Norm Coleman

<h2 id="early-life-and-education">Early life and education</h2>
Coleman was born in <a href="/facts/Brooklyn/UnUzxCFe">Brooklyn</a>, the son of Norman Bertram Coleman Sr. and his wife, Beverly (Behrman).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1">1</a> His family is Jewish, his paternal grandfather having changed the surname from Goldman to Coleman.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> He was a graduate of <a href="/facts/James_Madison_High_School_(New_York)/JfSb0DtF">James Madison High School</a> in Brooklyn and <a href="/facts/Hofstra_University/GoMCaMen">Hofstra University</a> on <a href="/facts/Long_Island/u42NF647">Long Island</a>.
In college, Coleman was an active member of the 1960s <a href="/facts/Counterculture/8vyVeL92">counterculture</a> and a liberal <a href="/facts/Democratic_Party_(United_States)/MNe3nDrL">Democrat</a>. "Carting a bullhorn around campus, he'd regularly lecture students about the immorality of the <a href="/facts/Nixon_administration/HQzepo9f">Nixon administration</a> and the <a href="/facts/Vietnam_War/W0gfbGTE">Vietnam War</a>."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a> He was elected president of the student senate during his junior year. Under Coleman, the senate refused to ratify the newspaper's editor and her co-editor and cut some funding to the newspaper. But after refusing to swear in the editor on four different occasions, the senate finally backed down.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> Coleman celebrated his 20th birthday at the <a href="/facts/Woodstock_Festival/08VRvzdg">Woodstock Festival</a>, and later admitted to smoking <a href="/facts/Marijuana/241fYAGD">marijuana</a> in his youth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> He worked as a roadie for <a href="/facts/Jethro_Tull_(band)/rEAQsYa1">Jethro Tull</a> and <a href="/facts/Ten_Years_After/aWeXLTz3">Ten Years After</a>, among others.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>
Coleman attended <a href="/facts/Brooklyn_Law_School/GsznSVU2">Brooklyn Law School</a> from 1972 until 1974 but received his <a href="/facts/Juris_Doctor/IcnGQNTB">Juris Doctor</a> from the <a href="/facts/University_of_Iowa_College_of_Law/f6vsQGFu">University of Iowa College of Law</a> in 1976.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a>

<h2 id="career">Career</h2>
After graduating from law school, Coleman joined the office of the Minnesota Attorney General as a prosecutor, eventually rising to chief prosecutor and then solicitor general.

<h3>Mayor of Saint Paul (1994–2002)</h3>
Coleman left the attorney general's office upon being elected <a href="/facts/List_of_mayors_of_Saint_Paul,_Minnesota/sq1zdt8s">mayor of St. Paul</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> One of his first acts as mayor was the elimination of underfunded retirement health benefits for city workers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>
One of Coleman's accomplishments as mayor was to bring professional <a href="/facts/Ice_hockey/jY0ERSmw">ice hockey</a> back to Minnesota. In 1993 the <a href="/facts/Minnesota_North_Stars/Vuzl0r0P">Minnesota North Stars</a> moved to <a href="/facts/Dallas/f3c7MQn0">Dallas</a>, Texas. On June 7, 1997, the NHL awarded St. Paul an expansion franchise, later named the <a href="/facts/Minnesota_Wild/gVI1W2Jo">Minnesota Wild</a>, that would play in a new arena downtown at the site of Civic Center Arena. The arena, later named the <a href="/facts/Xcel_Energy_Center/vzB1qu34">Xcel Energy Center</a>, was built through a public-private partnership, with $65 million from state taxpayers and $30 million from the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a>
Coleman also successfully fought property tax increases, freezing property tax rates<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> for the eight years he served as mayor. During his mayoralty, St. Paul's job rate grew by 7.1% and 18,000 jobs were added.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>
While many praised Coleman for his "pragmatic"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> leadership style and successes in revitalizing St. Paul, critics labeled him an "opportunist", and he was often at odds with the Democratic Party's more liberal members. In 1996 he was sometimes booed at DFL party events or excluded from them altogether.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>
Coleman joined the Republican Party in 1996 and was reelected mayor of St. Paul in 1997, defeating Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party nominee State Senator <a href="/facts/Sandy_Pappas/JMEngvt5">Sandy Pappas</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> He is, as of 2024, the last Republican mayor of St. Paul.

<h3>1998 gubernatorial campaign</h3>
See also: <a href="/facts/1998_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election/gtwWGhyp">1998 Minnesota gubernatorial election</a>
While announcing his party switch, Coleman said that he "didn't intend" to run for governor in 1998.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> But his role in <a href="/facts/Minnesota_Wild/gVI1W2Jo">bringing professional hockey back</a> to Minnesota and his popularity in St. Paul did help fuel a run for governor that year. He easily won the Republican nomination, facing just token opposition in the primary. In the general election, he faced DFL nominee <a href="/facts/Skip_Humphrey/wEwD6trp">Hubert H. "Skip" Humphrey III</a> and <a href="/facts/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America/EUBGBKjj">Reform Party</a> nominee <a href="/facts/Jesse_Ventura/0WrMuxCo">Jesse Ventura</a>. Polls had Coleman and Humphrey tied for first,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> but Ventura won the election in an upset, with 37% of the vote to Coleman's 34.3% and Humphrey's 28.1%.

<h3>U.S. Senate (2003–2009)</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/2002_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota/5XxQPYxu">2002 United States Senate election in Minnesota</a>

Coleman made plans for a second run for governor in 2002, but <a href="/facts/Karl_Rove/9ugeshlA">Karl Rove</a> and <a href="/facts/George_W._Bush/mYSgM515">George W. Bush</a> persuaded him to challenge incumbent Senator <a href="/facts/Paul_Wellstone/LesTWRo5">Paul Wellstone</a> in <a href="/facts/United_States_Senate_elections,_2002/vqqz0wyp">that year's election</a> instead. Coleman had served as Wellstone's campaign chair in <a href="/facts/1996_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota/TakP8d85">1996</a>, shortly before his decision to switch to the Republican Party.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> Coleman easily won the Republican nomination.
Coleman and Wellstone were neck-and-neck in most polls for most of the campaign.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> On October 25, Wellstone died in a plane crash. The Democrats chose former Vice President <a href="/facts/Walter_Mondale/Mt6WnypN">Walter Mondale</a> to replace Wellstone on the ballot. Mondale had held the same Senate seat from 1964 to 1977. Coleman defeated Mondale by just over 61,000 votes out of over 2 million cast. He succeeded <a href="/facts/Dean_Barkley/XnFcEbJr">Dean Barkley</a>, whom Ventura had appointed to serve the remaining two months of Wellstone's term.
In April 2003, Coleman told a Capitol Hill reporter that he was a "99% improvement" over Wellstone because he had a better working relationship with the <a href="/facts/White_House/CJQc7dKF">White House</a>. Many Wellstone supporters found this offensive and insulting, and at least one member of Congress urged Coleman to apologize. Coleman issued an apology, explaining that he was referring specifically to the reporter's question about the differences between his and Wellstone's relationship with the White House, and saying in part, "I would never want to diminish the legacy or memory of Senator Paul Wellstone, and I will accept full responsibility for not having been more accurate in my comments."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> In 2004 Coleman campaigned for the chairmanship of the <a href="/facts/National_Republican_Senatorial_Committee/jlqXF0jf">National Republican Senatorial Committee</a> (NRSC), but was defeated for the post by Senator <a href="/facts/Elizabeth_Dole/WAp7Re8W">Elizabeth Dole</a> in a 28–27 vote.

<h3>2008 reelection campaign</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/2008_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota/wMpFcCDg">2008 United States Senate election in Minnesota</a>
In 2008, Coleman's opponents for reelection were <a href="/facts/Dean_Barkley/XnFcEbJr">Dean Barkley</a> and the <a href="/facts/Minnesota_Democratic-Farmer-Labor_Party/D4XolSJ0">DFL</a> nominee, former <a href="/facts/Air_America_(radio_network)/MuN7kRGM">Air America</a> host and comedian <a href="/facts/Al_Franken/nvgjpFNP">Al Franken</a>. On the day after the election, Coleman led in the counted votes and claimed victory in the race. Minnesota law requires an automatic recount when the margin between the leading candidates is less than 0.5% of the vote,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> and the margin between Coleman and Franken was about 0.01%. Barkley came in third with 15%.
The initial results of the recount put Franken ahead by 225 votes out of almost 2.9 million votes cast.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> On December 24, 2008, Coleman's lawyers said it was a "virtual certainty" that he would contest the results of the election.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a>
Coleman's term expired on January 3, 2009.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> On January 5, Franken was certified as the winner of the recount by 225 votes. Coleman filed a legal challenge of the results<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> on January 6,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> and a three-judge panel was seated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a>
On February 3, the panel allowed Coleman to introduce evidence that as many as 4,800 <a href="/facts/Absentee_ballots/AUn1rB5W">absentee ballots</a> were wrongly rejected and should be counted. The Franken campaign had tried to limit Coleman to bringing evidence on only the 650 absentee ballots cited in the initial court filing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a>
On April 1, the panel ordered that an additional 400 absentee ballots be examined.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> After examining the 400 ballots on April 6, the panel ordered that an additional 351 ballots be opened and counted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> On April 7, the additional 351 ballots were opened and counted before the panel and a packed courtroom.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> Franken got an additional 198 votes, Coleman gained 111, and other candidates received 42, increasing Franken's lead to 312 votes.
On April 13, the three-judge panel issued its final ruling, sweeping aside all of Coleman's legal claims and declaring Franken the winner of the race by 312 votes. In its unanimous decision, the panel said, "The overwhelming weight of the evidence indicates that the November 4, 2008, election was conducted fairly, impartially and accurately", and that Franken should be issued a Certificate of Election.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> The panel ruled that Coleman had failed to prove that mistakes or irregularities in the treatment of absentee ballots had changed the election's outcome.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a>
Coleman <a href="/facts/United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota,_2008/wMpFcCDg">appealed to the Minnesota Supreme Court</a>, which heard oral arguments on June 1.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> On June 30, the court unanimously ruled in Franken's favor, declaring him the winner of the election, whereupon Coleman conceded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a>

<h4>Deep Marine Technology and corruption allegations</h4>
While running for reelection in 2008, Coleman was mentioned in a Texas lawsuit by Paul McKim, CEO of Deep Marine Technology (DMT), against Nasser Kazeminy. Kazeminy was a longtime Coleman supporter who owned a controlling share of DMT.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> The petition alleged that Kazeminy had used DMT to funnel $75,000 or more to Laurie Coleman through her employer, Hays Companies, in order to enrich Senator Coleman. McKim's petition covered several issues, of which the Coleman matter was only one. Coleman's 2009 Senate financial disclosure form disclosed that Laurie Coleman received a salary from Hays Companies, but Senate rules do not require the salary amount to be revealed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> Neither Coleman nor his wife was named as a defendant in the suit.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> On October 31, minority shareholders in DMT filed a related suit in Delaware Chancery Court. The Delaware suit also alleged that Kazeminy had used DMT to funnel unearned funds to Laurie Coleman through Hays Companies. As in the Texas case, the Colemans were not named as defendants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a>
Coleman was not charged with any crime regarding allegations of corruption in receiving gifts of $100,000 from Kazeminy. Doug Grow, a <a href="/facts/MinnPost/fmSh4Be3">MinnPost</a> columnist, expressed skepticism about Coleman's attorneys' claim that the lack of charges meant that Coleman and Kazeminy were not guilty of any wrongdoing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> Coleman responded with a campaign ad in which he denied the allegations and blamed them on Franken.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a>
In June 2011, the <a href="/facts/U.S._Justice_Department/2SuTuevo">U.S. Justice Department</a> decided not to file charges against Coleman or Kazeminy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> <a href="/facts/Louis_Freeh/5fyvX6pz">Louis Freeh</a>, an attorney for Kazeminy and a former <a href="/facts/FBI_Director/Fq4DIYff">FBI Director</a> in the Clinton Administration, said he learned the Justice Department had ended the investigation in a February 24 meeting with Andrew Levchuk of the department's Public Integrity Section in Washington.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a>
Kazeminy hired Freeh to conduct an independent investigation of all charges. He concluded that there was no wrongdoing or impropriety by the Colemans or Kazeminy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> Freeh said that both his investigation and a separate Deep Marine board investigation concluded McKim had made false claims in an attempt to force a larger <a href="/facts/Severance_package/NdeuESW1">severance package</a> out of Deep Marine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a> <a href="/facts/The_Intercept/AdJ3o4N4">The Intercept</a>, questioning Freeh's impartiality, reported that nine days after Freeh's investigation cleared Kazeminy of wrongdoing, Kazeminy gave Freeh's wife a one-half ownership stake in a Palm Beach property valued at $3 million.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> McKim's allegations were repeated hundreds of times in local and national media reports during the waning days of the 2008 election in what Coleman called "multi-million-dollar attacks against my family and Nasser Kazeminy".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a>
Freeh says McKim later prepared an affidavit that would have recanted his allegations against the Colemans and Kazeminy in exchange for a financial settlement. He concluded that McKim had a clear motive to use false allegations as leverage to enrich himself.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a> McKim still questioned the legitimacy of insurance payments and said he had done nothing wrong, but another of Kazeminy's attorneys said his client had not ruled out future litigation against McKim.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a>
A columnist at <a href="/facts/The_Weekly_Standard/K8AQrs51">The Weekly Standard</a> wrote, "it is possible that the allegations against Coleman may have handed victory to Al Franken."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a>

<h2 id="post-political-career">Post-political career</h2>

In January 2009, Coleman became an adviser to and board member of the <a href="/facts/Republican_Jewish_Coalition/EeMmpbTh">Republican Jewish Coalition</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a>
After Minnesota Governor <a href="/facts/Tim_Pawlenty/SJL17b8q">Tim Pawlenty</a> announced he would not seek reelection in 2010, it was widely anticipated that Coleman would run for governor in the <a href="/facts/2010_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election/jr6XffWr">2010 gubernatorial election</a>. Polling conducted in late 2009 showed him as the favorite among Republicans.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> But on January 17, 2010, Coleman announced that he would not run, saying, "The timing on this race is both a bit too soon and a bit too late. It is too soon after my last race and too late to do a proper job of seeking the support of delegates who will decide in which direction our party should go. The commitments I have to my family and the work I am currently engaged in do not allow me to now go forward."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a>
In 2010, Coleman became chairman and CEO of the <a href="/facts/American_Action_Network/zv8H64Po">American Action Network</a>, which he co-founded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a> He was considered a front-runner for the position of chair of the Republican National Committee in 2010 in the event that incumbent <a href="/facts/Michael_Steele/oobtI18o">Michael Steele</a> did not seek reelection. Coleman said he would not run for the chairmanship if Steele ran for reelection, and did not after Steele announced his candidacy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a>
In 2013, Coleman confirmed he would not challenge Franken in the <a href="/facts/2014_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota/pBQorsKQ">2014 Senate election</a>. He also declined to run against Governor <a href="/facts/Mark_Dayton/Bpux6wS2">Mark Dayton</a> in the <a href="/facts/2014_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election/t6NWnSVy">2014 gubernatorial election</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a>

<h3>Lobbying career</h3>
In April 2011, Coleman joined <a href="/facts/Hogan_Lovells/8ene8sFS">Hogan Lovells</a>, an international legal practice, as senior government advisor in its Washington D.C. office.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a> He stepped down as leader of the Government Relations and Public Affairs practice at Hogan Lovells in January 2020,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a> but remains a senior counsel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a>
Coleman is on the National Advisory Council for the <a href="/facts/U.S._Global_Leadership_Coalition/5gUKHsCr">U.S. Global Leadership Coalition</a>, a bipartisan committee that promotes international engagement and includes every living former U.S. secretary of state. He also works as a lobbyist on behalf of the government of <a href="/facts/Saudi_Arabia/uyUpe1J2">Saudi Arabia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a> In 2024, he was among the Hogan Lovells lobbyists <a href="/facts/U.S._Steel/Fc63gRfj">U.S. Steel</a> hired to navigate legal scrutiny of <a href="/facts/Proposed_acquisition_of_U.S._Steel_by_Nippon_Steel/oCPaDcxS">proposed acquisition of the company by Nippon Steel</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a>

<h2 id="political-positions">Political positions</h2>
Coleman's politics have changed dramatically during his political career.

<h3>College</h3>
In college Coleman was a liberal <a href="/facts/Democratic_Party_(United_States)/MNe3nDrL">Democrat</a> and actively involved in the <a href="/facts/Antiwar_movement/K9ptryLE">antiwar movement</a> of the early 1970s;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a> he was once suspended for leading a <a href="/facts/Sit-in/H8TFDglF">sit-in</a> protest.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a> He ran for student senate and opined in the school newspaper that his fellow students should vote for him because "These conservative kids don't fuck or get high like we do (purity, you know) ... Already the cries of motherhood, apple pie, and <a href="/facts/James_L._Buckley/gFCrQymu">Jim Buckley</a> reverberate through the halls of the Student Center. Everyone watch out, the 1950s bobby-sox generation is about to take over."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a>

<h3>Becoming a Republican</h3>
While running for mayor in 1993, Coleman wrote in a letter to the City Convention Delegates: "I have never sought any other political office. I have no other ambition other than to be mayor." In the letter he wrote:

<blockquote>I am a lifelong Democrat. Some accuse me of being the fiscal conservative in this race—I plead guilty! I'm not afraid to be tight with your tax dollars. Yet, my fiscal conservatism does not mean I am any less progressive in my Democratic ideals. From Bobby Kennedy to George McGovern to Warren Spannaus to Hubert Humphrey to Walter Mondale—my commitment to the great values of our party has remained solid.</blockquote>
In 1996, Coleman chaired <a href="/facts/Paul_Wellstone/LesTWRo5">Paul Wellstone</a>'s Senate reelection campaign. In his nomination speech at the 1996 state DFL convention, Coleman said, "Paul Wellstone is a Democrat, and I am a Democrat." Tensions were so high between Coleman and the DFL party at the time that a number of convention delegates loudly booed Coleman's speech.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a>
In December 1996, Coleman announced he was leaving the DFL to join the Republican Party. He cited his frustrations with the Democratic Party and his belief that the Republican Party offered the best chance to continue his efforts to hold the line on taxes and grow jobs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a>
Coleman's critics, mostly DFL party leaders, speculated that his switch was motivated by aspiration to statewide office.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a> As an abortion opponent and a frequent adversary of public employee unions, Coleman was at odds with the DFL leadership. In a letter to supporters announcing the switch, he wrote, "while the political party I belong to changes, nothing about how I govern or what I believe changes at all."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a> He was reelected mayor of St. Paul in 1997 with nearly 60% of the vote.

<h3>As senator</h3>
Coleman was a member of the <a href="/facts/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership/mhIE0fm5">Republican Main Street Partnership</a>. In March 2007 <a href="/facts/National_Journal/VX4HI5DW">National Journal</a> ranked him the fourth most liberal Republican in the Senate. <a href="/facts/GovTrack/sBHCV7n8">GovTrack</a>, an independent tracking website, also called Coleman a "moderate Republican".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a>
In September 2008, Coleman joined the bipartisan <a href="/facts/Gang_of_20/34kuRWWo">Gang of 20</a>, which was seeking a solution to the American energy crisis. The group pushed for a bill that would encourage state-by-state decisions on offshore drilling and authorize billions of dollars for conservation and alternative energy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a>
Coleman received a 14% progressive rating from Progressive Punch<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a> and a 73% conservative rating from the conservative SBE Council.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a> Minnesota's other senator at the time, <a href="/facts/Mark_Dayton/Bpux6wS2">Mark Dayton</a>, received ratings of 90% progressive and 9% conservative from the same groups.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a>

<h3>Specific issues</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Political_positions_of_Norm_Coleman/z1m21qKa">Political positions of Norm Coleman</a>
<h4>Energy independence</h4>
Coleman was a strong supporter of bipartisan efforts to create American independence from foreign sources of energy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a> This included development of alternative sources of energy such as wind, ethanol, and biofuels.
In 2005, Coleman led a bipartisan coalition of 34 senators in securing a renewable fuels package as part of the <a href="/facts/Energy_Policy_Act_of_2005/rql6yaMt">2005 Energy Policy Act</a>, which included new standards for renewable fuels and an extension of tax credits for biodiesel, small ethanol producers and wind and livestock waste.
Coleman supported additional <a href="/facts/Oil_exploration/E9ehW41n">oil exploration</a> in the outer continental shelf, but maintained a campaign promise to oppose drilling in the <a href="/facts/Arctic_National_Wildlife_Refuge/mhxUV480">Arctic National Wildlife Refuge</a> (ANWR).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a>
On December 11, 2005, Coleman voted to invoke <a href="/facts/Cloture/Yn2K6rpV">cloture</a> on, thus advancing, a defense appropriations bill that included oil exploration in ANWR. Critics viewed this as a violation of his pledge to oppose such drilling.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a> Coleman said he did so because although he planned to vote against the bill, he did not believe that a filibuster was warranted. His vote notwithstanding, the filibuster held, and Coleman voted to strip the ANWR provision from the bill in a subsequent vote.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a>
Coleman received a score of 33% for 2007 from the League of Conservation Voters,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a> in their view taking the pro-environment position in just five of 14 cases.

<h4>Agriculture</h4>
As a member of the Senate's Agriculture Committee, Coleman played an important role in agriculture policy. In 2008 he helped author the Farm Bill. He was praised for his efforts to improve the bill's provisions with regard to sugar, a mainstay of northwestern Minnesota's economy, as well as the bill's dairy program.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a> Coleman also worked for the inclusion of a permanent agriculture disaster assistance program<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a> and hailed the bill's investments in conservation, nutrition, and renewable energy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a> He broke with his fellow Republicans in several instances over agriculture policy, notably by voting for the bill to move forward,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a> and ultimately played a critical role in breaking the stalemate that had delayed Senate consideration of the bill.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a>
Coleman twice voted to override President Bush's veto of the Farm Bill.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a>

Coleman expressed reservations about supporting DR-CAFTA (<a href="/facts/Dominican_Republic_%E2%80%93_Central_America_Free_Trade_Agreement/sGf2LJoW">Dominican Republic – Central America Free Trade Agreement</a>) unless the interests of the domestic U.S. sugar industry (including Minnesota's <a href="/facts/Sugar_beet/Rzcof5lb">sugar beet</a> industry) were accommodated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a> He voted in favor of DR-CAFTA after obtaining quotas imposed on foreign sugar until 2008. He stood behind Bush on August 2, 2005, as the trade agreement was signed into law. "This is a three-year insurance policy that I have purchased for my sugar farmers," he said.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a>

<h4>Fiscal issues</h4>
Coleman was generally regarded as a fiscal centrist who supported increasing the minimum wage and safeguarding pensions while at the same time supporting broad tax relief and the line-item veto.
Coleman played an important role in the passage of the <a href="/facts/Pension_Protection_Act_of_2006/rDmpxRcn">Pension Protection Act of 2006</a>. In addition to safeguarding the pensions of all Americans, the legislation is credited with saving the pensions of over 24,000 Northwest Airlines employees and retirees in Minnesota.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a>
Coleman consistently voted to increase the minimum wage as senator.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a>
Coleman had a consistent record of voting for broad tax reform. He supported reductions to the capital gains tax and the marriage penalty, and supported doubling the child tax credit. Coleman also supported elimination of the AMT and death tax. He supported efforts to make permanent the tax cuts enacted by the <a href="/facts/Economic_Growth_and_Tax_Relief_Reconciliation_Act_of_2001/oNTBow7I">Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001</a> and the <a href="/facts/Jobs_and_Growth_Tax_Relief_Reconciliation_Act_of_2003/CpuR4f3V">Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a>
As a member of the Small Business Committee, Coleman opposed eliminating the Microloan program, supported funding for Small Business Development Centers and the HUBZone program, successfully extended tax relief for Section 179 expensing, and cosponsored an amendment to increase funding for the SBA by $130 million.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a>
Coleman is a longtime supporter of the line-item veto, calling it a "no-brainer, the right thing to do."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a>

<h4>Iraq, Iran, and Israel</h4>
Coleman was a strong supporter of the <a href="/facts/Iraq_War/dlAgf8at">Iraq War</a> from the start. In 2008, he still supported the war, generally tending to agree with the Bush administration. He was in favor of the eventual removal of U.S. troops from Iraq, but did not support any kind of timetable for their removal until the situation stabilized. An August 2008 MinnPost article summarized his position as: "He believes the prospects are good for a drawdown of U.S. troops, but it must be done based on conditions on the ground as reported by commanders in the field, not according to an 'arbitrary' timetable set for 'political' reasons in Washington."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a>
Coleman was also outspoken about the threat Iran poses to Western democracies. He sponsored numerous Congressional Resolutions aimed at Iran, including measures condemning its violations of the <a href="/facts/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons/yE0ekVtm">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a> and other international obligations. Coleman led an effort to bring worldwide pressure on Iran to stop its attempts to enrich uranium, which many believed was the final step in an effort to gain offensive nuclear weapons capabilities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a>
Coleman co-sponsored several pieces of legislation to increase <a href="/facts/United_States_sanctions_against_Iran/QXHRrHEI">sanctions on Iran</a>, including divestment of American pension funds in companies that do business with Iran and sanctions against countries that provide it with nuclear technology. In 2007, he said, "For the sake of our national security, the U.S. must ensure that the sensitive nuclear technology that we share with partner countries does not fall into the hands of the Iranians."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a>
Coleman is an outspoken defender of Israel. He cosponsored the Palestinian Anti-Terrorism Act of 2006<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a> and sent then Secretary of State <a href="/facts/Condoleezza_Rice/bCc6WEnI">Condoleezza Rice</a> a letter urging her to investigate Egypt's smuggling of arms to Palestinian terrorists in the Gaza Strip.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a>

<h4>Immigration reform</h4>
Coleman was a strong supporter of Bush's 2006 and 2007 attempts to pass comprehensive immigration reform in the Senate, one of the few Republicans to do so, as many called it "<a href="/facts/Amnesty/uvqQXgdc">amnesty</a> for <a href="/facts/Illegal_aliens/bSFppH6r">illegal aliens</a>".

<h4>Drug control</h4>
Coleman admitted to using marijuana as a youth, and he advocated its legalization while in college. He has said that maturity led him to understand that his drug use was dangerous and has repeatedly stated his opposition to legalized drugs, including marijuana.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a> He has said,[when?] "I oppose the legalization of marijuana because, as noted by the Office of National Drug Control Policy, marijuana can have serious adverse health effects on individuals. The health problems that may occur from this highly addictive drug include short-term memory loss, anxiety, respiratory illness and a risk of lung cancer that far exceeds that of tobacco products. It would also make our transportation, schools and workplaces, just as examples, more dangerous."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a>

<h4>Social issues</h4>
 Coleman has campaigned as an <a href="/facts/Anti-abortion/egS0ooAG">anti-abortion</a> candidate since at least 1993.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a> He attributes this position to the death of two of his four children in infancy from a rare genetic disease. He supports limiting <a href="/facts/Stem_Cell_Research/qgB9dFrI">stem cell research</a> to adult stem cells and stem cells derived from umbilical cord blood, and in July 2006 voted against lifting <a href="/facts/Stem_cell_controversy/YVa4gSeu">restrictions on federal research dollars</a> for new <a href="/facts/Embryonic_stem_cell/P1n1eS1p">embryonic stem cell</a> <a href="/facts/Stem_cell_line/Hs3qRLrA">lines</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120">120</a> Coleman is a member of the <a href="/facts/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership/mhIE0fm5">Republican Main Street Partnership</a>, which supports embryonic stem cell research.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121">121</a> He voted in favor of legislative intervention to prolong the life of severely brain-damaged Floridian <a href="/facts/Terri_Schiavo/zbhbp1nV">Terri Schiavo</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122">122</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123">123</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124">124</a>
Coleman opposed recognition of <a href="/facts/Same-sex_marriage/J2dpSgaV">same-sex marriages</a> by either the federal or state governments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125">125</a> In his 2002 Senate campaign he pledged support for an amendment to the <a href="/facts/United_States_Constitution/AJlEWNR3">United States Constitution</a> that would ban any state from legalizing same-sex marriage. In 2004 and 2006 he voted in favor of such an amendment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126">126</a>
As mayor Coleman refused to sign a city proclamation celebrating the annual <a href="/facts/Gay_pride/jrlXXFHH">gay pride</a> festival, explaining his opposition: "What we have had in St. Paul and Minneapolis for many years is signing a joint proclamation making it gay/lesbian/bisexual/transgender month. I will say that I support human rights ... And of course that includes sexual orientation. On the other hand, I've felt very strongly that it wasn't government's responsibility to give proclamations for people's sexuality. I don't think government has a responsibility to issue awards for one's sexuality."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127">127</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128">128</a> Coleman hired Susan Kimberly, a <a href="/facts/Trans_woman/3g9BWBmA">trans woman</a>, as deputy mayor in 1998. Kimberly also worked as state legislative director in Coleman's Minnesota Senate office.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129">129</a>

<h4>Social Security</h4>
Coleman supported allowing workers to divert a portion of their <a href="/facts/Social_Security_(United_States)/aXUHgqLx">Social Security</a> contributions to the creation of individual accounts to be invested in the stock market, a variation of a general plan supporters call "personal accounts," historically known as privatization.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130">130</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131">131</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132">132</a> He agreed with Bush's statements that the contribution changes would apply to those younger than 55.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133">133</a> "The Social Security system for those folks 55 and over will not change in any way, shape or form—no ifs, ands, or buts," he said.

<h4>Relationship with the Bush administration</h4>
In 2002, the Bush administration persuaded Coleman to run against Wellstone rather than for governor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134">134</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135">135</a>
In December 2005, Coleman voted for a budget bill that cut funding from a number of programs but kept funding for sugar beet farmers in Minnesota after Rove asked him to support the administration's position on the issue. Coleman told <a href="/facts/Congress_Daily/VX4HI5DW">Congress Daily</a> that he would not vote for a bill that cut sugar beet funding but "Karl Rove called me and asked what I wanted. A few hours later it was out of the bill."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136">136</a>
On March 14, 2006, Coleman called on Bush to replace or reorganize his staff, saying that they did not sufficiently have their "ears to the ground" on matters like <a href="/facts/Hurricane_Katrina/EflS9fkS">Hurricane Katrina</a>, <a href="/facts/Harriet_Miers/rsBPQneH">Harriet Miers</a>'s failed <a href="/facts/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States/rJHothwW">Supreme Court</a> nomination, and the <a href="/facts/Dubai_Ports_World_controversy/G29r1UKj">Dubai Ports World controversy</a>, and accusing the administration of having a "tin ear."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137">137</a> He said they showed inadequate "political sensitivity" in their handling of the issues.
On January 22, 2007, Coleman and fellow Republican Senators <a href="/facts/John_Warner/SftF0ED0">John Warner</a> and <a href="/facts/Susan_Collins/XQPuQlpf">Susan Collins</a> joined Democrats in opposing Bush's <a href="/facts/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007/P8e8CJ7R">planned troop increase in Iraq</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138">138</a>

<h4>United Nations reform</h4>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Oil-for-Food_Programme/xLoqnDvm">Oil-for-Food Programme</a>
Coleman worked to root out corruption at the United Nations, targeting the so-called "oil-for-food" program.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139">139</a>
In May 2005, the Senate's Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, chaired by Coleman, held hearings on abuses of the UN Oil-for-Food program, including oil smuggling, illegal kickbacks and use of surcharges, and <a href="/facts/Saddam_Hussein/nHnSodgy">Saddam Hussein</a>'s use of oil vouchers to buy influence abroad. These <a href="/facts/Oil-for-Food_Program_Hearings/MAtb8kxD">Oil-for-Food Program Hearings</a> covered corporations (including Bayoil) and several well-known political figures of various nations (including <a href="/facts/Vladimir_Zhironovsky/oKYt8RoH">Vladimir Zhironovsky</a>), but are best remembered for the confrontational appearance of British politician <a href="/facts/George_Galloway/DhrmvHI3">George Galloway</a>, then a <a href="/facts/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)/VegqN6nl">Member of Parliament</a> (MP) for the <a href="/facts/RESPECT_The_Unity_Coalition/6s4oFIoI">RESPECT The Unity Coalition</a> (Respect). Coleman accused Galloway of abuses that Galloway provably denied.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140">140</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141">141</a>
The previous year, Coleman had called on UN <a href="/facts/Secretary-general/3eFaJDWC">Secretary-general</a> <a href="/facts/Kofi_Annan/x5YdH5wX">Kofi Annan</a> to resign for other alleged program abuses. On June 2, 2006, Coleman responded to criticism that he had insufficiently investigated the <a href="/facts/AWB_Limited/1Is7Rnbe">Australian Wheat Board</a> (AWB) for sanctions busting, saying that there were legal and cost hurdles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142">142</a> Then Prime Minister of Australia <a href="/facts/John_Howard/2fKUSbxl">John Howard</a> supported the invasion of Iraq. The Australian ambassador to the U.S., <a href="/facts/List_of_Australian_Ambassadors_to_the_United_States/WnYM0uTj">Michael Thawley</a>, met with Coleman in late 2004 to lobby against any investigation of AWB. <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143">143</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144">144</a>
Coleman was selected to be a delegate to the <a href="/facts/United_Nations_General_Assembly/pNDmCu8X">U.N. 61st General Assembly</a> in New York, where he pressed for reform and action on Darfur and Iran.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145">145</a>

<h4>Government infrastructure</h4>
On February 10, 2006, in a meeting of the <a href="/facts/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs/S396TGyV">Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs</a> of which Coleman was a member, during testimony of former <a href="/facts/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency/JUa8guyo">Federal Emergency Management Agency</a> (FEMA) director <a href="/facts/Michael_D._Brown/8ahy6gxx">Michael D. Brown</a>, Coleman attacked Brown for poor leadership during <a href="/facts/Hurricane_Katrina_disaster_relief/IP0mp7wJ">Hurricane Katrina disaster relief</a> efforts, saying, "you didn't provide the leadership, even with structural infirmities", "you're not prepared to kind of put a mirror in front of your face and recognize your own inadequacies", and "the record reflects that you didn't get it or you didn't in writing or in some way make commands that would move people to do what has to be done until way after it should have been done."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146">146</a> Brown responded combatively, "well, senator, that's very easy for you to say sitting behind that dais and not being there in the middle of that disaster, watching that human suffering and watching those people dying and trying to deal with those structural dysfunctionalities".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147">147</a> and implored Coleman to stick to questions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148">148</a> He later likened Coleman's charges to a "drive-by shooting."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149">149</a> Brown had recently said that he notified the <a href="/facts/Department_of_Homeland_Security/jwz5gLfa">Department of Homeland Security</a> and the White House of the tremendous scale of Katrina flooding earlier than had been previously reported.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150">150</a>
On March 14, 2006, Coleman introduced a bill that would ban foreign companies from operating ports in the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151">151</a>
In March 2007, Coleman introduced legislation (S. 754)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152">152</a> to kill the Defense Travel System,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153">153</a> a program intended to automate the purchasing of travel services by the U.S. Department of Defense, which accounts for more than half of the federal government's total outlays of around $11 billion annually for travel, including transportation, lodging, and rental cars. Shortly after he filed the legislation, Coleman received a generous contribution from the CEO of <a href="/facts/Carlson_Companies/0bXcA7wG">Carlson Companies</a>, which owns Carlson Wagonlit Travel, a business travel management firm whose CW Government Travel unit provides travel management services for some federal agencies. The Carlson Companies are based in Minnesota. Over the years, Coleman has received tens of thousands of dollars in campaign donations from people connected with Carlson Companies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154">154</a>

<h2 id="personal-life">Personal life</h2>

Coleman married actress Laurie Casserly<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155">155</a> in 1981. The couple have two children, Jacob and Sarah. Two other children died during infancy (Adam, 1983; Grace, 1992) from a rare <a href="/facts/Genetic_disorder/hFqt2NLn">genetic disorder</a> known as <a href="/facts/Zellweger_syndrome/RJVhq1by">Zellweger syndrome</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156">156</a> In 2016, Jacob Coleman announced his candidacy for an open Minnesota Senate seat held by <a href="/facts/Julianne_Ortman/UGJ2Xejb">Julianne Ortman</a>, but did not win the Republican endorsement. Coleman's daughter-in-law, <a href="/facts/Julia_Coleman_(politician)/VuykWMNb">Julia Coleman</a>, won election to the state senate seat in 2021.
Coleman is a member of the <a href="/facts/Freemason/zgLC9973">Freemason</a> fraternity, having been made a Mason at sight in 2003 by then Grand Master of Masons in Minnesota Neil Neddermeyer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157">157</a>
Coleman was on the America Abroad Media advisory board.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158">158</a>
On September 11, 2009, Coleman announced he had been diagnosed with <a href="/facts/Bell%27s_palsy/fWY6tks6">Bell's palsy</a>. Doctors told him that he should fully recover from it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159">159</a> On August 14, 2018, Coleman announced that cancer he had been battling in his neck and throat had spread to his lungs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160">160</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161">161</a>

<h2 id="electoral-history">Electoral history</h2>
Due to tabulation rounding, percentages may not equal 100%
2008 Minnesota U.S. Senate Election<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162">162</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163">163</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164">164</a><table><tbody><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2">Party</th><th scope="col">Candidate</th><th scope="col">Votes</th><th scope="col">%</th><th scope="col">±%</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Minnesota_Democratic-Farmer-Labor_Party/D4XolSJ0">Democratic (DFL)</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Al_Franken/nvgjpFNP">Al Franken</a> </td><td>1,212,629 </td><td>42.0 </td><td>−5.4 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota/NVbvCDSj">Republican</a></td><td>Norm Coleman</td><td>1,212,317</td><td>42.0</td><td>−7.6</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Independence_Party_of_Minnesota/IxlxGBfo">Independence</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Dean_Barkley/XnFcEbJr">Dean Barkley</a></td><td>437,505</td><td>15.2</td><td>+13.2</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)/Wf4brzDk">Libertarian</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Charles_Aldrich_(Libertarian)/wMpFcCDg">Charles Aldrich</a></td><td>13,923</td><td>0.5</td><td>n/a</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Constitution_Party_(United_States)/CxVUQUkK">Constitution</a></td><td>James Niemackl</td><td>8,907</td><td>0.3</td><td>+0.2</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Write-ins</td><td></td><td>2,365</td><td>0.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3">Margin of victory</th><td>312</td><td>nil</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" scope="row"><a href="/facts/Voter_turnout/FWYnvL2n">Turnout</a></th><td>2,887,337</td><td>100</td><td>+28</td></tr></tbody></table>
2002 Minnesota U.S. Senate Election<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165">165</a><table><tbody><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2">Party</th><th scope="col">Candidate</th><th scope="col">Votes</th><th scope="col">%</th><th scope="col">±%</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota/NVbvCDSj">Republican</a></td><td>Norm Coleman </td><td>1,116,697 </td><td>49.5 </td><td>+8.3 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Minnesota_Democratic-Farmer-Labor_Party/D4XolSJ0">Democratic (DFL)</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Walter_Mondale/Mt6WnypN">Walter Mondale</a></td><td>1,067,246</td><td>47.3</td><td>−3.0</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Independence_Party_of_Minnesota/IxlxGBfo">Independence</a></td><td>Jim Moore</td><td>45,139</td><td>2.0</td><td>−5.0</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Minnesota_Democratic-Farmer-Labor_Party/D4XolSJ0">Democratic (DFL)</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Paul_Wellstone/LesTWRo5">Paul Wellstone</a></td><td>11,381</td><td>0.5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Green_Party_(United_States)/qG9jzWQR">Green</a></td><td>Ray Tricomo</td><td>10,119</td><td>0.5</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
Minnesota Gubernatorial Election 1998<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166">166</a><table><tbody><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2">Party</th><th scope="col">Candidate</th><th scope="col">Votes</th><th scope="col">%</th><th scope="col">±%</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America/EUBGBKjj">Reform</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Jesse_Ventura/0WrMuxCo">Jesse Ventura</a> </td><td>768,356 </td><td>37 </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota/NVbvCDSj">Republican</a></td><td>Norm Coleman</td><td>713,410</td><td>34</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Minnesota_Democratic-Farmer-Labor_Party/D4XolSJ0">Democratic (DFL)</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hubert_Humphrey_III/wEwD6trp">Hubert Humphrey III</a></td><td>581,497</td><td>28</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
St. Paul Mayoral Election 1997<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2">Party</th><th scope="col">Candidate</th><th scope="col">Votes</th><th scope="col">%</th><th scope="col">±%</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota/NVbvCDSj">Republican</a></td><td>Norm Coleman (incumbent) </td><td> </td><td>58.7 </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Minnesota_Democratic-Farmer-Labor_Party/D4XolSJ0">Democratic (DFL)</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Sandy_Pappas/JMEngvt5">Sandy Pappas</a></td><td></td><td>40.8</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
St. Paul Mayoral Election 1993<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2">Party</th><th scope="col">Candidate</th><th scope="col">Votes</th><th scope="col">%</th><th scope="col">±%</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Minnesota_Democratic-Farmer-Labor_Party/D4XolSJ0">Democratic (DFL)</a></td><td>Norm Coleman </td><td> </td><td>54.7 </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Minnesota_Democratic-Farmer-Labor_Party/D4XolSJ0">Democratic (DFL)</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Andy_Dawkins/BrfTP54X">Andy Dawkins</a></td><td></td><td>44.3</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_American_politicians_who_switched_parties_in_office/VQXn2xHJ">List of American politicians who switched parties in office</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/USA_Congressional_staff_edits_to_Wikipedia/ox64zVUo">USA Congressional staff edits to Wikipedia</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Politics_of_Minnesota/CM15q6RK">Politics of Minnesota</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_Jewish_members_of_the_United_States_Congress/33C1rhV1">List of Jewish members of the United States Congress</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Jeff_Larson/2pn6syxe">Jeff Larson</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

<ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080904024612/http://www.colemanforsenate.com/">Coleman for Senate</a>, campaign site</li>
<li></li>
<li><a href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C001057">Biography</a> at the <a href="/facts/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress/1cJ5cXGr">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.fec.gov/data/candidate/S2MN00126">Financial information (federal office)</a> at the <a href="/facts/Federal_Election_Commission/0uc3QnkN">Federal Election Commission</a></li>
<li><a href="https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/20239">Profile</a> at <a href="/facts/Vote_Smart/0coBwf4q">Vote Smart</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?36370">Appearances</a> on <a href="/facts/C-SPAN/MdgMU5eM">C-SPAN</a></li>
<li><a href="https://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/c/norm_coleman/index.html">Collected news and commentary</a> from <a href="/facts/The_New_York_Times/T9marWVX">The New York Times</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070218071007/http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Norm_Coleman">Profile</a> from <a href="/facts/SourceWatch/wdpUdyYv">SourceWatch</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"Coleman's continuum". Star Tribune. February 23, 1997. <a href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MN&p_theme=mn&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EFD608545553BB0&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D" target="_blank">http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MN&p_theme=mn&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EFD608545553BB0&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"The showman St. Paul mayor Norm Coleman knows how to put himself in the center of attention. Where some see a savvy politician, others see a self-serving opportunist whose ambition is to be governor". St. Paul Pioneer Press. October 26, 1997. <a href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PD&s_site=twincities&p_multi=SP&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB5E22D83A5248E&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D" target="_blank">http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PD&s_site=twincities&p_multi=SP&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB5E22D83A5248E&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Demko, Paul (September 5, 2007). "Minneapolis News – War Torn September 7, 2007". Citypages.com. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606041237/http://www.citypages.com/2007-09-05/news/war-torn/1/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110606041237/http://www.citypages.com/2007-09-05/news/war-torn/1/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Demko, Paul (September 5, 2007). "Minneapolis News – War Torn September 7, 2007". Citypages.com. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606041237/http://www.citypages.com/2007-09-05/news/war-torn/1/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110606041237/http://www.citypages.com/2007-09-05/news/war-torn/1/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"The Big Question » Blog Archive » Coleman's press secretary responds to marijuana open letter". Star Tribune. June 27, 2007. Archived from the original on January 24, 2013. Retrieved July 25, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130124110128/http://politicalblogs.startribune.com/bigquestionblog/?p=762" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130124110128/http://politicalblogs.startribune.com/bigquestionblog/?p=762</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Kersten, Katherine (October 31, 2007). "Unknown article title". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on November 2, 2007. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071102084759/http://www.startribune.com/kersten/story/1521184.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20071102084759/http://www.startribune.com/kersten/story/1521184.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Kersten, Katherine (October 31, 2007). "Unknown article title". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on November 2, 2007. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071102084759/http://www.startribune.com/kersten/story/1521184.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20071102084759/http://www.startribune.com/kersten/story/1521184.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">"Norm Coleman's Biography". Votesmart.org. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="http://www.votesmart.org/bio.php?can_id=20239" target="_blank">http://www.votesmart.org/bio.php?can_id=20239</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">"MN Coleman". PBS.org. Archived from the original on December 21, 2002. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021221212345/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/vote2002/races/mn_coleman.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20021221212345/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/vote2002/races/mn_coleman.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Duchschere, Kevin (October 13, 2008). "Norm Coleman: Pragmatist – or opportunist?". Star Tribune. Retrieved July 25, 2012. <a href="http://www.startribune.com/templates/Print_This_Story?sid=30872369" target="_blank">http://www.startribune.com/templates/Print_This_Story?sid=30872369</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Council approves hockey plan, Associated Press, June 7, 1997. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">MN: Carlson Makes Deal With Legislature, Bulletin Broadfaxing Network, April 10, 1998. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Duchschere, Kevin (October 13, 2008). "Norm Coleman: Pragmatist – or opportunist?". Star Tribune. Retrieved July 25, 2012. <a href="http://www.startribune.com/templates/Print_This_Story?sid=30872369" target="_blank">http://www.startribune.com/templates/Print_This_Story?sid=30872369</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Duchschere, Kevin (October 13, 2008). "Norm Coleman: Pragmatist – or opportunist?". Star Tribune. Retrieved July 25, 2012. <a href="http://www.startribune.com/templates/Print_This_Story?sid=30872369" target="_blank">http://www.startribune.com/templates/Print_This_Story?sid=30872369</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Duchschere, Kevin (October 13, 2008). "Norm Coleman: Pragmatist – or opportunist?". Star Tribune. Retrieved July 25, 2012. <a href="http://www.startribune.com/templates/Print_This_Story?sid=30872369" target="_blank">http://www.startribune.com/templates/Print_This_Story?sid=30872369</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">O'Shea, Jennifer L. (January 7, 2009). "10 Things You Didn't Know About Norm Coleman". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved July 25, 2012. <a href="https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2009/01/07/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-norm-coleman" target="_blank">https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2009/01/07/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-norm-coleman</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Berke, Richard L. (November 5, 1997). "The 1997 Elections: Mayoral Races; For Incumbents in Cities, Celebrations Came Easily". The New York Times. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A00E6D91130F936A35752C1A961958260" target="_blank">https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A00E6D91130F936A35752C1A961958260</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">The Vindicator. The Vindicator. December 19, 1996.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=12ZKAAAAIBAJ&dq=Norm+Coleman+Democrat+Republican&pg=PA2&article_id=3639,864907" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=12ZKAAAAIBAJ&dq=Norm+Coleman+Democrat+Republican&pg=PA2&article_id=3639,864907</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">"NEW POLL: HUMPHREY, COLEMAN IN DEAD HEAT". St. Paul Pioneer Press. October 20, 1998. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020022307/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PD&s_site=twincities&p_multi=SP&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB5E348CDCDBD3E&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121020022307/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PD&s_site=twincities&p_multi=SP&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB5E348CDCDBD3E&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">"Coleman could get boost from Bush in Senate bid". News.minnesota.publicradio.org. February 11, 2002. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200202/12_zdechlikm_coleman" target="_blank">http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200202/12_zdechlikm_coleman</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Zdechlik, Mark (September 18, 2002). "Wellstone, Coleman race remains tight, poll says". Minnesota Public Radio. Retrieved April 4, 2007. <a href="http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/18_zdechlikm_senpoll/index.shtml" target="_blank">http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/18_zdechlikm_senpoll/index.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">"Coleman Should Apologize for Wellstone Remark, Congresswoman Says". Commondreams.org. April 8, 2003. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524204059/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/0408-07.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110524204059/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/0408-07.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">"Title unknown". Star Tribune. November 5, 2008. Archived from the original on July 13, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090713082909/http://www.startribune.com/politics/national/senate/33829369.html?elr=KArksLckD8EQDUoaEyqyP4O%3ADW3ckUiD3aPc%3A_Yyc%3AaULPQL7PQLanchO7DiUr" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090713082909/http://www.startribune.com/politics/national/senate/33829369.html?elr=KArksLckD8EQDUoaEyqyP4O%3ADW3ckUiD3aPc%3A_Yyc%3AaULPQL7PQLanchO7DiUr</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">"General Election Results". Minnesota Secretary of State. November 18, 2008. Archived from the original on November 20, 2008. Retrieved November 19, 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120032829/http://electionresults.sos.state.mn.us/20081104/ElecRslts.asp?M=S&R=all&P=A&Races=%27%27" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081120032829/http://electionresults.sos.state.mn.us/20081104/ElecRslts.asp?M=S&R=all&P=A&Races=%27%27</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">"Coleman: Lawsuit a 'virtual certainty'". The Hill. Archived from the original on December 25, 2008. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225081233/http://thehill.com/campaign-2008/coleman-camp-lawsuit-a-virtual-certainty-2008-12-24.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081225081233/http://thehill.com/campaign-2008/coleman-camp-lawsuit-a-virtual-certainty-2008-12-24.html</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">"Coleman may lose office until election is decided". Yahoo! News. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="https://news.yahoo.com/s/politico/20090102/pl_politico/17005;_ylt=AkIc.JyLX7H8IPB6WAprup6yFz4D" target="_blank">https://news.yahoo.com/s/politico/20090102/pl_politico/17005;_ylt=AkIc.JyLX7H8IPB6WAprup6yFz4D</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">"Board certifies recount results with Franken on top". Star Tribune. January 5, 2009. Archived from the original on March 4, 2009. Retrieved January 5, 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304201817/http://www.startribune.com/politics/national/senate/37093114.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090304201817/http://www.startribune.com/politics/national/senate/37093114.html</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">"Minnesota Senate Seat Election Contest". Minnesota Courts. January 6, 2009. Archived from the original on December 26, 2008. Retrieved January 15, 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081226082736/http://www.mncourts.gov/?page=3409" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081226082736/http://www.mncourts.gov/?page=3409</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">"Notice of Contest" (PDF). Minnesota Courts. January 6, 2009. Retrieved January 15, 2009. <a href="http://www.mncourts.gov/Documents/0/Public/Other/2008%20Elections/Notice_of_Contest.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.mncourts.gov/Documents/0/Public/Other/2008%20Elections/Notice_of_Contest.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">"As judges named, Minn. Senate legal fight grows". Star Tribune. January 12, 2009. Retrieved January 15, 2009. [dead link‍] <a href="http://www.startribune.com/whepolitics/national/senate/37445384.html?elr=KArks8c7PaP3E77K_3c::D3aDhUxWoW_oD:EaDUiacyKUnciaec8O7EyU" target="_blank">http://www.startribune.com/whepolitics/national/senate/37445384.html?elr=KArks8c7PaP3E77K_3c::D3aDhUxWoW_oD:EaDUiacyKUnciaec8O7EyU</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">"Senate recount trial judges put 4,800 more ballots in play". Star Tribune. February 4, 2009. Archived from the original on February 7, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207142143/http://www.startribune.com/politics/national/senate/38890229.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090207142143/http://www.startribune.com/politics/national/senate/38890229.html</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">"Court ruling makes Coleman win unlikely | Minnesota Public Radio NewsQ". Minnesota.publicradio.org. April 1, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2009/03/31/trial_ruling/" target="_blank">http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2009/03/31/trial_ruling/</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">"Number of Minn. Senate ballots that may count drops | Minnesota Public Radio NewsQ". Minnesota.publicradio.org. April 6, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2009/04/06/countingballots/" target="_blank">http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2009/04/06/countingballots/</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">"Coleman's odds of winning shrink with new ballot tally | Minnesota Public Radio NewsQ". Minnesota.publicradio.org. April 7, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2009/04/07/recounttrial/" target="_blank">http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2009/04/07/recounttrial/</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">page 56 Coleman v Franken Final Findings of Fact Archived April 24, 2009, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://dl-client.getdropbox.com/u/60825/COLEMANvFRANKENfinalfindingsoffact.pdf?elr=KArks8c7PaP3E77K_3c::D3aDhUxWoW_oD:EaDUiacyKUUr" target="_blank">http://dl-client.getdropbox.com/u/60825/COLEMANvFRANKENfinalfindingsoffact.pdf?elr=KArks8c7PaP3E77K_3c::D3aDhUxWoW_oD:EaDUiacyKUUr</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Doyle, Pat (April 15, 2009). "Judges rule Franken winner; Coleman to appeal". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on April 18, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090418213143/http://www.startribune.com/politics/national/senate/42932907.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090418213143/http://www.startribune.com/politics/national/senate/42932907.html</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">"Coleman attorney: Appeal won't come this week | Minnesota Public Radio NewsQ". Minnesota.publicradio.org. April 14, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2009/04/14/coleman_appeal/" target="_blank">http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2009/04/14/coleman_appeal/</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">"ORDER for briefing schedule" (PDF). Minnesota Supreme Court. April 24, 2009. Retrieved April 26, 2009. <a href="http://www.mncourts.gov/Documents/0/Public/Other/2008%20Elections/Order4.24.09.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.mncourts.gov/Documents/0/Public/Other/2008%20Elections/Order4.24.09.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">"Minnesota High Court Rules for Franken in Senate Battle". Fox News. June 20, 2009. Archived from the original on July 3, 2009. Retrieved June 30, 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090703000705/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/06/30/minnesota-high-court-rules-franken-senate-battle/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090703000705/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/06/30/minnesota-high-court-rules-franken-senate-battle/</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">*Text of Petition <a href="http://stmedia.startribune.com/documents/Mckim+v+Nasser+-+Petition++2008-64385+(2).pdf?elr=KArks8c7PaP3E77K_3c::D3aDhUxWoW_oD:EaDUiacyKUU" target="_blank">http://stmedia.startribune.com/documents/Mckim+v+Nasser+-+Petition++2008-64385+(2).pdf?elr=KArks8c7PaP3E77K_3c::D3aDhUxWoW_oD:EaDUiacyKUU</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">"Star Tribune – Exec says Coleman donor ordered $100K payments – March 26, 2009". Star Tribune. March 26, 2009. Archived from the original on March 30, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090330054539/http://www.startribune.com/politics/national/senate/41952432.html?elr=KArksLckD8EQDUoaEyqyP4O%3ADW3ckUiD3aPc%3A_Yyc%3AaUac8HEaDiaMDCinchO7DUs%3Fxid%3Drss-page" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090330054539/http://www.startribune.com/politics/national/senate/41952432.html?elr=KArksLckD8EQDUoaEyqyP4O%3ADW3ckUiD3aPc%3A_Yyc%3AaUac8HEaDiaMDCinchO7DUs%3Fxid%3Drss-page</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">*Text of Petition <a href="http://stmedia.startribune.com/documents/Mckim+v+Nasser+-+Petition++2008-64385+(2).pdf?elr=KArks8c7PaP3E77K_3c::D3aDhUxWoW_oD:EaDUiacyKUU" target="_blank">http://stmedia.startribune.com/documents/Mckim+v+Nasser+-+Petition++2008-64385+(2).pdf?elr=KArks8c7PaP3E77K_3c::D3aDhUxWoW_oD:EaDUiacyKUU</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Silverstein, Ken (November 1, 2008). "Second Lawsuit Filed Against Senator Coleman's Friend". Harper's Magazine. Retrieved November 10, 2018. <a href="/wiki/Ken_Silverstein" target="_blank">/wiki/Ken_Silverstein</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">"FBI reviewing allegations involving Norm Coleman ally, source says". December 9, 2008. <a href="http://www.twincities.com/ci_11180391?IADID=Search-www.twincities.com-www.twincities.com" target="_blank">http://www.twincities.com/ci_11180391?IADID=Search-www.twincities.com-www.twincities.com</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Grow, Doug (June 14, 2011). "Investigations clear Norm Coleman, businessman Nasser Kazeminy of wrongdoing, attorneys say". MinnPost. Retrieved February 3, 2015. <a href="http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2011/06/investigations-clear-norm-coleman-businessman-nasser-kazeminy-wrongdoing-att" target="_blank">http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2011/06/investigations-clear-norm-coleman-businessman-nasser-kazeminy-wrongdoing-att</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">*MNblue article Archived December 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.mnblue.com/norms+new+ad+lies+to+distract" target="_blank">http://www.mnblue.com/norms+new+ad+lies+to+distract</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">von Sternberg, Bob (July 14, 2011). "Coleman, Kazeminy vindicated". Star Tribune. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="http://www.startribune.com/politics/blogs/123834654.html" target="_blank">http://www.startribune.com/politics/blogs/123834654.html</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Albert, Mark (June 6, 2011). "Coleman, friend, claim "vindication"". KSTP, Minnesota. Retrieved July 27, 2011. <a href="http://kstp.com/news/stories/S2156010.shtml?cat=1" target="_blank">http://kstp.com/news/stories/S2156010.shtml?cat=1</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Kessler, Pat (June 6, 2011). "No charges in case that roiled '08 campaign". Associated Press. Retrieved July 27, 2011. <a href="http://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2011/06/14/no-charges-in-case-that-roiled-08-senate-race/" target="_blank">http://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2011/06/14/no-charges-in-case-that-roiled-08-senate-race/</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">Kessler, Pat (June 6, 2011). "No charges in case that roiled '08 campaign". Associated Press. Retrieved July 27, 2011. <a href="http://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2011/06/14/no-charges-in-case-that-roiled-08-senate-race/" target="_blank">http://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2011/06/14/no-charges-in-case-that-roiled-08-senate-race/</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Kessler, Pat (June 6, 2011). "No charges in case that roiled '08 campaign". Associated Press. Retrieved July 27, 2011. <a href="http://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2011/06/14/no-charges-in-case-that-roiled-08-senate-race/" target="_blank">http://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2011/06/14/no-charges-in-case-that-roiled-08-senate-race/</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Silverstein, Ken (December 31, 2014). "And the Winner of the 'War On Terror' Financed Dream Home 2014 Giveaway Is…". The Intercept. First Look Media. Retrieved February 3, 2015. <a href="/wiki/Ken_Silverstein" target="_blank">/wiki/Ken_Silverstein</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:54">McCormack, John (June 14, 2011). "DOJ closes investigation of former senator Norm Coleman and Nasser Kazeminy". The Weekly Standard. Archived from the original on June 17, 2011. Retrieved July 27, 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110617044949/http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/fbi-closes-investigation-former-senator-norm-coleman-and-nasser-kazeminy_574641.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110617044949/http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/fbi-closes-investigation-former-senator-norm-coleman-and-nasser-kazeminy_574641.html</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Albert, Mark (June 15, 2011). "Coleman Accuser: 'I have done nothing wrong'". KTSP, Minnesota. Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved July 27, 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320062758/http://kstp.com/news/stories/s2158026.shtml?cat=1" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120320062758/http://kstp.com/news/stories/s2158026.shtml?cat=1</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:58">"Republican Jewish Coalition Biographies". Archived from the original on August 16, 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110816005459/http://www.rjchq.org/About/bioslisting.aspx" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110816005459/http://www.rjchq.org/About/bioslisting.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Stassen-Berger, Rachel E. (November 17, 2009). "Poll: Coleman is GOP favorite for governor". Star Tribune. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="http://www.startribune.com/politics/state/70292657.html" target="_blank">http://www.startribune.com/politics/state/70292657.html</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">Kleefeld, Eric (November 16, 2009). "Poll: Norm Coleman Is Frontrunner For GOP Nomination For Governor Of Minnesota". Tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com. <a href="http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2009/11/poll-norm-coleman-is-frontrunner-for-gop-nomination-for-governor-of-minnesota.php" target="_blank">http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2009/11/poll-norm-coleman-is-frontrunner-for-gop-nomination-for-governor-of-minnesota.php</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">"Coleman Not Running for Governor". Kstp.com. January 18, 2010. Archived from the original on May 23, 2010. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100523095215/http://kstp.com/news/stories/S1369366.shtml?cat=1" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100523095215/http://kstp.com/news/stories/S1369366.shtml?cat=1</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">"Walz wants Coleman to disclose funders behind new ads | Minnesota Public Radio News". Minnesota.publicradio.org. October 15, 2010. Retrieved July 25, 2012. <a href="http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2010/10/15/walz-coleman/" target="_blank">http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2010/10/15/walz-coleman/</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">Wallbank, Derek; Brucato, Cyndy (December 14, 2010). "With Steele in, Norm Coleman says he will not run for RNC chairman". MinnPost. Retrieved January 12, 2024. <a href="https://www.minnpost.com/dc-dispatches/2010/12/steele-norm-coleman-says-he-will-not-run-rnc-chairman/" target="_blank">https://www.minnpost.com/dc-dispatches/2010/12/steele-norm-coleman-says-he-will-not-run-rnc-chairman/</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:65">"Ex-Senator Norm Coleman Joins Hogan Lovells". Amlawdaily.typepad.com. April 26, 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2012. <a href="http://amlawdaily.typepad.com/amlawdaily/2011/04/colemanhoganlovells.html" target="_blank">http://amlawdaily.typepad.com/amlawdaily/2011/04/colemanhoganlovells.html</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">Gangitano, Alex (January 10, 2020). "Ex-Sen. Norm Coleman leaving leadership role at lobbying firm". The Hill. Retrieved January 19, 2020. <a href="https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/business-a-lobbying/477592-ex-sen-norm-coleman-to-step-away-from-leadership-role-at-lobbying-firm/" target="_blank">https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/business-a-lobbying/477592-ex-sen-norm-coleman-to-step-away-from-leadership-role-at-lobbying-firm/</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">"Norm Coleman". www.hoganlovells.com. Retrieved July 7, 2020. <a href="http://www.hoganlovells.com/en/norm-coleman" target="_blank">http://www.hoganlovells.com/en/norm-coleman</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:135">Manitou Messenger Online (May 21, 2003). "Penny, Coleman, Bly eye finish line – Manitou Messenger Online, 11/1/02". Archived from the original on May 21, 2003. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030521054720/http://fusion.stolaf.edu/messenger/index.cfm?section=article&article_number=624&issue_volume=116&issue_number=7&issue_date=11%2F1%2F2002" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20030521054720/http://fusion.stolaf.edu/messenger/index.cfm?section=article&article_number=624&issue_volume=116&issue_number=7&issue_date=11%2F1%2F2002</a> <a href="#fnref:135" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:136">Dionne, E.J. (December 27, 2005). "When the Cutting Is Corrupted". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/26/AR2005122600532.html" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/26/AR2005122600532.html</a> <a href="#fnref:136" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:137">Minn. Rep calls for new White House team Archived January 3, 2009, at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2006/03/14/minn_rep_calls_for_new_white_house_team/" target="_blank">https://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2006/03/14/minn_rep_calls_for_new_white_house_team/</a> <a href="#fnref:137" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:138">"Key GOP senator opposes Bush's Iraq plan". CNN. January 23, 2007. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/01/22/iraq.congress" target="_blank">http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/01/22/iraq.congress</a> <a href="#fnref:138" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:139">"Kofi Annan's Nemesis". The Weekly Standard. May 16, 2005. Archived from the original on October 17, 2015. Retrieved July 25, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017135030/http://staging.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/592wscfb.asp?page=1" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20151017135030/http://staging.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/592wscfb.asp?page=1</a> <a href="#fnref:139" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:140">"Galloway tongue-lashes Coleman; committee documents show Bush political friends and family paid Oil-for-Food kickbacks to Saddam Hussein – Online Journal 5/21/05". Onlinejournal.org. Archived from the original on November 20, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181120035653/http://www.onlinejournal.org/Special_Reports/052105Madsen/052105madsen.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20181120035653/http://www.onlinejournal.org/Special_Reports/052105Madsen/052105madsen.html</a> <a href="#fnref:140" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:141">"Media react to blistering hearing – BBC News 5/17/05". BBC News. May 17, 2005. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4557369.stm" target="_blank">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4557369.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:141" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:142">"st thomas villas university study at". Schons.net. Archived from the original on July 20, 2006. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060720163957/http://www.schons.net/archives/001862.php" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20060720163957/http://www.schons.net/archives/001862.php</a> <a href="#fnref:142" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:143">"Inquiry into certain Australian companies in relation to the UN Oil-For-Food Programme – Australian Attorney General's Department 11/10/05". Ag.gov.au. Archived from the original on June 2, 2010. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100602222931/http://www.ag.gov.au/agd/www/UNOilForFoodInquiry.nsf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100602222931/http://www.ag.gov.au/agd/www/UNOilForFoodInquiry.nsf</a> <a href="#fnref:143" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:144">"Revealed: ambassador tried to kill US hunt for AWB bribes. Sydney Morning Herald. 1 February 2006". Smh.com.au. February 1, 2006. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/news/national/attempt-to-kill-awb-probe/2006/01/31/1138590504798.html" target="_blank">https://www.smh.com.au/news/national/attempt-to-kill-awb-probe/2006/01/31/1138590504798.html</a> <a href="#fnref:144" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:145">"Online NewsHour: Debate | U.N. Session Opens in New York | September 18, 2006". NewsHour with Jim Lehrer. PBS NewsHour. Retrieved July 25, 2012. <a href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/international/july-dec06/un_09-18.html" target="_blank">https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/international/july-dec06/un_09-18.html</a> <a href="#fnref:145" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:146">New York Times 2/11/06 (requires login) <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/11/national/nationalspecial/11ktext.html?ex=1140584400&en=7a4a5562f5d0f5e6&ei=5070" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/11/national/nationalspecial/11ktext.html?ex=1140584400&en=7a4a5562f5d0f5e6&ei=5070</a> <a href="#fnref:146" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:147">Report Blasts Gov't Failures and 'Fecklessness' Before and After Katrina blackamericaweb.com February 13, 2006[dead link‍] <a href="http://www.blackamericaweb.com/site.aspx/bawnews/govtfailures2133" target="_blank">http://www.blackamericaweb.com/site.aspx/bawnews/govtfailures2133</a> <a href="#fnref:147" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:148">"Following the Brown testimony on Katrina = USA Today Online Feb 2006". Blogs.usatoday.com. Archived from the original on October 16, 2008. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081016225008/http://blogs.usatoday.com/ondeadline/2006/02/following_the_b.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081016225008/http://blogs.usatoday.com/ondeadline/2006/02/following_the_b.html</a> <a href="#fnref:148" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:149">"Self-righteous scapegoat – Chicago Tribune 2/10/06". Newsblogs.chicagotribune.com. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="http://newsblogs.chicagotribune.com/news_theswamp/2006/02/michael_brown_s.html" target="_blank">http://newsblogs.chicagotribune.com/news_theswamp/2006/02/michael_brown_s.html</a> <a href="#fnref:149" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:150">"Ex-FEMA Head Blames Bosses for Shortfalls – The Ledger 2/11/06". Theledger.com. February 11, 2006. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="http://www.theledger.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060211/NEWS/602110439/1039" target="_blank">http://www.theledger.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060211/NEWS/602110439/1039</a> <a href="#fnref:150" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:151">S.2410, March 14, 2006: A bill to amend the Homeland Security Act of 2002 to limit foreign control of investments in certain United States critical infrastructure <a href="#fnref:151" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:152">"Senate Bill 754 – The Defense Travel Simplification Act of 2007". Thomas.loc.gov. February 3, 2007. Archived from the original on October 17, 2015. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017135029/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d110:s.00754:" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20151017135029/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d110:s.00754:</a> <a href="#fnref:152" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:153">"Defense Travel System". Defensetravel.osd.mil. April 19, 2005. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="http://www.defensetravel.osd.mil/dts/site/index.jsp" target="_blank">http://www.defensetravel.osd.mil/dts/site/index.jsp</a> <a href="#fnref:153" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:154">Hobbs, Bill (July 12, 2007). "A $5 Billion Earmark? – ElephantBiz.com 7/12/07". Elephantbiz.com. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="http://www.elephantbiz.com/2007/07/a_5_billion_earmark.html" target="_blank">http://www.elephantbiz.com/2007/07/a_5_billion_earmark.html</a> <a href="#fnref:154" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:155">IMDB Listing for Laurie Coleman <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0171114/" target="_blank">https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0171114/</a> <a href="#fnref:155" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:156">Schimke, David (February 11, 1998). "Norm's Conquest". Citypages.com. Archived from the original on June 9, 2010. Retrieved June 13, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100609145025/http://www.citypages.com/1998-02-11/news/norm-s-conquest" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100609145025/http://www.citypages.com/1998-02-11/news/norm-s-conquest</a> <a href="#fnref:156" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:157">"MMC Gala hailed as successful event" (PDF). The Minnesota Mason. January–February 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 18, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018011954/http://www.mn-masons.org/sites/mn-masons.org/files/2422.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121018011954/http://www.mn-masons.org/sites/mn-masons.org/files/2422.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:157" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:158">"Norm Coleman | AMERICA ABROAD MEDIA". Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved June 16, 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716181040/http://americaabroadmedia.org/user/221/Norm_Coleman" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140716181040/http://americaabroadmedia.org/user/221/Norm_Coleman</a> <a href="#fnref:158" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:159">"Norm Coleman diagnosed with Bell's palsy". Minnesota Public Radio. September 11, 2009. <a href="http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2009/09/11/coleman-bellspalsy/" target="_blank">http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2009/09/11/coleman-bellspalsy/</a> <a href="#fnref:159" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:160">Olson, Rochelle (August 15, 2018). "Former U.S. Sen. Norm Coleman says cancer has returned to his lungs, 'shaken my soul'". Star Tribune. <a href="http://www.startribune.com/former-u-s-senator-norm-coleman-says-cancer-has-returned-to-his-lungs-shaken-my-soul/490861241/" target="_blank">http://www.startribune.com/former-u-s-senator-norm-coleman-says-cancer-has-returned-to-his-lungs-shaken-my-soul/490861241/</a> <a href="#fnref:160" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:161">"On 10th anniversary of recount, Coleman still convinced he won". KSTP-TV. November 28, 2018. Archived from the original on November 4, 2020. Retrieved November 20, 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201104174047/https://kstp.com/politics/norm-coleman-al-franken-10th-anniversary-recount-2008/5160509/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20201104174047/https://kstp.com/politics/norm-coleman-al-franken-10th-anniversary-recount-2008/5160509/</a> <a href="#fnref:161" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:162">"General Election Results". Minnesota Secretary of State. November 18, 2008. Archived from the original on November 20, 2008. Retrieved November 19, 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120032829/http://electionresults.sos.state.mn.us/20081104/ElecRslts.asp?M=S&R=all&P=A&Races=%27%27" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081120032829/http://electionresults.sos.state.mn.us/20081104/ElecRslts.asp?M=S&R=all&P=A&Races=%27%27</a> <a href="#fnref:162" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:163">"General Election Results" (PDF). Minnesota Secretary of State. January 5, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 21, 2009. Retrieved January 6, 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090121144412/http://www.sos.state.mn.us/docs/recount_summary_with_ab.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090121144412/http://www.sos.state.mn.us/docs/recount_summary_with_ab.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:163" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:164">"Signing Off On A 225 Vote Franken Lead (webcast of Canvassing Board Meeting)". The Uptake. January 5, 2009. Archived from the original on February 3, 2009. Retrieved January 5, 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090203095837/http://the-uptake.groups.theuptake.org/en/videogalleryView/id/1573" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090203095837/http://the-uptake.groups.theuptake.org/en/videogalleryView/id/1573</a> <a href="#fnref:164" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:165">"2002 election Results". Minnesota Secretary of State. May 23, 2003. Archived from the original on November 29, 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081129060323/http://electionresults.sos.state.mn.us/20021105/ElecRslts.asp?M=S&Races=0103" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081129060323/http://electionresults.sos.state.mn.us/20021105/ElecRslts.asp?M=S&Races=0103</a> <a href="#fnref:165" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:166">Elections Division (November 3, 1998). "Constitutional Offices and Constitutional Amendments Official Results November 3, 1998" (PDF). Minnesota Secretary of State's Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 14, 2006. Retrieved April 27, 2007. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061214042007/http://www.sos.state.mn.us/docs/genstate1998.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20061214042007/http://www.sos.state.mn.us/docs/genstate1998.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:166" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Norm Coleman open-in-new

Norm Coleman