com/about.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20161220154136/http://www.acpropulsion.com/about.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Reliance Electric GV3000 5V4160 | Automation Industrial". 5v4160.com. Retrieved 2024-01-13. <a href="https://5v4160.com/blog" target="_blank">https://5v4160.com/blog</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Companies Founded in 1992". Ranker. Retrieved 2024-01-13. <a href="https://www.ranker.com/list/companies-founded-in-1992/reference" target="_blank">https://www.ranker.com/list/companies-founded-in-1992/reference</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>MEETING WITH CHANGAN AUTOMOBILE AT ACP Archived 2018-07-02 at the Wayback Machine Published: 05 December 2017 <a href="http://www.acpropulsion.com/index.php/news-media/88-meet-with-changan-automobile-at-acp" target="_blank">http://www.acpropulsion.com/index.php/news-media/88-meet-with-changan-automobile-at-acp</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Vaughn, Mark (2021-08-02). "Yes, You Can Buy Tom Hanks' Tesla!". Autoweek. Archived from the original on 2021-09-01. Retrieved 2021-09-01. <a href="https://www.autoweek.com/car-life/a37182616/tom-hanks-tesla-for-sale/" target="_blank">https://www.autoweek.com/car-life/a37182616/tom-hanks-tesla-for-sale/</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"AC Propulsion - Creating electric vehicles that people want to drive". Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2014-06-10. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220154136/http://www.acpropulsion.com/about.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20161220154136/http://www.acpropulsion.com/about.html</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"iCloud". Archived from the original on 2012-06-21. Retrieved 2014-06-10. <a href="http://web.me.com/soareyes/Stans_Mini_E/Mini_E_Blog/Entries/2010/5/16_Meet-Up_at_AC_Propulsion.html" target="_blank">http://web.me.com/soareyes/Stans_Mini_E/Mini_E_Blog/Entries/2010/5/16_Meet-Up_at_AC_Propulsion.html</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"AC Propulsion - Creating electric vehicles that people want to drive". Archived from the original on 2008-04-15. Retrieved 2007-04-12. <a href="http://www.acpropulsion.com/" target="_blank">http://www.acpropulsion.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Sacramento, Here We Come!" (PDF). Convention and Tradeshow News. 2001-12-12. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-02-24. AC Propulsion's battery electric Toyota RAV4-EV made it from Southern California to ETIC2001 without stopping to charge. <a href="http://www.ctnpublishing.com/pubs/ETIC/ETIC_2001/ShowTimesDay1.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.ctnpublishing.com/pubs/ETIC/ETIC_2001/ShowTimesDay1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Siry, Darryl (2009-06-25). "Will the Real Tesla Founder Please Stand Up?". Condé Nast. Archived from the original on 2019-09-21. ...it is interesting to note that neither Martin Eberhard or Elon Musk came up with the idea of an electric sportscar with excellent range and amazing acceleration. As is evident in some of the emails Elon presents on his blog, the credit rests with a company few outside EV circles has heard of. AC Propulsion developed the idea, and both Eberhard and Musk initially approached the San Dimas, California, company to build the car. Tom Gage and Alan Cocconi had built the t zero, which is essentially the prototypical Tesla Roadster with a 0-60 time of 3.6 seconds and a range of more than 200 miles using commodity lithium-ion cells. One way to look at this is the real technology visionaries were the folks at AC Propulsion, but they lacked the entrepreneurial vision to see just how big an idea it could become and the means to achieve it. Both Eberhard and Musk saw the importance — and potential — of what Gage and Cocconi had created. When Eberhard and Musk approached them individually to prod them into taking the next step and produce the vehicle, Gage opted instead to introduce Musk to Eberhard and get back to work creating the eBox, an electrified Scion xB that Gage considered more practical and economical. <a href="https://www.wired.com/2009/06/tesla-founder/" target="_blank">https://www.wired.com/2009/06/tesla-founder/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"Reductive Charging, AC Propulsion's Reductive Charger Integrated Charging for the Electric Vehicle". AC Propulsion. Archived from the original on 2007-02-06. Retrieved 2007-03-07. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206121745/http://www.acpropulsion.com/technology/reductivecharging.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070206121745/http://www.acpropulsion.com/technology/reductivecharging.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Sam Abuelsamid (2008-06-24). "AutoblogGreen Q&A: Tesla Motors Chairman Elon Musk Part 2 – Transmission shifts". Archived from the original on 2008-06-26. Retrieved 2008-06-24. <a href="http://www.autobloggreen.com/2008/06/24/autobloggreen-qanda-tesla-motors-chairman-elon-musk-part-2-tran/" target="_blank">http://www.autobloggreen.com/2008/06/24/autobloggreen-qanda-tesla-motors-chairman-elon-musk-part-2-tran/</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Tarpenning, Marc; Martin Eberhard (2007-08-24). "Well-to-Wheel Energy Efficiency". Tesla Motors. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2011-02-25. The AC Propulsion lithium-ion charging system (the basis for the design of the Tesla Roadster charging system)... <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011010258/http://www.teslamotors.com/efficiency/well_to_wheel.php" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20071011010258/http://www.teslamotors.com/efficiency/well_to_wheel.php</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Elon Musk (2009-06-22). "Tesla Leadership". Tesla Motors. Archived from the original on June 24, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-01. Tesla Motors, Inc. consisted of Eberhard, Tarpenning and Wright, plus an unfunded business plan and they were looking for an initial round of funding to create a more advanced prototype than the AC Propulsion Tzero. While there was a basic corporation in place, Tesla hadn't even registered or obtained the trademark to its name and had no formal offices or assets. To save legal fees, we just copied the SpaceX articles of incorporation and bylaws for Tesla and I invested $6.35M (98%) of the initial closing of $6.5M in Series A funding. Eberhard invested $75k (approximately 1%). <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" target="_blank">/wiki/Elon_Musk</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>