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Intuitive Machines Nova-C
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<h2 id="funding">Funding</h2> <p>In 2017, <a href="/facts/Space_Policy_Directive_1/TIMCV0yV">Space Policy Directive 1</a> signaled the intention of returning NASA astronauts to the Moon.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> NASA documents obtained by <i><a href="/facts/The_New_York_Times/T9marWVX">The New York Times</a></i> suggested the agency would involve the private spaceflight sector in the effort.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> In 2018, <a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a> solicited bids from nine companies, including Intuitive Machines, for the <a href="/facts/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services/g5gL2TuH">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a> (CLPS) program.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> CLPS is part of the NASA <a href="/facts/Artemis_program/QHBrKFI8">Artemis program</a>; one of the long term goals of Artemis is establishing a <a href="/facts/Colonization_of_the_Moon/Sc13PEu3">permanent crewed base on the Moon</a>. Intuitive Machines was one of three service providers awarded task orders in 2019 for delivery of NASA science payloads to the Moon.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p>In 2021, Intuitive Machines received a NASA contract that was initially valued at US$77 million to conduct lunar landings for NASA.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> After contract modifications, the total contract value came to US$118 million in 2024.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="overview">Overview</h2> <h3>Structure</h3> <p>The lander structure is a hexagonal cylinder with six landing legs and is 3.938 m (12.92 ft) tall. It has a launch mass of 1,908 kg (4,206 lb) and can hold a payload of 100 kg (220 lb).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h3>Propulsion</h3> <p>Nova-C was developed by Intuitive Machines, inheriting technology from NASA's <a href="/facts/Project_Morpheus/y8tI6wsK">Project Morpheus</a>. Its <a href="/facts/Gimbal/FI8hEuss">gimbaled</a> VR900 main engine uses methane and oxygen as <a href="/facts/Liquid_rocket_propellant/s0KadvqW">liquid propellants</a>. <a href="/facts/Pressure-fed_engine/doEYm9wH">Pressurized</a> by helium gas, the engine produces 3,100 N (700 lbf) of thrust.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> For attitude<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> control the vehicle uses a helium <a href="/facts/Reaction_control_system/YfqBrd7h">reaction control system</a> (RCS).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> Each <a href="/facts/Cold_gas_thruster/XkUjyILE">thruster</a> in the RCS produces 4.45 N (1 lbf) of thrust. At launch Nova-C is filled with 845 kg (1,863 lb) of liquid oxygen, 422 kg (930 lb) kg of liquid methane and 17 kg (37 lb) of gaseous helium.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p><p>Propellant is loaded onto Nova-C at the <a href="/facts/Launch_pad/6ePPb2ac">launch pad</a> alongside propellant loading of the <a href="/facts/Launch_vehicle/g1GCGFJB">launch vehicle</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> Use of liquid methane and liquid oxygen is believed to be an enabling technology for future deep space missions. Propellants aboard the lander were stored in composite over-wrap liner-less cryogenic tanks. Thermodynamic venting systems provide cryogenic cooling.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p> <h3>Electric power</h3> <p>Nova-C landers use solar panels as a source of electrical power. Most areas of the lunar surface are sunlit during <a href="/facts/Lunar_day/3pBDba0z">lunar days</a>, which last approximately fourteen Earth days. </p><p>Electrical power is generated by a <a href="/facts/Photovoltaic_system/rD4rcJB8">photovoltaic system</a> with three solar panels, a top deck panel and two body panels, generating a combined maximum of 200 W on the lunar surface. A 25 amp-hour battery supplies power to a 28 VDC bus for use by the spacecraft when power generation lags consumption.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p> <h3>Communications</h3> <p>Nova-C is capable of 24/7 data coverage for its client payloads<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p> <h3>Landing</h3> <p>The lander is designed to stay upright when landing on a slope of up to 10 degrees.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> The lander includes autonomous landing and hazard detection technology and once landed is still capable of relocating itself to a second landing site by performing a vertical takeoff, cruise, and vertical landing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="missions">Missions</h2> <p>Intuitive Machines is conducting the first three Nova-C missions for the NASA <a href="/facts/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services/g5gL2TuH">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a> program.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> The landers are tasked with delivering small science and technology-development payloads.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p> <h3>IM-1 (<i>Odysseus</i>)</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/IM-1/cyztfY5a">IM-1</a></p> <p>The lander for the first Nova-C mission, IM-1, was named <i><a href="/facts/Odysseus_(spacecraft)/cyztfY5a">Odysseus</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> A contract for the mission was signed in 2021, with later modifications.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> The mission launched 15 February 2024 on a <a href="/facts/Falcon_9/mNck6vby">Falcon 9</a> launch vehicle. It landed with a "rough" - soft landing on 22 February 2024 in the South Pole region of the moon, approximately at 80.13° South latitude and 1.44° East longitude, inside a shallow 1 km diameter crater with a 12° slope. The lander came to rest about 1.5 km away from the intended landing site near the Malapert A crater. The line of approach brought <i>Odysseus</i> in from the northeast over Schomberger crater.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p><p>Upon initial contact with the lunar surface, the lander broke a leg off of the hexagonal body, and bounced back along the line of approach, with the main engine and RCS firing to null out vertical and lateral velocities. After landing vertically, the lander slowly settled onto the lunar surface with the top solar array pointed in the general direction of Schomberger crater. One of the rectangular arrays, originally intended to be vertical, is on top and angled 30° with the horizontal, or about 18° with the lunar surface.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> IM announced that until entering standby mode on February 29, 2024, <i>Odysseus</i> had transmitted over 350 megabytes of science and engineering data from all payloads, and it will try to revive <i>Odysseus</i> during the next lunar day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p><p><i>Odysseus'</i>s "rough" - soft Moon landing is the first soft landing of any kind for an American made spacecraft since <a href="/facts/Apollo_17/5szGEz7n">Apollo 17</a>, more than 50 years ago, and the first by a <a href="/facts/Private_spaceflight/9rSz8Lhh">private company</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> The soft <i>Odysseus</i> landing also qualifies the <i>Odysseus</i> mission as the first liquid methane and liquid oxygen (<a href="/facts/Methalox/s0KadvqW">methalox</a>) powered spacecraft to fire beyond low earth orbit, as well as the first methalox spacecraft to land on an off-world celestial body.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> </p><p>After the landing <i>Odysseus</i> was resting on the surface at a 30° angle with the horizontal. It has been confirmed by Tim Crain, CTO of Intuitive Machines, that one of the landing leg struts broke off during the landing, and that the lander is resting on a helium tank and/or a computer shelf that was strapped outside of the main fuselage. Based on telemetry received by mission controllers <i>Odysseus</i> appeared in "good health." The antennas were not vertically aligned as initially planned, and transmissions from the lander were somewhat reduced. Both science and engineering data were received from the lander. It was hoped that a data link could be restored with Odysseus after lunar sunrise occurs at Malapert A crater, although this was not a requirement of the mission, On March 23 Intuitive Machines announced that Odysseus would not wake up and that the mission had ended.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> </p><p><i>Odysseus</i> touched down on the Moon in the middle of a lunar day, and was expected to remain functional for approximately six Earth days (until February 27), when the cold lunar night will set in and the solar panels will no longer be able to supply power.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> IM engineers announced that they may be able to maintain communication with <i>Odysseus</i> for an additional 10 to 20 hours after the sun has gone down over the <i>Odysseus</i> landing site, due to <i>Odysseus'</i>s battery capacity. It was also announced that the <i>Odysseus</i> data feed back to Earth has been sending back payload related science data as well as images.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> </p><p>IM and NASA held a joint press conference on February 28 to discuss and review the IM-1 mission.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> </p> <h3>IM-2 (<i>Athena</i>)</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/IM-2/FTCUHqrk">IM-2</a></p> <p>Intuitive Machines was selected in October 2020 in order to land its second Nova-C lander near the <a href="/facts/Lunar_south_pole/MCnRywgR">lunar south pole</a>. <a href="/facts/IM-2/FTCUHqrk">IM-2</a> <i>Athena</i> was launched on 27 February 2025.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> In May 2024, the company shared IM-2 entered into its final assembly stage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> The primary payload, <a href="/facts/PRIME-1/hrofW9JM">PRIME-1</a>, includes the TRIDENT ice drill to sample ice from below the lunar surface and the MSolo mass spectrometer to measure the amount of ice in the samples.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> </p><p>ILO-1 prime contractor <a href="/facts/Canadensys/BBNxWXhF">Canadensys</a> was working to deliver "a flight-ready low-cost optical payload for the ILO-1 mission, ruggedized for the Moon South Pole environment". It could potentially be ready for integration on the IM-2 mission.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> </p><p>The μNova (Micro-Nova) Hopper was to separate from the Nova-C lander after landing and function as a standalone hopper lander, exploring multiple difficult-to-reach areas such as deep craters on the lunar surface.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> </p><p>The MiniPIX TPX3 SPACE payload, provided by the Czech company <a href="/facts/ADVACAM/gaUIXCsp">ADVACAM</a>, will be onboard the Nova-C lunar lander. This payload is designed to monitor the radiation field on the Moon and help understand how to protect crew and equipment from the negative effects of cosmic rays. This marks the first Czech payload planned to be delivered to the Moon's surface.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> </p><p>Space technology company <a href="/facts/Lunar_Outpost_(company)/xWW9KW8K">Lunar Outpost</a> sent their first lunar rover, the Mobile Autonomous Prospecting Platform (MAPP), on this mission in a partnership with <a href="/facts/Bell_Labs/fKP5Gk0H">Nokia Bell Labs</a> and Intuitive Machines. MAPP was to collect lunar samples for <a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a> under a contract worth just $1, symbolic of a new incentive for the commercial space industry to access resources in space.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> Photos of the samples and other data will be transmitted through radio equipment and antennas to communicate with the Nova-C lander.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> </p><p>A collaboration to demonstrate <a href="/facts/4G/Lfq6mSxl">4G</a> cellular connectivity, in partnership with <a href="/facts/Nokia_Bell_Labs/fKP5Gk0H">Nokia Bell Labs</a> and NASA will be aboard the lander.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> Nokia's equipment is a <a href="/facts/Network-In-a-Box/mh1cKYRg">Network-In-a-Box</a> and was to connect the Nova-C lander with Lunar Outpost's MAPP rover and IM's Micro-Nova Hopper. This <a href="/facts/4G/Lfq6mSxl">4G</a>/<a href="/facts/LTE_(telecommunication)/72QhwXHT">LTE</a> network will provide more bandwidth than the more conventional <a href="/facts/Ultra_high_frequency/S6XDUaDY">ultra high frequency</a> (UHF) systems used for space communication. Nokia says they hope that future missions will use shared infrastructure to interlink bases on the lunar surface.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> </p><p>The <i>Athena</i> lander fell on its side when landing on 6 March 2025, but its instruments remained partially functional (albeit with a reduced downlink capacity) for a few hours before power ran out, so the mission was judged a partial failure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> On March 13, Intuitive Machines shared that, like on the IM-1 mission, the <i>Athena</i>'s <a href="/facts/Altimeter/dHEXhjQK">altimeter</a> had failed during landing, leaving its onboard computer without an accurate altitude reading. As a result, the spacecraft struck a plateau, tipped over, and skidded across the lunar surface, rolling once or twice before settling inside the crater. The company's CEO compared it to a baseball player <a href="/facts/Slide_(baseball)/VtnbB1vU">sliding</a> into a base. During the slide, the spacecraft rolled once or twice, before coming to rest inside the crater. The impact also kicked up <a href="/facts/Regolith/EdXuHK56">regolith</a> that coated the solar panels in dust, further degrading their performance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> </p> <h3>IM-3</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/IM-3/2EtdMJIh">IM-3</a></p> <p>NASA selected a Nova-C mission for <a href="/facts/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services/g5gL2TuH">CLPS</a> task order CP-11.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> It will deliver payloads to the <a href="/facts/Lunar_swirl/LcPgv9hG">lunar swirl</a> in the <a href="/facts/Reiner_Gamma/YQuhsykt">Reiner Gamma</a> region.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> In August 2021, Intuitive Machines selected SpaceX to launch its third lunar mission, IM-3.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a> As of August 2024, the launch of IM-3 is expected to take place no earlier than October 2025.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> The lander will conduct experiments investigating the properties of the unexpected magnetic field that has been detected in the vicinity of the Reiner Gamma swirl.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> </p><p>The Reiner Gamma landing site was announced for the first <a href="/facts/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services/g5gL2TuH">PRISM</a> opportunity and the JHU <a href="/facts/Applied_Physics_Laboratory/PN4H87V9">Applied Physics Laboratory</a>'s <a href="/facts/Lunar_Vertex/LcPgv9hG">Lunar Vertex</a> payload was selected to conducted a detailed scientific analysis of the surface and surface environment. David Blewett (APL) is the principal investigator and leads the science team. Lunar Vertex includes payload elements on the Nova-C lander (APL magnetometer, <a href="/facts/Southwest_Research_Institute/8ljrULa4">SwRI</a> plasma spectrometer, and <a href="/facts/Redwire/FtzCpAW2">Redwire</a> camera arrays) and on a <a href="/facts/Lunar_Outpost_(company)/xWW9KW8K">Lunar Outpost</a> rover (APL magnetometer and <a href="/facts/Canadensys/BBNxWXhF">Canadensys</a> microscopic imager). APL also provided overall management, systems engineer, SMA, and rover integration and testing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> </p><p>Additional IM-3 payloads include the Cooperative Autonomous Distributed Robotic Explorers (CADRE) rovers, ESA's MoonLIGHT Pointing Actuator (MPAc) and KASI's Lunar Space Environment Monitor (LUSEM).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> </p> <h3>IM-4</h3> <p>IM-4 was announced and awarded by NASA in September 2024 for a launch in 2027.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> </p> <h3>IM-C1</h3> <p>Intuitive Machines have indicated that they are working on a 'commercial' mission, named IM-C1.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="further-nova-c-missions">Further Nova-C missions</h2> <p>The Nova-C lander was designed to be compatible with methane and oxygen fuel sources that are believed to be available on both the Moon and on <a href="/facts/Mars/AQGtVvz0">Mars</a>. For future missions, methane and oxygen could potentially be "harvested" wherever the Nova-C lander may be based using <a href="/facts/In-situ_resource_utilization/nfgDk04a">In-situ resource utilization (ISRU)</a> (off-world resource processing technologies).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> The Nova-C lander technology platform can be scaled up to mid and large lander classes, capable of accommodating larger payloads.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="successors">Successors</h2> <h3>Nova-D</h3> <p>In an interview with NASA recorded in October 2023, Tim Crain, <a href="/facts/Chief_Technology_Officer/0JRJyEoL">CTO</a> of Intuitive Machines, mentioned the possible development of a Nova-D lander.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a> Early reports of the in-development Nova-D state that it will use two of the VR-900 engines and be capable of carrying more than 500 kg to the lunar surface.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a> </p><p>In August 2024, Intuitive Machines proposed a mission to deliver NASA's <a href="/facts/VIPER_(rover)/K2he7NLe">VIPER</a> rover to the Moon on a Nova-D lander no earlier than late 2027.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a> </p> <h3>Nova-M</h3> <p>Intuitive Machines is developing another lander, the Nova-M which, according to early reports, will use two VR-3500 engines originally developed for <a href="/facts/Boeing/tF5sMe9F">Boeing</a> and their <a href="/facts/Boeing_Lunar_Lander/k8b3gxsR">HLS</a> to carry 5,000 kg to the lunar surface.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Spaceflight portal</li></ul> Other commercial lunar lander programs <ul><li><a href="/facts/Firefly_Aerospace_Blue_Ghost/m9NH91fB">Blue Ghost (Firefly)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Blue_Moon_(spacecraft)/7eHatV7v">Blue Moon</a> (<a href="/facts/Blue_Origin/CxFvEmDr">Blue Origin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Draper_Laboratory/prxprY9L">SERIES-2 (Draper)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Peregrine_Mission_One/mlR27Le4">Peregrine</a> (<a href="/facts/Astrobotic_Technology/mlR27Le4">Astrobotic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Starship_HLS/1bjx1dx2">Starship HLS</a> (<a href="/facts/SpaceX/2tKHsVdJ">SpaceX</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Hakuto-R_Mission_1/pv7JRTNz">Hakuto-R Mission 1</a> (<a href="/facts/Ispace_(Japanese_company)/YMhPKAQk">ispace</a>)</li></ul> Lunar lander programs by country <ul><li>China: <a href="/facts/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program/yvU3sNf1">Chinese Lunar Exploration Program</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/facts/Chandrayaan_Programme/MPUmYrV8">Chandrayaan Programme</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/facts/Luna-Glob/gjHE6zV0">Luna-Glob</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/facts/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services/g5gL2TuH">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a> (<a href="/facts/Artemis_program/QHBrKFI8">Artemis program</a>)</li> <li>Japan: <a href="/facts/Japanese_Lunar_Exploration_Program/Wrfwg3va">Japanese Lunar Exploration Program</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Houston-based Intuitive Machines to be among first private U.S. companies to land on the moon". 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Retrieved 25 February 2024. <a href="https://www.intuitivemachines.com/post/im-1-mission-nova-c-lunar-lander-successfully-enroute-to-the-moon-following-its-launch-on-spacex-s-f" target="_blank">https://www.intuitivemachines.com/post/im-1-mission-nova-c-lunar-lander-successfully-enroute-to-the-moon-following-its-launch-on-spacex-s-f</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Chang, Kenneth (22 February 2024). "A U.S.-Built Spacecraft Lands on the Moon for the First Time Since 1972". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/22/science/intuitive-machines-lander-history.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/22/science/intuitive-machines-lander-history.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Odysseus becomes first US spacecraft to land on moon in over 50 years". CNN. 22 February 2024. 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