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Arthrobacter
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<h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p><i>Arthrobacter</i> can be grown on <a href="/facts/Mineral_salts_pyridone_broth/qT3S5rry">mineral salts pyridone broth</a>, where colonies have a greenish metallic center on incubated at 20 °C (68 °F). Under the microscope, <i>Arthrobacter</i> appear as rods when rapidly dividing, and cocci when in stationary phase. Dividing cells may also appear as chevrons ("V" shapes). Other notable characteristics are that it can use <a href="/facts/Pyridone/k1GvW27y">pyridone</a> as its sole <a href="/facts/Carbon/ukrgQexo">carbon</a> source, and that its cocci are resistant to <a href="/facts/Desiccation/X6IUsM3R">desiccation</a> and starvation. </p> <h2 id="use-in-industry">Use in industry</h2> <p><i>Arthrobacter</i>, like other bacterial genera including <i><a href="/facts/Brevibacterium/alzuGocu">Brevibacterium</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Microbacterium/cSnnEycd">Microbacterium</a></i>, and <i><a href="/facts/Corynebacterium/dPyL8VPz">Corynebacterium</a></i> are used for industrial production of L-glutamate. In industrial applications, <i>Arthrobacter</i> is often grown with low-cost sugar sources such as cane or beet molasses, starch hydrolysates from corn or cassava tubers, or tapioca. Along with sugar, ammonia and ammonium salts are added as a nitrogen source. The vitamins, minerals, and some other types of nutrients can be provided by adding corn steep liquour. </p> <h2 id="other-uses">Other uses</h2> <p>Various <i>Arthrobacter</i> species have been investigated for other commercial applications. <i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_crystallopoietes/YEpC4PGD">A. crystallopoietes</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_chlorophenolicus/HAD3MUAv">A. chlorophenolicus</a></i> have been shown to reduce <a href="/facts/Hexavalent_chromium/lLgEDVPl">hexavalent chromium</a> and <a href="/facts/4-Chlorophenol/dL3LrvKz">4-chlorophenol</a> levels in contaminated soil, suggesting they may be useful for <a href="/facts/Bioremediation/zft68Ez9">bioremediation</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> Similarly, <i>Arthrobacter</i> sp. strain R1 (American Type Culture Collection strain number 49987) has been shown to grow on a variety of aromatic compounds, including homocyclic compounds, such as hydroxybenzoates, as well as N-heterocycles, including <a href="/facts/Pyridine/X817hCch">pyridine</a> and <a href="/facts/Picoline/P8uYqqTR">picoline</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <p><i>Arthrobacter</i> sp. H65-7 produces the enzyme inulase II that converts <a href="/facts/Inulin/087d6jp2">inulin</a> into the medically relevant nutrient difructose anhydride.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p><p>The enzyme Alu obtained from <i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_luteus/lTJAogBt">Arthrobacter luteus</a></i> is able to cleave <a href="/facts/Alu_element/BjQeUY7Y">Alu sequences</a> which is frequently repeated in human DNA.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="species">Species</h2> <p><i>Arthrobacter</i> comprises the following species:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_agilis/9A2btbbX">A. agilis</a></i> (Ali-Cohen 1889) Koch et al. 1995</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_alkaliphilus/UgQQzAFx">A. alkaliphilus</a></i> Ding et al. 2009</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_alpinus/I0tULI4X">A. alpinus</a></i> Zhang et al. 2010</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_bambusae/KEFncCuP">A. bambusae</a></i> Park et al. 2014</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_bussei/AwhFAKqp">A. bussei</a></i> Flegler et al. 2020</li> <li>"<i>A. casei</i>" Wenning et al. 2006</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_castelli/11WPsJ3C">A. castelli</a></i> Heyrman et al. 2005</li> <li><i>A. celericrescens</i> Yan et al. 2019</li> <li><i>A. cheniae</i> Yang et al. 2021</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_citreus/sxvuHM5a">A. citreus</a></i> Sacks 1954 (Approved Lists 1980)</li> <li>"<i>A. crusticola</i>" Liu et al. 2020</li> <li>"<i>A. crygenae</i>" Vasil'eva et al. 1998</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_cryoconiti/S6rTnVUD">A. cryoconiti</a></i> Margesin et al. 2012</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_crystallopoietes/YEpC4PGD">A. crystallopoietes</a></i> Ensign and Rittenberg 1963 (Approved Lists 1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_cupressi/aIVRGwse">A. cupressi</a></i> Zhang et al. 2012</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_deserti/fMrlInyd">A. deserti</a></i> Hu et al. 2016</li> <li>"<i>A. dextranlyticum</i>" Hatada et al. 2004</li> <li>"<i>A. dokdonellae</i>" Koh et al. 2019</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_echini/jPeTjdRI">A. echini</a></i> Lee et al. 2016</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_flavus/EnpbChYW">A. flavus</a></i> Reddy et al. 2000</li> <li><i>A. frigidicola</i> Yang et al. 2021</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_gandavensis/8MRa8QXD">A. gandavensis</a></i> Storms et al. 2003</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_ginkgonis/H6jjnYQ1">A. ginkgonis</a></i> Cheng et al. 2017</li> <li>"<i>A. ginsengisoli</i>" Siddiqi et al. 2014</li> <li><i>A. glacialis</i> Liu et al. 2019</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_globiformis/f0nobCly">A. globiformis</a></i> corrig. (Conn 1928) Conn and Dimmick 1947 (Approved Lists 1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_gyeryongensis/YRHHvPLS">A. gyeryongensis</a></i> Hoang et al. 2014</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_halodurans/WbTAU2X4">A. halodurans</a></i> Chen et al. 2012</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_humicola/S13b1rrf">A. humicola</a></i> Kageyama et al. 2008</li> <li>"<i>A. ipsi</i>" Gonzalez-Dominici et al. 2021</li> <li><i>A. jiangjiafuii</i> Zhang et al. 2022</li> <li>"<i>A. keyseri</i>" Eaton 2001</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_koreensis/R89Nvd57">A. koreensis</a></i> Lee et al. 2003</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_liuii/odP5JQ7k">A. liuii</a></i> Yu et al. 2015</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_livingstonensis/vx9Bk6Lp">A. livingstonensis</a></i> Ganzert et al. 2011</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_luteolus/qj5ICtp6">A. luteolus</a></i> Wauters et al. 2000</li> <li>"<i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_luteus/lTJAogBt">A. luteus</a></i>" Kaneko et al. 1969</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_methylotrophus/IEXKE93y">A. methylotrophus</a></i> Borodina et al. 2002</li> <li><i>A. mobilis</i> Ye et al. 2020</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_monumenti/SchphDKA">A. monumenti</a></i> Heyrman et al. 2005</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_nanjingensis/xBaqKhBT">A. nanjingensis</a></i> uang et al. 2015</li> <li>"<i>A. nitrophenolicus</i>" Arora and Jain 2013</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_oryzae/beDqcsqr">A. oryzae</a></i> Kageyama et al. 2008</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_paludis/9I2kobNX">A. paludis</a></i> Zhang et al. 2018</li> <li>"<i>A. paraffineus</i>" Duvnjak et al. 1982</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_parietis/6XPxLUAv">A. parietis</a></i> Heyrman et al. 2005</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_pascens/lBGYpWxl">A. pascens</a></i> Lochhead and Burton 1953 (Approved Lists 1980)</li> <li>"<i>A. photogonimos</i>" Phinney and Hoober 1992</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_pigmenti/gCTQp8rb">A. pigmenti</a></i> Heyrman et al. 2005</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_pityocampae/hN7795w9">A. pityocampae</a></i> İnce et al. 2014</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_pokkalii/XDTDhR6L">A. pokkalii</a></i> Krishnan et al. 2017</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_psychrochitiniphilus/7Mp44rCP">A. psychrochitiniphilus</a></i> Wang et al. 2009</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_psychrolactophilus/cSbpWx5v">A. psychrolactophilus</a></i> Loveland-Curtze et al. 2000</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_ramosus/HySDHCvo">A. ramosus</a></i> Jensen 1960 (Approved Lists 1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_rhombi/mvq1e3LS">A. rhombi</a></i> Osorio et al. 1999</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_roseus/cW54rRpm">A. roseus</a></i> Reddy et al. 2002</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_ruber/osg5eCHd">A. ruber</a></i> Liu et al. 2018</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_russicus/XPybWeh6">A. russicus</a></i> Li et al. 2004</li> <li>"<i>A. saudimassiliensis</i>" Papadioti et al. 2017</li> <li>"<i>A. sedimenti</i>" Lin et al. 2020</li> <li>"<i>A. senegalensis</i>" Ndiaye et al. 2019</li> <li><i>A. silvisoli</i> Yan et al. 2018</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_silviterrae/DoyxG4R9">A. silviterrae</a></i> Lee et al. 2017</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_stackebrandtii/K7rXKBae">A. stackebrandtii</a></i> Tvrzová et al. 2005</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_subterraneus/So7sFFlE">A. subterraneus</a></i> Chang et al. 2008</li> <li>"<i>A. sulfonylureivorans</i>" Han et al. 2021</li> <li><i>A. sunyaminii</i> Zhang et al. 2022</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_tecti/nNzYftjt">A. tecti</a></i> Heyrman et al. 2005</li> <li>"<i>A. terrae</i>" Jiang et al. 2022</li> <li><i>A. terricola</i> Trinh and Kim 2021</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_tumbae/I2YCmEA8">A. tumbae</a></i> Heyrman et al. 2005</li> <li><i>A. ulcerisalmonis</i> Kämpfer et al. 2020</li> <li>"<i>A. wenxiniae</i>" Sun et al. 2022</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Arthrobacter_woluwensis/xTLsyFKW">A. woluwensis</a></i> Funke et al. 1997</li> <li><i>A. yangruifuii</i> Ge et al. 2020</li> <li><i>A. zhaoguopingii</i> Ge et al. 2020</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.genomesonline.org/bin/search.cgi?orgcol=org&domcol=dom&typecol=type&sizecol=size&infocol=info&analycol=analy&instcol=inst&datacol=data&contcol=contact&statuscol=status&goldstamp=ALL&gen_type=ALL&org_name1=genus&gensp=Arthrobacter&org_domain=ALL&org_status=ALL&size2=ALL&org_size=Kb&gen_gc=ALL&gen_seqmethod=ALL&gen_oxygenReq=ALL&gen_cellShape=ALL&gen_cellArrange=ALL&gen_motility=ALL&gen_sporulation=ALL&gen_energy=ALL&gen_tempRange=ALL&gen_temperature=ALL&gen_salinity=ALL&gen_ph=ALL&gen_symbiont=ALL&phylogeny2=ALL&phylogeny3=ALL&gen_institution=ALL&gen_funding=ALL&gen_data=ALL&cont=ALL&gen_country=ALL&gen_pheno=ALL&gen_habitat=ALL&gen_disease=ALL&gen_relevance=ALL&gen_avail=ALL&selection=submit+search">Arthrobacter Genome Projects</a> (from <a href="http://www.genomesonline.org">Genomes OnLine Database</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080322024327/http://img.jgi.doe.gov/cgi-bin/pub/main.cgi?section=TaxonList&page=lineageMicrobes&genus=Arthrobacter">Comparative Analysis of Arthrobacter Genomes</a> (at <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Energy/PRp6Cz8g">DOE's</a> <a href="/facts/Integrated_Microbial_Genomes_System/1yRGMRWh">IMG system</a>)</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>F.A.O. Camargo; F.M. Bento; B.C. Okeke & W.T. Frankenberger (2003). "Hexavalent chromium reduction by an actinomycete, Arthrobacter crystallopoietes ES 32". Biological Trace Element Research. 97 (2): 183–194. doi:10.1385/BTER:97:2:183. PMID 14985627. S2CID 22649567. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>K Westerberg; AM Elvang; E Stackebrandt; JK Jansson (2000). "Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus sp. nov., a new species capable of degrading high concentrations of 4-chlorophenol". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 50 (6): 2083–2092. doi:10.1099/00207713-50-6-2083. PMID 11155983. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2F00207713-50-6-2083" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1099%2F00207713-50-6-2083</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>O'Loughlin EJ, Sims GK, Traina SJ (1999). "Biodegradation of 2-methyl, 2-ethyl, and 2-hydroxypyridine by an Arthrobacter sp. isolated from subsurface sediment". Biodegradation. 10 (2): 93–104. doi:10.1023/A:1008309026751. PMID 10466198. S2CID 25495834. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Sakurai, Hiroaki; Yokota, Atsushi; Tomita, Fusao (2014). "Molecular Cloning of an Inulin Fructotransferase (Depolymerizing) Gene from Arthrobacter sp. H65–7 and Its Expression in Escherichia coli". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 61 (1): 87–92. doi:10.1271/bbb.61.87. PMID 9028036. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1271%2Fbbb.61.87" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1271%2Fbbb.61.87</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Marks A. Basic Medical Biochemistry: A Clinical Approach (3rd ed.). p. 248. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Euzéby JP, Parte AC. "Arthrobacter". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved June 14, 2022. <a href="https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/arthrobacter" target="_blank">https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/arthrobacter</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>