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Plesiopithecus
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<h2 id="anatomy">Anatomy</h2> <p>Originally described from the right <a href="/facts/Mandible/1ATEfAQa">mandible</a> (lower jaw), its confusing anatomy resulted in it being classified as an <a href="/facts/Ape/QdTk4pko">ape</a>—its name translates "near ape". <i>Plesiopithecus teras</i>, the only species so far identified, was discovered in 1992 by <a href="/facts/Elwyn_L._Simons/feQhoMIy">Elwyn L. Simons</a> in <a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egypt</a> at the base of the Jebel Qatrani Formation at <a href="/facts/Faiyum_Oasis/su3rEQog">Fayum</a> in quarry L-41. Within two years, a more complete, crushed skull was found, demonstrating that it was a strepsirrhine primate. It is thought to be a close relative of <a href="/facts/Lemuriformes/b63HVq58">lemuriforms</a> (<a href="/facts/Extant_taxon/YK8uj7qU">extant</a> strepsirrhines), and a <a href="/facts/Sister_group/pNNuVex4">sister group</a> to either <a href="/facts/Lorisoidea/sJ5eQsD7">lorisoids</a> or all lemuriforms. </p><p><i>Plesiopithecus</i> was a medium-sized strepsirrhine primate, with large orbits, a high muzzle, and a skull exhibiting klinorhynchy (a marked angle between the <a href="/facts/Palate/o0RMlkss">palate</a> and the basicranium, or the lower region of the braincase). Its large orbits indicate that it was <a href="/facts/Nocturnality/PqAkbpKf">nocturnal</a>, and its teeth suggest that it bored holes in wood in search of soft-bodied insects, just like the aye-aye. </p> <h2 id="etymology">Etymology</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/Genus/m8EFjSms">genus</a> name <i>Plesiopithecus</i> derives from the <a href="/facts/List_of_Greek_and_Latin_roots_in_English/PrUzh92Y">Greek root</a> <i>plesi-</i> (πλησίος, plēsios), meaning "near", and the Greek word πίθηκος (<i>pithekos</i>), meaning "trickster", which has historically been used to mean "ape". The <a href="/facts/Species/oDg6b96r">species</a> name derives from the Greek word τερασ (<i>teras</i>), meaning "wonderful or amazing animal".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="evolutionary-history">Evolutionary history</h2> <p>Although <i>Plesiopithecus</i> is now clearly recognized as being related to lemuriforms (<a href="/facts/Extant_taxon/YK8uj7qU">extant</a> strepsirrhine primates), its <a href="/facts/Phylogenetics/bw4rsovt">phylogenetic</a> relations among the fossil primates are unclear.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> Phylogenetic analyses using 359 morphological traits place it as a <a href="/facts/Sister_group/pNNuVex4">sister group</a> of lemuriforms,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> along with other <a href="/facts/Eocene/EYgI8Uco">Eocene</a> African sister taxa, the <a href="/facts/Djebelemuridae/whcFTKTy">djebelemurids</a>, which include <i><a href="/facts/Djebelemur/l7kHuGBa">Djebelemur</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/%27Anchomomys%27_milleri/t5NIK2Pe">'Anchomomys' milleri</a></i>. This Afro-Arabian <a href="/facts/Cladistics/JasKVABk">clade</a>, which includes crown lemuriforms<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> and possibly the disputed <a href="/facts/Azibiidae/7WRqIoHq">azibiids</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> excludes the <a href="/facts/Holarctic/uNgFyNx9">Holarctic</a> <a href="/facts/Adapiformes/bmzDbHPL">adapiforms</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> and may be descended from an early Asian branch of adapiforms<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> such as a primitive branch of <a href="/facts/Cercamoniinae/F3mWnvXo">cercamoniines</a> predating <i><a href="/facts/Donrussellia/9radAa1t">Donrussellia</a></i> (one of the oldest European adapiforms).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> A general consensus places <i>Plesiopithecus</i> at the base of the lemuriform clade, possibly closer to the lemuriforms than the djebelemurids.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Due to its combination of the lack of a <a href="/facts/Toothcomb/qCjKwBT1">toothcomb</a> (a specialized dental structure found in most lemuriforms) and a front <a href="/facts/Dentition/yMEdzfHh">dentition</a> that is enlarged and procumbent, <i>Plesiopithecus</i> has been considered a possible relative of the <a href="/facts/Aye-aye/vlt4pybd">aye-aye</a> (<i>Daubentonia madagascariensis</i>), suggesting a possible close relationship. This close relationship between <i>Plesiopithecus</i> and the aye-aye within the <a href="/facts/Lemur/lgLEmFnr">lemur</a> radiation was recovered by Gunnell et al. (2018), suggesting that <a href="/facts/Evolutionary_history_of_lemurs/LM4EnuYM">lemur evolution</a> involved two dispersal events from Africa to <a href="/facts/Madagascar/ez12IAcY">Madagascar</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><td>General phylogeny of strepsirrhines<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/Primates/Hl8RNE2X">Primates</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/Haplorhini/KhTwbmC2">Haplorhines</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<a href="/facts/Omomyidae/UbT2A3kx">Omomyiforms</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Simian/0vyESHsC">Simians</a> (monkeys, apes, & humans)</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Tarsier/7aSJXf8R">Tarsiers</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Strepsirrhini/fM0vEzGX">Strepsirrhines</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<a href="/facts/Adapiformes/bmzDbHPL">Adapiforms</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<a href="/facts/Azibiidae/7WRqIoHq">Azibiids</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<a href="/facts/Djebelemuridae/whcFTKTy">Djebelemurids</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>Lemuriforms (lemurs, lorises, and galagos)</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i>Plesiopithecus</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td>Holarctic cladeAfro-Arabianclade</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td>An Afro-Arabian <a href="/facts/Cladistics/JasKVABk">clade</a> of early strepsirrhines is thought to have given rise modern lemurs, lorises, and galagos. Azibiid taxonomy is still disputed.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Alternatively, it may have closer ties to the <a href="/facts/Aye-aye/vlt4pybd">aye-aye</a> (<i>Daubentonia madagascariensis</i>) within the lemuroid (<a href="/facts/Lemur/lgLEmFnr">lemur</a>) radiation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> The cranial and dental morphology of <i>Plesiopithecus</i> resemble what is predicted of an aye-aye ancestor, with an arched cranial vault suggesting klinorhynchy (a marked angle between the <a href="/facts/Palate/o0RMlkss">palate</a> and the basicranium, or the lower region of the braincase) similar to that of aye-ayes, significantly enlarged <a href="/facts/Canine_tooth/p3mRABtg">canines</a> and/or <a href="/facts/Incisor/GSvkE9Tg">incisors</a>, reduced <a href="/facts/Molar_(tooth)/gQqDtg4z">molars</a> and <a href="/facts/Premolar/hSpMTu7a">premolars</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> a high muzzle, and anteriorly placed <a href="/facts/Orbit_(anatomy)/lJTMFcqy">orbits</a>. However, it lacked ever-growing incisors and the <a href="/facts/Diastema_(dentistry)/2byvcURR">diastema</a> found in the aye-aye.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> The increased anterior dentition is peculiar because it has only happened in lemuriforms, and has never been observed in any of the numerous adapiforms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> Key to this possible close affinity with the aye-aye is the identity (canine vs. incisor) of the procumbent front teeth of both species, neither of which is definitively known. If they are different between the two species, then the similarities would be due to convergence. If they are the same tooth, then it may suggest a close phylogenetic relation and African origins for the aye-aye.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>If <i>Plesiopithecus</i> is an African relative of the aye-aye, it would suggest lemuroid primates colonized <a href="/facts/Madagascar/ez12IAcY">Madagascar</a> twice. <a href="/facts/Molecular_phylogenetics/FysplHP5">Molecular studies</a> show that the aye-aye diverged early in the <a href="/facts/Evolutionary_history_of_lemurs/LM4EnuYM">evolutionary history of lemurs</a>, followed later by a sudden burst of diversification of the other four lemur families. If <i>Plesiopithecus</i> is an aye-aye relative, lemurs and aye-ayes would have diverged in Africa and the aye-aye ancestor would have colonized Madagascar separately from the other lemurs, which would have diversified immediately upon arrival to the island. If aye-ayes are more closely related to lemurs than <i>Plesiopithecus</i>, then only one colonization event occurred, with the aye-aye branching off first and then the other lemuroid families diverging several million years later following a major extinction event.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h3>Taxonomy</h3> <p><i>Plesiopithecus teras</i> was first described in 1992 by <a href="/facts/Paleoanthropology/Umjg0sUn">paleoanthropologist</a> <a href="/facts/Elwyn_L._Simons/feQhoMIy">Elwyn L. Simons</a>. The <a href="/facts/Holotype/a8n9vhHa">holotype</a>, which was found at the base of the Jebel Qatrani Formation at the Egyptian <a href="/facts/Faiyum_Oasis/su3rEQog">Fayum</a> in quarry L-41 and dated to the latest Eocene,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> included a right <a href="/facts/Mandible/1ATEfAQa">mandible</a> with intact <a href="/facts/Dentition/yMEdzfHh">dentition</a> ranging from the third molar up to the first anterior tooth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> Simons acknowledged that the <a href="/facts/Taxonomy_(biology)/Qkg8wuyw">taxonomic interpretation</a> was complicated,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> though he initially decided to classify under superfamily <a href="/facts/Ape/QdTk4pko">Hominoidea</a> (apes)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> due to its flat and broad lower molars. Its bizarre and specialized traits made it difficult to classify until the discovery of its skull, reported in 1994, showed it had a <a href="/facts/Postorbital_bar/toanmvzn">postorbital bar</a>, proving that it was a strepsirrhine primate. <i>Plesiopithecus</i> was then placed within a new superfamily, Plesiopithecoidea tentatively under "Infraorder <a href="/facts/Cf./hdmpMAfU">cf.</a> Lorisiformes".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> The superfamily has also been grouped under the infraorder Lemuriformes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p><p>As of 2010, <i>P. teras</i> was represented by a nearly complete and partially crushed <a href="/facts/Cranium/A9Wp63Np">cranium</a> and three partial mandibles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> Prior to Simons' discovery of the right jaw, one of its molars had been found a few years earlier and incorrectly attributed to an Eocene <a href="/facts/Lorisoidea/sJ5eQsD7">lorisoid</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> Several cranial and facial similarities with living lorisoids indicate that it is closely related to lemuriforms (lemurs and lorisoids), although its lack of a <a href="/facts/Toothcomb/qCjKwBT1">toothcomb</a> precludes it from being ancestral to either branch of the lemuriform clade.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> Due to the differences in dental anatomy, <i>Plesiopithecus</i> is thought to be a sister group to either lorisoids or all living lemuriforms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="anatomy-and-physiology">Anatomy and physiology</h2> <p>With a skull length of nearly 53 mm (2.1 in), <i>Plesiopithecus</i> was a medium-sized strepsirrhine primate. Its skull is marked by a high muzzle, klinorhynchy, and relatively large orbits. It has very large and procumbent upper canines that are straight and compressed on both sides, and have roots that extend deep into the <a href="/facts/Maxilla/LbgmySaT">maxilla</a> (upper jaw). No upper incisors have been found. The unidentified lower front tooth is also enlarged and procumbent. It has three premolars and three molars that decrease in size from front to back. The upper molars are simple and lack a <a href="/facts/Hypocone/s3rL9ldd">hypocone</a>. The lower molars are relatively broad.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="behavior">Behavior</h2> <p>Its large orbits suggest <i>Plesiopithecus</i> was <a href="/facts/Nocturnality/PqAkbpKf">nocturnal</a>. Due to cranial and dental similarities with the aye-aye and signs of wear on the tips of its front teeth, it is thought to have bored holes in wood in search of soft-bodied insects, which likely make up its diet.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p> <h3>Literature cited</h3> <ul><li>Cartmill, M.; Smith, F. H (2011). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X058kYnhxC0C&pg=PA89"><i>The Human Lineage</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-118-21145-8.</li> <li>Godinot, M. (2006). "Lemuriform origins as viewed from the fossil record". <i>Folia Primatologica</i>. 77 (6): 446–464. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000095391">10.1159/000095391</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17053330">17053330</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24163044">24163044</a>.</li> <li>Godinot, M. (2010). "Chapter 19: Paleogene Prosimians". In Werdelin, L.; Sanders, W.J (eds.). <i>Cenozoic Mammals of Africa</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-520-25721-4.</li> <li>Phillips, E.M.; Walker, A. (2002). "Chapter 6: Fossil lorisoids". In Hartwig, W.C. (ed.). <a href="https://archive.org/details/primatefossilrec00hart"><i>The Primate Fossil Record</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a href="https://archive.org/details/primatefossilrec00hart/page/n91">83</a>–95. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-66315-1.</li> <li>Seiffert, E.R.; Simons, E.L.; Ryan, T.M.; Attia, Y. (2005). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1183603">"Additional remains of <i>Wadilemur elegans</i>, a primitive stem galagid from the late Eocene of Egypt"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. 102 (32): 11396–11401. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PNAS..10211396S">2005PNAS..10211396S</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0505310102">10.1073/pnas.0505310102</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1183603">1183603</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16087891">16087891</a>.</li> <li>Simons, E.L. (1992). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC50418">"Diversity in the Early Tertiary Anthropoidean Radiation in Africa"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. 89 (22): 10743–10747. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992PNAS...8910743S">1992PNAS...8910743S</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.89.22.10743">10.1073/pnas.89.22.10743</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC50418">50418</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1438271">1438271</a>.</li> <li>Tabuce, R.; Marivaux, L.; Lebrun, R.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Fabre, P. -H.; Fara, E.; Gomes Rodrigues, H.; Hautier, L.; Jaeger, J. -J.; Lazzari, V.; Mebrouk, F.; Peigne, S.; Sudre, J.; Tafforeau, P.; Valentin, X.; Mahboubi, M. (2009). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821352">"Anthropoid versus strepsirhine status of the African Eocene primates <i>Algeripithecus</i> and <i>Azibius</i>: Craniodental evidence"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. 276 (1676): 4087–4094. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2009.1339">10.1098/rspb.2009.1339</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821352">2821352</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19740889">19740889</a>. <ul><li><a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/09/090915101355.htm">"African Origin Of Anthropoid Primates Called Into Question With New Fossil Discovery"</a>. <i>ScienceDaily</i>. 17 September 2009.</li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Simons 1992, p. 10744. - Simons, E.L. (1992). "Diversity in the Early Tertiary Anthropoidean Radiation in Africa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 89 (22): 10743–10747. Bibcode:1992PNAS...8910743S. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.22.10743. PMC 50418. PMID 1438271. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC50418" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC50418</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Godinot 2010, p. 327. - Godinot, M. (2010). "Chapter 19: Paleogene Prosimians". In Werdelin, L.; Sanders, W.J (eds.). Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25721-4. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Godinot 2006, p. 447. - Godinot, M. (2006). "Lemuriform origins as viewed from the fossil record". Folia Primatologica. 77 (6): 446–464. doi:10.1159/000095391. PMID 17053330. S2CID 24163044. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000095391" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000095391</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Tabuce et al. 2009, p. 4091. - Tabuce, R.; Marivaux, L.; Lebrun, R.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Fabre, P. -H.; Fara, E.; Gomes Rodrigues, H.; Hautier, L.; Jaeger, J. -J.; Lazzari, V.; Mebrouk, F.; Peigne, S.; Sudre, J.; Tafforeau, P.; Valentin, X.; Mahboubi, M. (2009). "Anthropoid versus strepsirhine status of the African Eocene primates Algeripithecus and Azibius: Craniodental evidence". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1676): 4087–4094. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1339. PMC 2821352. PMID 19740889. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821352" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821352</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Seiffert et al. 2005, p. 11400. - Seiffert, E.R.; Simons, E.L.; Ryan, T.M.; Attia, Y. (2005). "Additional remains of Wadilemur elegans, a primitive stem galagid from the late Eocene of Egypt". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (32): 11396–11401. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10211396S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0505310102. PMC 1183603. PMID 16087891. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1183603" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1183603</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Tabuce et al. 2009, p. 4091. - Tabuce, R.; Marivaux, L.; Lebrun, R.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Fabre, P. -H.; Fara, E.; Gomes Rodrigues, H.; Hautier, L.; Jaeger, J. -J.; Lazzari, V.; Mebrouk, F.; Peigne, S.; Sudre, J.; Tafforeau, P.; Valentin, X.; Mahboubi, M. (2009). "Anthropoid versus strepsirhine status of the African Eocene primates Algeripithecus and Azibius: Craniodental evidence". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1676): 4087–4094. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1339. PMC 2821352. 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