GABA transporter type 1

<h2 id="structure">Structure</h2>
GAT1 is a 599 amino acid protein that consists of 12 transmembrane domains with an intracellular <a href="/facts/N-terminus/yKYpuaBJ">N-terminus</a> and <a href="/facts/C-terminus/ws4scHgT">C-terminus</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>

<h2 id="function">Function</h2>
GAT1 is a <a href="/facts/Gamma-aminobutyric_acid/vRTeQQUG">gamma-aminobutyric acid</a> (GABA) transporter, which removes <a href="/facts/GABA/vRTeQQUG">GABA</a> from the synaptic cleft by shuttling it to presynaptic neurons (where GABA can be recycled) and astrocytes (where GABA can be broken down).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> GABA Transporter 1 uses energy from the dissipation of a Na+ gradient, aided by the presence of a Cl− gradient, to translocate GABA across CNS neuronal membranes. The stoichiometry for GABA Transporter 1 is 2 Na+: 1 Cl−: 1 GABA.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> The presence of a Cl−/Cl− exchange is also proposed because the Cl− transported across the membrane does not affect the net charge.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> GABA is also the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the cerebral cortex and has the highest level of expression within it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> The GABA affinity (<a href="/facts/Michaelis-Menten_constant/lYFykW3p">Km</a>) of the mouse isoform of GAT1 is 8 μM.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>
In the brain of a mature mammal, glutamate is converted to GABA by the enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) along with the addition of vitamin B6. GABA is then packed and released into the post-synaptic terminals of neurons after synthesis. GABA can also be used to form succinate, which is involved in the <a href="/facts/Citric_acid_cycle/EGJL9NXP">citric acid cycle</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> Vesicle uptake has been shown to prioritize newly synthesized GABA over preformed GABA, though the reasoning behind this mechanism is currently not completely understood.
The regulation of the modular functioning of GATs is highly dependent on a multitude of second messengers and synaptic proteins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>

<h3>Translocation cycle</h3>
Throughout the translocation cycle, GAT1 assumes three different conformations:

<ol><li>Open-to-out. In this conformation, 2 extracellular Na+ ions are co-transported into the neuron along with 1 GABA and 1 Cl− that bind to the empty transporter, thus making it fully loaded. In prokaryotes, it has been found that transport does not require Cl−. In mammals, the Cl− ion is required to offset the positive charge of the Na+ in order to maintain the proper membrane potential.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a></li>
<li>Occluded-out. Once fully loaded, this conformation prevents the release of ions/substrate into the cytoplasm or the extracellular space/synapse. The Na+, Cl−, and GABA are bound to the transporter until it changes conformation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a></li>
<li>Open-to-in. The transporter, which was previously facing the synapse, becomes inward facing and can now release the ions and GABA into the neuron's cytoplasm. Once empty, the transporter occludes its binding site and flips to become outward facing so a new translocation cycle can begin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a></li></ol>
<h2 id="clinical-significance">Clinical significance</h2>
Research has shown that schizophrenia patients have GABA synthesis and expression altered, leading to the conclusion that GABA Transporter-1, which adds and removes GABA from the synaptic cleft, plays a role in the development of neurological disorders such as <a href="/facts/Schizophrenia/FMP4lQ57">schizophrenia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> GABA and its precursor glutamate have opposite functions within the nervous system. Glutamate is considered an excitatory neurotransmitter, while GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Glutamate and GABA imbalances contribute to different neurological pathologies..<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>
Imbalance in the GABAergic neurotransmission is involved in the pathophysiology of various neurological diseases such as epilepsy, Alzheimer's and stroke.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>
A study on genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg (<a href="/facts/Genetic_Absence_Epilepsy_Rat/jKhK7a5N">GAERS</a>) found that poor GABA uptake by GAT1 caused an increase in tonic current of GABAA. In the two most understood forms of absence epilepsy, synaptic GABAA receptors including GAT1 play a major role in seizure development. Blocking GAT1 in non-epileptic control (NEC) rats caused tonic current to increase to a rate similar to that of GAERS of the same age. This common cellular control site shows a possible target for future seizure treatments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a>
Glutamate and GABA have also been found to interact within the <a href="/facts/Solitary_nucleus/Y4dywjvH">nucleus tractus solitarii</a> (NTS), <a href="/facts/Paraventricular_nucleus_of_hypothalamus/NVgswWXm">paraventricular nucleus</a> (PVN), and <a href="/facts/Rostral_ventrolateral_medulla/tTG8EIgx">rostral ventrolateral medulla</a> (RVLM) of the brain to modulate blood pressure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a>

<h2 id="interactions">Interactions</h2>
SLC6A1 has been shown to <a href="/facts/Protein-protein_interaction/etvm9Wmg">interact</a> with <a href="/facts/STX1A/dpd1ts4e">STX1A</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Solute_carrier_family/Pnuz1TLA">Solute carrier family</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/GABA_transporter_type_2/yBsswdIa">GABA transporter 2</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/GABA_transporter_type_3/fkVYjRqA">GABA transporter 3</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/SLC6A1_epileptic_encephalopathy/Vh4JzP3Y">SLC6A1 epileptic encephalopathy</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>

<ul><li>Nelson H, Mandiyan S, Nelson N (August 1990). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2890%2981149-I">"Cloning of the human brain GABA transporter"</a>. FEBS Letters. 269 (1): 181–184. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2890%2981149-I">10.1016/0014-5793(90)81149-I</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2387399">2387399</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34636220">34636220</a>.</li>
<li>Bennett ER, Kanner BI (January 1997). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.2.1203">"The membrane topology of GAT-1, a (Na+ + Cl-)-coupled gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter from rat brain"</a>. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (2): 1203–1210. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.2.1203">10.1074/jbc.272.2.1203</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8995422">8995422</a>.</li>
<li>Bismuth Y, Kavanaugh MP, Kanner BI (June 1997). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.26.16096">"Tyrosine 140 of the gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter GAT-1 plays a critical role in neurotransmitter recognition"</a>. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (26): 16096–16102. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.26.16096">10.1074/jbc.272.26.16096</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9195904">9195904</a>.</li>
<li>DeFelipe J, González-Albo MC (February 1998). "Chandelier cell axons are immunoreactive for GAT-1 in the human neocortex". NeuroReport. 9 (3): 467–470. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00001756-199802160-00020">10.1097/00001756-199802160-00020</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9512391">9512391</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27446580">27446580</a>.</li>
<li>Conti F, Melone M, De Biasi S, Minelli A, Brecha NC, Ducati A (June 1998). "Neuronal and glial localization of GAT-1, a high-affinity gamma-aminobutyric acid plasma membrane transporter, in human cerebral cortex: with a note on its distribution in monkey cortex". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 396 (1): 51–63. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291096-9861%2819980622%29396%3A1%3C51%3A%3AAID-CNE5%3E3.0.CO%3B2-H">10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19980622)396:1<51::AID-CNE5>3.0.CO;2-H</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9623887">9623887</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33438310">33438310</a>.</li>
<li>Augood SJ, Waldvogel HJ, Münkle MC, Faull RL, Emson PC (January 1999). "Localization of calcium-binding proteins and GABA transporter (GAT-1) messenger RNA in the human subthalamic nucleus". Neuroscience. 88 (2): 521–534. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0306-4522%2898%2900226-7">10.1016/S0306-4522(98)00226-7</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10197772">10197772</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2514970">2514970</a>.</li>
<li>Ong WY, Yeo TT, Balcar VJ, Garey LJ (October 1998). "A light and electron microscopic study of GAT-1-positive cells in the cerebral cortex of man and monkey". Journal of Neurocytology. 27 (10): 719–730. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1006946717065">10.1023/A:1006946717065</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10640187">10640187</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39552099">39552099</a>.</li>
<li>Whitworth TL, Quick MW (November 2001). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M107638200">"Substrate-induced regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter trafficking requires tyrosine phosphorylation"</a>. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (46): 42932–42937. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M107638200">10.1074/jbc.M107638200</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11555659">11555659</a>.</li>
<li>Hachiya Y, Takashima S (November 2001). "Development of GABAergic neurons and their transporter in human temporal cortex". Pediatric Neurology. 25 (5): 390–396. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0887-8994%2801%2900348-4">10.1016/S0887-8994(01)00348-4</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11744314">11744314</a>.</li>
<li>Kanner BI (February 2003). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M210525200">"Transmembrane domain I of the gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter GAT-1 plays a crucial role in the transition between cation leak and transport modes"</a>. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (6): 3705–3712. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M210525200">10.1074/jbc.M210525200</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12446715">12446715</a>.</li>
<li>Zomot E, Kanner BI (October 2003). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M209307200">"The interaction of the gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter GAT-1 with the neurotransmitter is selectively impaired by sulfhydryl modification of a conformationally sensitive cysteine residue engineered into extracellular loop IV"</a>. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (44): 42950–42958. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M209307200">10.1074/jbc.M209307200</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12925537">12925537</a>.</li>
<li>Zhou Y, Bennett ER, Kanner BI (April 2004). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M311579200">"The aqueous accessibility in the external half of transmembrane domain I of the GABA transporter GAT-1 Is modulated by its ligands"</a>. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (14): 13800–13808. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M311579200">10.1074/jbc.M311579200</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14744863">14744863</a>.</li>
<li>Hu JH, Ma YH, Jiang J, Yang N, Duan SH, Jiang ZH, et al. (January 2004). "Cognitive impairment in mice over-expressing gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter 1 (GAT1)". NeuroReport. 15 (1): 9–12. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00001756-200401190-00003">10.1097/00001756-200401190-00003</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15106822">15106822</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6407617">6407617</a>.</li>
<li>Korkhov VM, Farhan H, Freissmuth M, Sitte HH (December 2004). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M409449200">"Oligomerization of the {gamma}-aminobutyric acid transporter-1 is driven by an interplay of polar and hydrophobic interactions in transmembrane helix II"</a>. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (53): 55728–55736. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M409449200">10.1074/jbc.M409449200</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15496410">15496410</a>.</li></ul>

This article incorporates text from the <a href="/facts/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine/Hzty0MCX">United States National Library of Medicine</a>, which is in the <a href="/facts/Public_domain/YWKMDKw4">public domain</a>.

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
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</ol>

GABA transporter type 1 open-in-new

GABA transporter type 1