Bismuth vanadate

<h2 id="history-and-uses">History and uses</h2>
Bismuth vanadate is a bright yellow powder and may have a slight green tint. When used as a pigment it has a high Chroma and excellent hiding power. In nature, bismuth vanadate can be found as the mineral pucherite, clinobisvanite, and dreyerite depending on the particular polymorph formed. Its synthesis was first recorded in a pharmaceutical patent in 1924 and began to be used readily as a pigment in the mid-1980s. Today it is manufactured across the world for pigment use.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a>

<h2 id="properties">Properties</h2>
Most commercial bismuth vanadate pigments are based on <a href="/facts/Monoclinic/5PCwXvzX">monoclinic</a> (clinobisvanite) and <a href="/facts/Tetragonal/12Aop255">tetragonal</a> (dreyerite) structures though in the past two phase systems involving a 4:3 relationship between bismuth vanadate and bismuth molybdate (Bi2MoO6) have been used.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> 

<h2 id="as-a-photocatalyst">As a photocatalyst</h2>
BiVO4 has received much attention as a photocatalyst for <a href="/facts/Water_splitting/zcHkXXDR">water splitting</a> and for remediation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a>
In the monoclinic phase, BiVO4 is an n-type photoactive semiconductor with a bandgap of 2.4 eV, which has been investigated for water splitting after doping with W and Mo.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> BiVO4 photoanodes have demonstrated record solar-to-hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiencies of 5.2% for flat films<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> and 8.2% for WO3@BiVO4 core-shell nanorods<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> (highest for metal-oxide photo-electrode) with the advantage of a very simple and cheap material.

<h2 id="production">Production</h2>
While most CICPs are formed exclusively through high temperature <a href="/facts/Calcination/hghqlHwo">calcination</a>, bismuth vanadate can be formed from a series of <a href="/facts/PH/RnSv8D7y">pH</a> controlled <a href="/facts/Precipitation_(chemistry)/s3BgsLLY">precipitation</a> reactions. These reactions can be carried out with or without the presence of <a href="/facts/Molybdenum/RX6vp2bF">molybdenum</a> depending on the desired final phase. It is also possible to start with the parent oxides (Bi2O3 and V2O5) and perform a high temperature calcination to achieve a pure product.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Moniz, S. J. A.; Shevlin, S. A.; Martin, D. J.; Guo, Z.-X.; Tang, J. (2015). "Visible-light driven heterojunction photocatalysts for water splitting – a critical review. Energy & Environmental Science". Energy and Environmental Science. 8 (3): 731–759. doi:10.1039/C4EE03271C. <a href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1469614/" target="_blank">https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1469614/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">B. Gunter "Inorganic Colored Pigments” in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2012. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">B. Gunter "Inorganic Colored Pigments” in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2012. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Kaur, G.; Pandey, O. P.; Singh, K. (July 2012). "Optical, structural, and mechanical properties of different valence-cation-doped bismuth vanadate oxides". Physica Status Solidi A. 209 (7): 1231–1238. Bibcode:2012PSSAR.209.1231K. doi:10.1002/pssa.201127636. S2CID 119875801. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Tayebi, Meysam; Lee, Byeong-Kyu (2019). "Recent advances in BiVO4 semiconductor materials for hydrogen production using photoelectrochemical water splitting". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 111: 332–343. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2019.05.030. S2CID 181633505. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Kaur, G.; Pandey, O. P.; Singh, K. (July 2012). "Optical, structural, and mechanical properties of different valence-cation-doped bismuth vanadate oxides". Physica Status Solidi A. 209 (7): 1231–1238. Bibcode:2012PSSAR.209.1231K. doi:10.1002/pssa.201127636. S2CID 119875801. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Han, Lihao; Abdi, Fatwa F.; van de Krol, Roel; Liu, Rui; Huang, Zhuangqun; Lewerenz, Hans-Joachim; Dam, Bernard; Zeman, Miro; Smets, Arno H. M. (October 2014). "Efficient Water-Splitting Device Based on a Bismuth Vanadate Photoanode and Thin-Film Silicon Solar Cells" (PDF). ChemSusChem. 7 (10): 2832–2838. Bibcode:2014ChSCh...7.2832H. doi:10.1002/cssc.201402456. PMID 25138735. <a href="https://authors.library.caltech.edu/48846/13/Han_2014p2832.pdf" target="_blank">https://authors.library.caltech.edu/48846/13/Han_2014p2832.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Abdi, Fatwa F.; Han, Lihao; Smets, Arno H. M.; Zeman, Miro; Dam, Bernard; van de Krol, Roel (29 July 2013). "Efficient solar water splitting by enhanced charge separation in a bismuth vanadate-silicon tandem photoelectrode". Nature Communications. 4 (1): 2195. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2195A. doi:10.1038/ncomms3195. PMID 23893238. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms3195" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms3195</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Pihosh, Yuriy; Turkevych, Ivan; Mawatari, Kazuma; Uemura, Jin; Kazoe, Yutaka; Kosar, Sonya; Makita, Kikuo; Sugaya, Takeyoshi; Matsui, Takuya; Fujita, Daisuke; Tosa, Masahiro (2015-06-08). "Photocatalytic generation of hydrogen by core-shell WO 3 /BiVO 4 nanorods with ultimate water splitting efficiency". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 11141. Bibcode:2015NatSR...511141P. doi:10.1038/srep11141. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4459147. PMID 26053164. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459147" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459147</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Kosar, Sonya; Pihosh, Yuriy; Turkevych, Ivan; Mawatari, Kazuma; Uemura, Jin; Kazoe, Yutaka; Makita, Kikuo; Sugaya, Takeyoshi; Matsui, Takuya; Fujita, Daisuke; Tosa, Masahiro (2016-02-25). "Tandem photovoltaic–photoelectrochemical GaAs/InGaAsP–WO3/BiVO4device for solar hydrogen generation". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 55 (4S): 04ES01. Bibcode:2016JaJAP..55dES01K. doi:10.7567/jjap.55.04es01. ISSN 0021-4922. S2CID 125395272. <a href="https://doi.org/10.7567/jjap.55.04es01" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.7567/jjap.55.04es01</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Kosar, Sonya; Pihosh, Yuriy; Bekarevich, Raman; Mitsuishi, Kazutaka; Mawatari, Kazuma; Kazoe, Yutaka; Kitamori, Takehiko; Tosa, Masahiro; Tarasov, Alexey B.; Goodilin, Eugene A.; Struk, Yaroslav M. (2019-07-01). "Highly efficient photocatalytic conversion of solar energy to hydrogen by WO3/BiVO4 core–shell heterojunction nanorods". Applied Nanoscience. 9 (5): 1017–1024. Bibcode:2019ApNan...9.1017K. doi:10.1007/s13204-018-0759-z. ISSN 2190-5517. S2CID 139703154. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-018-0759-z" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-018-0759-z</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Sulivan, R. European Patent Application 91810033.0, 1991. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Bismuth vanadate open-in-new

Bismuth vanadate