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<h2 id="scope">Scope</h2> <p>The nature of the distinction between annals and history is a subject based on divisions established by the ancient Romans.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Verrius_Flaccus/sMfa440T">Verrius Flaccus</a>, quoted by <a href="/facts/Aulus_Gellius/LbQUUW8K">Aulus Gellius</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> stated that the etymology of <i>history</i> (from <a href="/facts/Ancient_Greek/LIK7NlUh">Greek</a> ιστορειν, <i>historein</i>, equated with <a href="/facts/Latin/pM3Kge85">Latin</a> <i>inspicere</i>, "to inquire in person") properly restricts it to primary sources such as <a href="/facts/Thucydides/oec8VKJz">Thucydides</a>'s which have come from the author's own observations, while annals record the events of earlier times arranged according to years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Hayden_White/z7l8uHNG">Hayden White</a> distinguishes annals from <a href="/facts/Chronicle/LdsQuNGY">chronicles</a>, which organize their events by topics such as the reigns of kings,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> and from histories, which aim to present and conclude a narrative implying the moral importance of the events recorded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Generally speaking, annalists record events drily, leaving the entries unexplained and equally weighted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <h3>Ancient</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Annalists/Iu5VY7r0">Annalists</a></p> <p class="note">See also: The <i><a href="/facts/Annales_Maximi/qjd8MUvy">Annales Maximi</a></i> and the <a href="/facts/Annals_(Tacitus)/kVHV2v26">Annals of Tacitus</a>.</p> <p>The chief sources of information in regard to the annals of ancient <a href="/facts/Rome/bh1Ttx3T">Rome</a> are two passages in <a href="/facts/Cicero/A37U7jaN">Cicero</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> and in <a href="/facts/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus/ATQNCfQq">Servius</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> which have been the subject of much discussion. Cicero states that, from the <a href="/facts/Roman_Republic/Han0FRLT">founding of the Republic</a> down to the pontificate of <a href="/facts/Publius_Mucius_Scaevola_(pontifex_maximus)/dVw0Qaph">Publius Mucius Scaevola</a> (c. 132 BC), it was usual for the <a href="/facts/Pontifex_maximus/hGJnFXlg">pontifex maximus</a> to record the name of the magistrates and the noteworthy events of each year on a white tablet (an <i>album</i>), which was exhibited in an open place at his house so that the people might read it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> Servius states the events were written for each day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> In the late Republic, these were known as the <i><a href="/facts/Annales_Maximi/qjd8MUvy">Annales Maximi</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> After the pontificate of Publius, annals were compiled by various unofficial writers, of whom Cicero names <a href="/facts/Cato_the_elder/cFSyAE4N">Cato</a>, <a href="/facts/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor/DrSJkhR3">Pictor</a>, and <a href="/facts/Lucius_Calpurnius_Piso_Frugi_(consul_133_BC)/4tVc4u9c">Piso</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> These annals have been generally regarded as the same with the <i>Commentarii Pontificum</i> cited by <a href="/facts/Livy/Plc1YwYE">Livy</a>, but there seems reason to believe that the two were distinct, with the <i>Commentarii</i> being fuller and more circumstantial.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> Verrius Flaccus's division of genres is borne out in the common division of Tacitus's works into <i><a href="/facts/Annals_(Tacitus)/kVHV2v26">Annals</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Histories_(Tacitus)/Jl3HLo71">Histories</a></i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> although he did not use those titles to refer to his own works. </p> <h3>Medieval</h3> <p class="note">See also: The <a href="/facts/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle/vub2M2h7">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a>, the <a href="/facts/Chronicle_of_Ireland/IKqRWwkx">Chronicle of Ireland</a> the <a href="/facts/Royal_Frankish_Annals/U3E7Id8C">Royal Frankish Annals</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Annals_of_the_Four_Masters/RBLxmSSU">Annals of the Four Masters</a>, <a href="/facts/Annals_of_Ulster/FDmG3qhJ">of Ulster</a>, <a href="/facts/Annals_of_Innisfallen/zx1kq6oF">of Innisfallen</a>, <a href="/facts/Annales_Cambri%C3%A6/v6joEjsb">of Wales</a>, <a href="/facts/Annales_Fuldenses/yo7HpQPu">of Fulda</a>, <a href="/facts/Annales_Bertiniani/pBPdBUqb">of St Bertin</a>, and <a href="/facts/Annales_Laureschamenses/Sb4kaGIy">of Lorsch</a>.</p> <p>Among the early Christians, it was common to establish the date of <a href="/facts/Easter/LYPGCQge">Easter</a> by asking local Jews for the date of <a href="/facts/Passover/klu4sC0g">Passover</a> (<a href="/facts/Nisan/UyPKPly6">Nisan</a> 14 in the <a href="/facts/Jewish_calendar/s5XBFz4h">Jewish calendar</a>) and either using that date or the nearest Sunday to it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> By the end of the 3rd century, this date sometimes occurred before the <a href="/facts/Spring_equinox_(Northern_Hemisphere)/27hlaADj">spring equinox</a> and frequently varied from city to city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Following the <a href="/facts/First_Council_of_Nicaea/6lHSuWwy">325 Council of Nicaea</a>, <a href="/facts/Easter_tables/HUosdPeP">Easter tables</a> began to be drawn up according to <a href="/facts/Computus/HUosdPeP">various methods of computing Easter</a>, often running from the <a href="/facts/Passion_of_Christ/zHxtCPQd">Passion</a> until decades or centuries into the future. Beginning in <a href="/facts/Irish_monasticism/vtI7EPII">Ireland</a>, Wales, and England in the 7th century, monks began to briefly note important events of the year as <a href="/facts/Marginalia/HHGWChQn">marginalia</a> in these tables.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> Thereafter the compilation of annals became by and large a monastic activity, with the earliest recorded monastic annals being compiled in Ireland and known as the <i><a href="/facts/Chronicle_of_Ireland/IKqRWwkx">Chronicle of Ireland</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> Not all early annalistic texts, however, were monastic, and some in fact were made under royal patronage. For example, what is now called the <i><a href="/facts/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle/vub2M2h7">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i>, a text concerned mainly with the activities of kings, was written in annalistic form. Other examples of insular annals, written under various kinds of patronage, include the <i><a href="/facts/Annals_of_the_Four_Masters/RBLxmSSU">Annals of the Four Masters</a></i>, the <i><a href="/facts/Annals_of_Ulster/FDmG3qhJ">Annals of Ulster</a></i>, the <i><a href="/facts/Annals_of_Innisfallen/zx1kq6oF">Annals of Innisfallen</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/facts/Annales_Cambri%C3%A6/v6joEjsb">Annals of Wales</a></i> (<i>Annales Cambriæ</i>). </p><p>Introduced by <a href="/facts/Hiberno-Scottish_mission/qsxMGRoq">insular missionaries</a> to the continent, these texts were recopied, augmented, and continued, especially in <a href="/facts/Austrasia/fdF9UNfn">Austrasia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> During the 9th-century <a href="/facts/Carolingian_Renaissance/6JFPzI29">Carolingian Renaissance</a>, they became the usual form of contemporary history: major examples include the <i><a href="/facts/Royal_Frankish_Annals/U3E7Id8C">Royal Frankish Annals</a></i>, the <i><a href="/facts/Annales_Fuldenses/yo7HpQPu">Annals of Fulda</a></i> (<i>Annales Fuldenses</i>), the <i><a href="/facts/Annales_Bertiniani/pBPdBUqb">Annals of St Bertin</a></i> (<i>Annales Bertiniani</i>), and the <i><a href="/facts/Annales_Laureschamenses/Sb4kaGIy">Annals of Lorsch</a></i> (<i>Annales Laureschamenses</i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> As the annals developed into fuller and more descriptive entries, they became more indistinguishable from <a href="/facts/Chronicle/LdsQuNGY">chronicles</a>, although the term was still used for various works, such as the <a href="/facts/Annals_of_Waverley/C49jGHez">Annals of Waverley</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p> <h3>Modern</h3> <p>In modern literature, the term "annals" is similarly loosely applied to works which more or less strictly adhere to the order of years,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> both in western contexts (English <i>Annual Registers</i>, French <i>Annuaires de la Revue</i>, German <i>Jahrbücher</i>) and to equivalent styles in other cultures (such as the Chinese <a href="/facts/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals/XT55obmf">Spring and Autumn Annals</a>). </p><p>It is also applied to various <a href="/facts/Periodicals/1Ep96WIt">periodicals</a>, particularly <a href="/facts/Peer-reviewed_journal/SBI7Ue0q">peer-reviewed journals</a> in the <a href="/facts/Sciences/IJoaD7rs">sciences</a>, after the model of <a href="/facts/Antoine_Lavoisier/UheVQrhu">Lavoisier</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Annales_de_chimie_et_de_physique/sXTtXYmh">Annales de chimie et de physique</a></i>. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> Works <ul><li>Chinese annals <ul><li><a href="/facts/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals/XT55obmf">Spring and Autumn Annals</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Zizhi_Tongjian/G4ImXrgk">Zizhi Tongjian</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ming_Veritable_Records/4UeGRN4g">Ming Veritable Records</a></li></ul></li> <li>The Annals of <a href="/facts/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari/cmM0W6IK">Tabari</a> (10th century <a href="/facts/Tabaristan/fwVwJzpx">Tabaristan</a> <a href="/facts/Abbasid_Caliphate/mPeLAbXt">Abbasid Caliphate</a>)</li> <li>The German Annals (<i><a href="/facts/Annales_Alamannici/PN89BMe2">Annales Alamannici</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Annals_of_Joseon_Dynasty/c5uGn7Ad">Annals of Joseon Dynasty</a> in Korea</li> <li>The Malay Annals (<i><a href="/facts/Sejarah_Melayu/PdvCg1EQ">Sejarah Melayu</a></i>)</li> <li>Grotius's <i>Annales et Historia de Rebus Belgicis</i> (1557)</li> <li><a href="/facts/James_Ussher/D0h8gle6">Bishop Ussher</a>'s <i>Annals of the Old Testament</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cardinal_Baronius/v6RYSu6d">Cardinal Baronius</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Annales_Ecclesiastici/bKDU9B3E">Annales Ecclesiastici</a></i> (12 vols, 1788–1793)</li> <li>Hailes's <i>Annals of Scotland from the Accession of Malcolm III to the Accession of the House of Stuart</i></li> <li>Chambers's <i>Domestic Annals of Scotland</i></li> <li>The annals of the emperors of Japan</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Annales_martyrum/A81ze3QH">Annales martyrum</a></i></li></ul> Periodicals <ul><li><a href="/facts/American_Academy_of_Political_and_Social_Science/TLvQ1zaX">The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</a></li> <li>The Annals of <a href="/facts/Basilica_of_Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupr%C3%A9/b3w06hTY">Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré</a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Annals_of_Clinical_Biochemistry/pNeDx255">Annals of Clinical Biochemistry</a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Annals_of_Family_Medicine/5qns71a3">Annals of Family Medicine</a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/IEEE_Annals_of_the_History_of_Computing/SBnAgwVR">IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Annals_of_Human_Genetics/yfY4QIfe">Annals of Human Genetics</a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Annals_of_Internal_Medicine/Shs6Flk8">Annals of Internal Medicine</a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Annals_of_Mathematics/CUYktUqD">Annals of Mathematics</a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Annals_of_Probability/EpFBAaCC">Annals of Probability</a> and <a href="/facts/Annals_of_Statistics/frNL5W9E">Annals of Statistics</a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Annals_of_the_Faculty_of_Law_in_Belgrade/t0rQGWvN">Annals of the Faculty of Law in Belgrade</a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Annals_of_Improbable_Research/JDdTHU7a">Annals of Improbable Research</a>, a parody of other peer-reviewed journals</li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="additional-notes">Additional notes</h2> <ul><li>Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Annals">"Annals" </a>, <i><a href="/facts/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/CEyVsjlN">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, vol. 2 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 60–61</li> <li><a href="https://archive.org/stream/ANewEnglishDictionaryOnHistoricalPrinciples.10VolumesWithSupplement/01.NEDHP.AB.Oxford.Murray.1888.#page/n361/mode/2up">"annals, <i>n.</i>"</a>, <i>Oxford English Dictionary, </i>Vol. I<i></i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1888 [First added 1884], p. 338.</li> <li>Flechner, Roy (2013), "The Chronicle of Ireland: Then and Now", <i>Early Medieval Europe</i>, 21 (4): 422–54, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Femed.12025">10.1111/emed.12025</a>, <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162982334">162982334</a></li> <li>Gellius, Aulus (177), <i><i><a href="/facts/Noctes_Atticae/LbQUUW8K">Noctes Atticae</a></i>, v.18</i></li> <li>Gibson, Margaret Dunlop (1903), <i>The Didascalia Apostolorum in Syriac</i>, <a href="/facts/Cambridge,_England/gNRdbmwK">Cambridge</a>: Cambridge University Press</li> <li>Schwartz, E. (1905), <i>Christliche und jüdische Ostertafeln</i> [<i>Christian and Jewish Easter Tables</i>], Berlin{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link). (in German)</li> <li>White, Hayden V. (1987), <i>The Content of Form: Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation</i>, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press</li></ul> <p>Attribution: </p> <ul><li> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/facts/Public_domain/YWKMDKw4">public domain</a>: <a href="/facts/Charles_B%C3%A9mont/AnrIFj9c">Bémont, Charles</a> (1911), "Annals", in <a href="/facts/Hugh_Chisholm/2vWblUBe">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.), <i><a href="/facts/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition/mPElbCRY">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, vol. 2 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 61</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Annals">"Annals" </a>. <i><a href="/facts/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia/szBM6Gxy">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>. 1879.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>EB (1878). - Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), "Annals" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 2 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 60–61 <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Annals" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Annals</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>OED (1884). - "annals, n.", Oxford English Dictionary, Vol. I, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1888 [First added 1884], p. 338 <a href="https://archive.org/stream/ANewEnglishDictionaryOnHistoricalPrinciples.10VolumesWithSupplement/01.NEDHP.AB.Oxford.Murray.1888.#page/n361/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/ANewEnglishDictionaryOnHistoricalPrinciples.10VolumesWithSupplement/01.NEDHP.AB.Oxford.Murray.1888.#page/n361/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>EB (1878). - Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), "Annals" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 2 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 60–61 <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Annals" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Annals</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>OED (1884). - "annals, n.", Oxford English Dictionary, Vol. I, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1888 [First added 1884], p. 338 <a href="https://archive.org/stream/ANewEnglishDictionaryOnHistoricalPrinciples.10VolumesWithSupplement/01.NEDHP.AB.Oxford.Murray.1888.#page/n361/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/ANewEnglishDictionaryOnHistoricalPrinciples.10VolumesWithSupplement/01.NEDHP.AB.Oxford.Murray.1888.#page/n361/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>EB (1878). - Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), "Annals" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 2 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 60–61 <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Annals" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Annals</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Gellius (177). - Gellius, Aulus (177), Noctes Atticae, v.18 <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>EB (1878). - Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), "Annals" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 2 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 60–61 <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Annals" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Annals</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>White (1987), p. 16. - White, Hayden V. (1987), The Content of Form: Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>White (1987), p. 7. - White, Hayden V. (1987), The Content of Form: Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>White (1987), p. 11. - White, Hayden V. (1987), The Content of Form: Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>White (1987), p. 16. - White, Hayden V. (1987), The Content of Form: Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>White (1987), p. 7. - White, Hayden V. (1987), The Content of Form: Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Cicero, De Oratore, ii.12.52. <a href="/wiki/Cicero" target="_blank">/wiki/Cicero</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>EB (1878). - Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), "Annals" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 2 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 60–61 <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Annals" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Annals</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Servius, ad Aen. i.373. <a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" target="_blank">/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>EB (1911). - Bémont, Charles (1911), "Annals", in Chisholm, Hugh (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 2 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 61 <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>EB (1878). - Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), "Annals" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 2 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 60–61 <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Annals" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Annals</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Latin: per singulos dies.[8] <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" target="_blank">/wiki/Latin_language</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>EB (1878). - Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), "Annals" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 2 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 60–61 <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Annals" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Annals</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>EB (1878). - Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), "Annals" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 2 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 60–61 <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Annals" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Annals</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>EB (1878). - Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), "Annals" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 2 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 60–61 <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Annals" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Annals</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>EB (1878). - Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), "Annals" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 2 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 60–61 <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Annals" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Annals</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Schwartz (1905), pp. 104 ff. - Schwartz, E. (1905), Christliche und jüdische Ostertafeln [Christian and Jewish Easter Tables], Berlin <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Gibson (1903), p. 100. - Gibson, Margaret Dunlop (1903), The Didascalia Apostolorum in Syriac, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Eusebius, Hist. Eccl., 7. <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" target="_blank">/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>EB (1911). - Bémont, Charles (1911), "Annals", in Chisholm, Hugh (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 2 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 61 <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Flechner (2013), pp. 422 ff. - Flechner, Roy (2013), "The Chronicle of Ireland: Then and Now", Early Medieval Europe, 21 (4): 422–54, doi:10.1111/emed.12025, S2CID 162982334 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Femed.12025" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1111%2Femed.12025</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>EB (1911). - Bémont, Charles (1911), "Annals", in Chisholm, Hugh (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 2 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 61 <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>EB (1911). - Bémont, Charles (1911), "Annals", in Chisholm, Hugh (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 2 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 61 <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>EB (1911). - Bémont, Charles (1911), "Annals", in Chisholm, Hugh (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 2 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 61 <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>EB (1911). - Bémont, Charles (1911), "Annals", in Chisholm, Hugh (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 2 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 61 <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>