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Frederick North, Lord North
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<h2 id="early-life">Early life</h2> <h3>Birth and family</h3> <p>North was born in London on 13 April 1732 at the family house at <a href="/facts/Albemarle_Street/eT45tYMC">Albemarle Street</a>, just off <a href="/facts/Piccadilly/kl9yLg11">Piccadilly</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> He spent much of his youth at <a href="/facts/Wroxton_Abbey/ysLpkSw2">Wroxton Abbey</a> in <a href="/facts/Oxfordshire/dc4jQkHB">Oxfordshire</a>. North's strong resemblance to King <a href="/facts/George_III/1RGERms7">George III</a> suggested to contemporaries that George III's father, <a href="/facts/Frederick%2c_Prince_of_Wales/JY21Y0v5">Frederick, Prince of Wales</a>, might have been North's real father, making North the king's half-brother, a theory compatible with the prince's reputation but supported by little else other than the circumstantial evidence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p><p>King <a href="/facts/George_IV/X2gworIu">George IV</a> remarked that "either his royal grandfather or North's mother must have played her husband false",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> North's father, <a href="/facts/Francis_North%2c_1st_Earl_of_Guilford/7d6h94IY">Francis North, 1st Earl of Guilford</a>, was from 1730 to 1751 <a href="/facts/Lord_of_the_Bedchamber/qRzxmtI3">Lord of the Bedchamber</a> to Frederick, Prince of Wales, who stood as <a href="/facts/Godparent/uBRmJwvg">godfather</a> to the infant, christened Frederick, possibly in honour of his real father.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>North was descended from <a href="/facts/Henry_Montagu%2c_1st_Earl_of_Manchester/9qffWuj8">Henry Montagu, 1st Earl of Manchester</a>, paternal uncle of <a href="/facts/Edward_Montagu%2c_1st_Earl_of_Sandwich/RmjSjKlM">Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich</a> and was related to <a href="/facts/Samuel_Pepys/hDTU7fjk">Samuel Pepys</a> and the <a href="/facts/3rd_Earl_of_Bute/wpdvhm29">3rd Earl of Bute</a>. He at times had a slightly turbulent relationship with his father Francis North, yet they were very close. In his early years, the family was not wealthy, though their situation improved in 1735 when his father inherited property from his cousin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>Frederick's mother, Lady Lucy Montagu, a daughter of <a href="/facts/George_Montagu%2c_1st_Earl_of_Halifax/FWMHbapW">George Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax</a> and his first wife, Ricarda Posthuma Staltonstall, died in 1734. His father remarried, but his stepmother, Elizabeth Kaye, widow of George Legge, Viscount Lewisham, eldest son of <a href="/facts/William_Legge%2c_1st_Earl_of_Dartmouth/fc9wVbsI">William Legge, 1st Earl of Dartmouth</a> and his wife, Lady Anne Finch, third daughter of <a href="/facts/Heneage_Finch%2c_1st_Earl_of_Aylesford/zLEdKxXd">Heneage Finch, 1st Earl of Aylesford</a>, died in 1745, when Frederick was thirteen. One of his stepbrothers was <a href="/facts/William_Legge%2c_2nd_Earl_of_Dartmouth/qbA4lqPJ">William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth</a>, who remained a close friend for life.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h3>Education</h3> <p>He was educated at <a href="/facts/Eton_College/gedSDo3Q">Eton College</a> between 1742 and 1748 and at <a href="/facts/Trinity_College%2c_Oxford/72glWH22">Trinity College, Oxford</a>, where in 1750 he was awarded an <a href="/facts/Master_of_Arts_(Oxbridge)/kx7NTGR1">MA</a>. After leaving <a href="/facts/University_of_Oxford/ExVVQL6V">Oxford</a>, he travelled in Europe on a <a href="/facts/Grand_Tour/51soNb5d">Grand Tour</a> with Lord Dartmouth. They stayed in <a href="/facts/Leipzig/KIqgMgLN">Leipzig</a> for nearly nine months, studying under the constitutional scholar Johann Jacob Mascov.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> They continued through Austria and Italy, staying in <a href="/facts/Rome/bh1Ttx3T">Rome</a> from December 1752 to Easter 1753, then through Switzerland to <a href="/facts/Paris/DrNHpwnA">Paris</a>, returning to England in early 1754.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="early-political-career">Early political career</h2> <h3>Member of Parliament</h3> <p>On 15 April 1754, North, then 22, was elected unopposed as the <a href="/facts/Member_of_parliament/qjfwk6mp">member of parliament</a> for the <a href="/facts/Banbury_(UK_Parliament_constituency)/awQEf10D">constituency of Banbury</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> He served as an MP from 1754 to 1790 and joined the government as a junior <a href="/facts/Lord_of_the_Treasury/F677eh2S">Lord of the Treasury</a> on 2 June 1759 during the <a href="/facts/Pitt%25E2%2580%2593Newcastle_ministry/JK8Q5AkF">Pitt–Newcastle ministry</a> (an alliance between <a href="/facts/The_Duke_of_Newcastle/5B5xBC4R">the Duke of Newcastle</a> and <a href="/facts/William_Pitt_the_Elder/r4S892gL">William Pitt the Elder</a>). He soon developed a reputation as a good administrator and parliamentarian and was generally liked by his colleagues. Although he initially considered himself a <a href="/facts/Whig_(British_political_faction)/I34xpgxK">Whig</a>, he did not closely align with any of the Whig factions in Parliament, and it became obvious to many contemporaries that his sympathies were largely <a href="/facts/Tories_(British_political_party)/3XVcm5z1">Tory</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>He was appointed <a href="/facts/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_Kingdom)/nNwjfLUI">Lieutenant-Colonel</a> of the <a href="/facts/1st_Somerset_Militia/eenwMoUj">1st Somerset Militia</a> on 23 June 1759 when it was embodied for fulltime service, and commanded it in the West Country for <a href="/facts/John_Poulett%2c_2nd_Earl_Poulett/PufnsNps">Earl Poulett</a>, the colonel, who was also <a href="/facts/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Somerset/tRrn1Cvp">Lord Lieutenant of Somerset</a>. However, North resigned in November 1761 and concentrated on his political career.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p>In November 1763, he was chosen to speak for the government concerning radical MP <a href="/facts/John_Wilkes/BCwSHexx">John Wilkes</a>. Wilkes had made a savage attack on both the Prime Minister and the king in his newspaper <i><a href="/facts/The_North_Briton/kYyktYK1">The North Briton</a></i>, which many thought libellous. North's motion that Wilkes be expelled from the House of Commons passed by 273 votes to 111. Wilkes' expulsion took place in his absence, as he had already fled to France following a duel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <h3>In government</h3> <p>When a government headed by the Whig magnate <a href="/facts/Charles_Watson-Wentworth%2c_Lord_Rockingham/BtN28WzJ">Charles Watson-Wentworth, Lord Rockingham</a> came to power in 1765, North left his post and served for a time as a <a href="/facts/Backbench_MP/Emz8mPhA">backbench MP</a>. He turned down an offer by Rockingham to rejoin the government, not wanting to be associated with the Whig <a href="/facts/Grandee/JqdqWVMr">grandees</a> that dominated the Ministry.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>He returned to office when Pitt returned to head a second government in 1766. North was appointed Joint <a href="/facts/Paymaster_of_the_Forces/IIs86LKC">Paymaster of the Forces</a> in Pitt's ministry and became a <a href="/facts/Privy_Counsellor/9c0ajVQE">Privy Counsellor</a>. As Pitt was constantly ill, the government was effectively run by <a href="/facts/Augustus_FitzRoy%2c_3rd_Duke_of_Grafton/le1lMFhJ">Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton</a>, with North as one of its most senior members.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p><p>In December 1767, he succeeded <a href="/facts/Charles_Townshend/2go25vBt">Charles Townshend</a> as <a href="/facts/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer/KlgE2uFn">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>. With the resignation of the secretary of state <a href="/facts/Henry_Seymour_Conway/0NPU4RrJ">Henry Seymour Conway</a> in early 1768, North became <a href="/facts/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons/0ADrIPKP">Leader of the Commons</a> as well. He continued to serve when Pitt was succeeded by Grafton in October.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="prime-minister">Prime Minister</h2> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/North_ministry/RIY5Q9D2">North ministry</a></p> <h3>Appointment</h3> <p>When the Duke of Grafton resigned as Prime Minister, North formed a government on 28 January 1770. His ministers and supporters tended to be known as Tories, though they were not a formal grouping and many had previously been Whigs. He took over with Great Britain in a triumphant state following the <a href="/facts/Seven_Years%2527_War/fVDINs8P">Seven Years' War</a>, which had seen the <a href="/facts/First_British_Empire/hrsz0j7A">First British Empire</a> expand to a peak by taking in vast new territories on several continents. Circumstances forced him to keep many members of the previous cabinet in their jobs, despite their lack of agreement with him.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> In contrast to many of his predecessors, North enjoyed a good relationship with George III, partly based on their shared <a href="/facts/Patriotism/NTmYkdwf">patriotism</a> and desire for decency in their <a href="/facts/Private_sphere/MKHc86d0">private lives</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h3>Falklands Crisis</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Falklands_Crisis_of_1770/F3YyuYap">Falklands Crisis of 1770</a></p> <p>North's ministry had an early success during the <a href="/facts/Falklands_Crisis_of_1770/F3YyuYap">Falklands Crisis</a> in 1770, in which Great Britain faced down a Spanish attempt to seize the <a href="/facts/Falkland_Islands/a6FdpUEA">Falkland Islands</a>, nearly provoking a war.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> Both France and Spain had been left unhappy by Great Britain's perceived dominance following the <a href="/facts/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%2527_War/KbJ89zoo">British victory in the Seven Years War</a>. Spanish forces seized the British settlement on the Falklands and expelled the small British garrison. When Britain opposed the seizure, Spain sought backing from her ally France. King <a href="/facts/Louis_XV/jr0fBhum">Louis XV</a> of France did not believe his country was ready for war, however, and in the face of a strong mobilisation of the British fleet, the French compelled the Spanish to back down. Louis also dismissed the <a href="/facts/%25C3%2589tienne_Fran%25C3%25A7ois%2c_duc_de_Choiseul/3CYHW8zP">Duc de Choiseul</a>, the hawkish Chief Minister of France, who had advocated war and a large invasion of Great Britain by the French. </p><p>The British government's prestige and popularity were enormously boosted by the incident. It had successfully managed to drive a wedge between France and Spain and demonstrated the power of the <a href="/facts/Royal_Navy/Xdy8YCH7">Royal Navy</a>, although it was suggested by critics that this gave Lord North a degree of complacency and an incorrect belief that the European powers would not interfere in British colonial affairs. This was contrasted with the previous administration's failure to prevent France <a href="/facts/French_Conquest_of_Corsica/kraX62ka">from annexing</a> the <a href="/facts/Republic_of_Corsica/JEn7hkdQ">Republic of Corsica</a>, a British ally, during the <a href="/facts/Corsican_Crisis/dR4KVLwX">Corsican Crisis</a> two years earlier. Using his newly found popularity, North took a chance and appointed <a href="/facts/John_Montagu%2c_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich/lDMYCp2z">Lord Sandwich</a> to the cabinet as <a href="/facts/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty/ACoTUoBK">First Lord of the Admiralty</a>. </p> <h3>American War of Independence</h3> <p>Most of North's government was focused first on the growing problems with the American colonies. Later on, it was preoccupied with conducting the <a href="/facts/American_War_of_Independence/8MxJNtcU">American War of Independence</a> that broke out in 1775 with the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Lexington/f7cbUFXP">Battle of Lexington</a>. Following the <a href="/facts/Boston_Tea_Party/Fh0orPTu">Boston Tea Party</a> in 1773, Lord North proposed a number of legislative measures that were supposed to punish the Bostonians. These measures were known as the <a href="/facts/Coercive_Acts/E3Qbxkoo">Coercive Acts</a> in Great Britain, while dubbed the <a href="/facts/Intolerable_Acts/E3Qbxkoo">Intolerable Acts</a> in the colonies. By shutting down the Boston government and cutting off trade, he hoped they would keep the peace and dispirit the rebellious colonists. Instead, the acts further inflamed Massachusetts and the other colonies, eventually resulting in open war during the <a href="/facts/Boston_campaign/RGz3btpH">Boston campaign</a> of 1775–76. </p><p>North delegated the overall strategy of the war to his key subordinates <a href="/facts/Lord_George_Germain/h2QuJI7z">Lord George Germain</a> and the Earl of Sandwich. Despite a series of victories and the <a href="/facts/Capture_of_New_York/rAWf4op8">capture of New York</a> and <a href="/facts/Capture_of_Philadelphia/y3y3CF64">Philadelphia</a>, the British were unable to secure a decisive victory. In 1778, the French allied themselves with the American rebels, and Spain joined the war in 1779 as an ally of France, followed by the <a href="/facts/Dutch_Republic/PlxBXbKF">Dutch Republic</a> in 1780. The British found themselves fighting a <a href="/facts/Global_war/pEzjDFFs">global war</a> on four continents without a single ally. After 1778, the British switched the focus of their efforts to the defence of the <a href="/facts/West_Indies/PpnoN692">West Indies</a>, as their sugar wealth made them much more valuable to Great Britain than the <a href="/facts/Thirteen_Colonies/H50dauTJ">Thirteen Colonies</a>. In 1779, Great Britain was faced with the prospect of a major Franco-Spanish invasion, but the <a href="/facts/Armada_of_1779/WRwF75sG">Armada of 1779</a> was ultimately a failure. Several peace initiatives fell through, and an attempt by <a href="/facts/Richard_Cumberland_(dramatist)/7esDxzWJ">Richard Cumberland</a> to negotiate a separate peace with Spain ended in frustration. </p><p>The country's problems were augmented by the <a href="/facts/First_League_of_Armed_Neutrality/65x8xDCD">First League of Armed Neutrality</a>, which was formed to counter the British blockade strategy, and threatened British naval supplies from the <a href="/facts/Baltic_Sea/jbQJGLQX">Baltic</a>. With severe manpower shortages, North's government passed an act abandoning previous statutes placing restrictions on Catholics serving in the military. This provoked an upsurge of anti-Catholic feelings and the formation of the <a href="/facts/Protestant_Association/n4jBMjUP">Protestant Association</a> that led to the <a href="/facts/Gordon_Riots/n4jBMjUP">Gordon Riots</a> in London in June 1780.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> For around a week, the city was in the control of the mob until the military was called out and <a href="/facts/Martial_law/fUKQMx0b">martial law</a> imposed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> Public opinion, especially in middle-class and elite circles, repudiated anti-Catholicism and violence, and rallied behind the North government. Demands were made for a London police force.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p><p>Britain's fortunes in the war in America had temporarily improved following the failure of a <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Rhode_Island/U0wtX20h">Franco-American attack on Newport</a> and the prosecution of a Southern strategy that saw <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Charleston/8r8P37yy">the capture of Charleston, South Carolina</a> and its garrison. During 1780 and 1781, the North government gained strength in the House of Commons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p><p>In October 1781, British forces under <a href="/facts/Lord_Cornwallis/uXMyt5Yy">Lord Cornwallis</a> surrendered at the conclusion of the <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Yorktown/R1qt5qzI">Siege of Yorktown</a>, dealing a crushing blow to British morale. When the news reached North, he took it "as he would have taken a ball in his breast", and exclaimed repeatedly "Oh God! It is all over!"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p> <h3>Resignation</h3> <p>North was the second British Prime Minister to be forced out of office by a <a href="/facts/Motion_of_no_confidence/re5kmCNK">motion of no confidence</a>; the first was Sir <a href="/facts/Robert_Walpole/RFyJRSd3">Robert Walpole</a> in 1742. Lord North resigned on 20 March 1782 on account of the British defeat at <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Yorktown/R1qt5qzI">Yorktown</a> the year before. In an attempt to end the war, he proposed the Conciliation Plan, in which he promised that Great Britain would eliminate all disagreeable acts if the colonies ended the war. The colonies rejected the plan, as their goal had become full independence. </p><p>In April 1782, it was suggested in cabinet by <a href="/facts/Lord_Shelburne/1rC5VCP2">Lord Shelburne</a> that North should be brought to public trial for his conduct of the American War, but the prospect was soon abandoned.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> Ironically, the war began to turn in Great Britain's favour again in 1782 through naval victories, owing largely to policies adopted by Lord North and the Earl of Sandwich. The British naval victory at the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_the_Saintes/44LXDUM3">Battle of the Saintes</a> took place after the government's fall. Despite predictions that <a href="/facts/Gibraltar/ja2yukgq">Gibraltar</a>'s fall was imminent, <a href="/facts/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar/1K8RkLVf">that fortress managed to hold out and was relieved</a>. Great Britain was able to make a much more favourable peace in 1783 than had appeared likely at the time when North had been ousted. In spite of this, North was critical of the terms agreed by the Shelburne government which he felt undervalued the strength of the British negotiating position. </p> <h2 id="post-premiership">Post-premiership</h2> <h3>Fox–North coalition</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Fox%25E2%2580%2593North_coalition/BvhwoBPz">Fox–North coalition</a></p> <p>In April 1783, North returned to power as <a href="/facts/Home_Secretary/nSYzwvRz">Home Secretary</a> in an unlikely coalition with the radical Whig leader <a href="/facts/Charles_James_Fox/jfYPvVpC">Charles James Fox</a> known as the Fox–North Coalition under the nominal leadership of the <a href="/facts/William_Cavendish-Bentinck%2c_3rd_Duke_of_Portland/VFM1nDvm">Duke of Portland</a>. King <a href="/facts/George_III/1RGERms7">George III</a>, who detested the radical and republican Fox, never forgave this supposed betrayal, and North never again served in government after the ministry fell in December 1783. One of the major achievements of the coalition was the signing of the <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)/PRu5PJj4">Treaty of Paris</a>, which formally ended the <a href="/facts/American_War_of_Independence/8MxJNtcU">American War of Independence</a>. </p><p>The new Prime Minister, <a href="/facts/William_Pitt_the_Younger/dnHQXU0C">William Pitt the Younger</a>, was not expected to last long, and North, a vocal critic, still entertained hopes of regaining high office. In this, he was to be frustrated, as Pitt dominated the British political scene for the next twenty years, leaving both North and Fox in the political wilderness. </p> <h3>Later years</h3> <p>North was an active speaker until he began to go blind in 1786. He succeeded his father as 2nd Earl of Guilford on 4 August 1790 and entered the <a href="/facts/House_of_Lords/ycQphmgj">House of Lords</a>, by which time he had entirely lost his sight.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> Lord Guilford died in <a href="/facts/Mayfair/QaoyPLfI">Mayfair</a>, England (now part of London), and was buried at All Saints' Church, <a href="/facts/Wroxton/r7xLbRlU">Wroxton</a> (Oxfordshire), near his family home of <a href="/facts/Wroxton_Abbey/ysLpkSw2">Wroxton Abbey</a>. His memorial was sculpted by <a href="/facts/John_Flaxman/6XpL8FLv">John Flaxman</a> RA.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p><p>His son <a href="/facts/George_North%2c_3rd_Earl_of_Guilford/5MbPoxQ0">George North, Lord North</a>, took over the constituency of Banbury, and in 1792 acceded to his father's title. Wroxton Abbey is now owned by <a href="/facts/Fairleigh_Dickinson_University/l3xEIWQL">Fairleigh Dickinson University</a>, ironically an American college, and the modernised abbey serves as a location for American students to study abroad in England. </p> <h2 id="legacy">Legacy</h2> <p>Lord North is today predominantly remembered as the Prime Minister "who lost America".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p><p>Both <a href="/facts/Lord_North_Street/razB7pUy">Lord North Street</a> and <a href="/facts/Guilford_Street/GCEpMatL">Guilford Street</a> in London are named after him. </p> <h2 id="family">Family</h2> <p>On 20 May 1756 Lord North married <a href="/facts/Anne_Speke/6nqcKVEX">Anne Speke</a> (before 1741 – 1797), daughter of <a href="/facts/George_Speke_(politician%2c_died_1753)/nwkxLdqk">George Speke</a> MP, of <a href="/facts/Whitelackington/PRuXL14m">Whitelackington</a> in Somerset. She was the sole heiress of the Devonshire estates of the Drake family of <a href="/facts/Ash%2c_Musbury/cKw7nDaS">Ash</a>, which subsequently were sold piecemeal by Lord North.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> By <a href="/facts/Anne_North%2c_Countess_of_Guilford/6nqcKVEX">Anne</a> he had seven children: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/George_Augustus_North%2c_3rd_Earl_of_Guilford/5MbPoxQ0">George Augustus North, 3rd Earl of Guilford</a> (11 September 1757 – 20 April 1802), who married, firstly, Maria Frances Mary Hobart-Hampden (died 23 April 1794), daughter of the 3rd <a href="/facts/Earl_of_Buckinghamshire/1TWjkjva">Earl of Buckinghamshire</a>, on 30 September 1785 and had issue. He married, secondly, Susan Coutts (died 24 September 1837), on 28 February 1796.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Catherine_Douglas%2c_Baroness_Glenbervie/yCwTLP66">Catherine Anne North</a> (1760–1817), who married <a href="/facts/Sylvester_Douglas%2c_1st_Baron_Glenbervie/eFlGQF9t">Sylvester Douglas, 1st Baron Glenbervie</a>, and had no children.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Francis_North%2c_4th_Earl_of_Guilford/eFLTt2rP">Francis North, 4th Earl of Guilford</a> (25 December 1761–1817)</li> <li>Lady Anne North (8 January 1764 – 18 January 1832), who married the <a href="/facts/John_Baker-Holroyd%2c_1st_Earl_of_Sheffield/Evrhz52U">1st Earl of Sheffield</a> on 20 January 1798 and had two children</li> <li><a href="/facts/Frederick_North%2c_5th_Earl_of_Guilford/DwuxA9Tl">Frederick North, 5th Earl of Guilford</a> (7 February 1766–1827)</li> <li>Lady Charlotte North (December 1770–25 October 1849), who married Lt. Col. The Hon. John Lindsay (15 March 1762 – 6 March 1826), son of the 5th <a href="/facts/Earl_of_Balcarres/aH7MkdGL">Earl of Balcarres</a>, on 2 April 1800.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></li> <li>Dudley North (31 May 1777 – 1779). His name is missing from some lists of Lord and Lady North's children, which incorrectly state they only had six.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="titles-styles-and-arms">Titles, styles and arms</h2> <ul><li><i>The Honourable</i> Frederick North (1732–1752)</li> <li>Lord North (1752–1790)</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Earl_of_Guilford/HED9ljQz">Earl of Guilford</a> (1790–1792)</li></ul> Coat of arms of Frederick North, Lord North<table><tbody><tr><td> </td><td>CrestA Dragon's Head erased Sable ducally-gorged and chained Or.EscutcheonAzure a Lion passant between three Fleurs-de-lis Argent.SupportersOn either side a Mastiff Proper.Motto<i>La Vertu Est La Seule Noblesse</i> (Virtue is the only nobility); <i>Animo Et Fide</i> (With courage and Faith)</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Citations</h3> <h3>Sources</h3> <ul><li>Aston, Nigel. "North, Frederick, 2nd Earl of Guilford" in David Loads, ed., <i>Readers Guide to British History</i> (2003) pp 960–962; Historiography</li> <li>Butterfield, Herbert. <i>George III, Lord North, and the People, 1779–80</i> (1949)</li> <li>Cannon, John. <i>Lord North: The Noble Lord in the Blue Ribbon</i> (1970), Short survey</li> <li>Hibbert, Christopher. <i>King Mob: The Story of Lord George Gordon and the Riots of 1780</i> London, 1958.</li> <li>W.J.W. Kerr, <i>Records of the 1st Somerset Militia (3rd Bn. Somerset L.I.)</i>, Aldershot:Gale & Polden, 1930.</li> <li>Rodger, N.A.M. <i>Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815,</i> (2007)</li> <li>O'Shaughnessy, Andrew Jackson. <i>The Men who Lost America: British Leadership, the American Revolution, and the Fate of the Empire</i> (Yale UP, 2014) pp 47–80. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zFc-UCp6ZQsC">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Smith, Charles Daniel. <i>The Early Career of Lord North, the Prime Minister,</i> (1979)</li> <li>Valentine, Alan. <i>Lord North</i> (1967, 2 vol.), the standard biography</li> <li>Whiteley, Peter. <i><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5fHUAwAAQBAJ&q=Whiteley%2C+Peter.+Lord+North%3A+The+Prime+Minister+who+lost+America%2C+%281996%29">Lord North: The Prime Minister who lost America</a>,</i> (1996)</li></ul> <h4><a href="/facts/Primary_sources/t1l9U3Sm">Primary sources</a></h4> <ul><li>Lord North, <i>The Correspondence of King George the Third with Lord North from 1768 to 1783</i>, <a href="/facts/William_Bodham_Donne/kmsVdl9E">William Bodham Donne</a>, ed. (1867) <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d2oBAAAAQAAJ&q=%22Lord+North%22">online edition</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hugh_Chisholm/2vWblUBe">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Guilford,_Barons_and_Earls_of">"Guilford, Barons and Earls of" </a>. <i><a href="/facts/Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition/mPElbCRY">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 691.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frederick North, 2nd Earl of Guilford. Wikiquote has quotations related to <i>Frederick North, Lord North</i>. <ul><li><a href="http://www.number10.gov.uk/past-prime-ministers/lord-frederick-north">More about Lord North</a> on the Downing Street website.</li> <li><a href="https://independencewarofusa.us/lord-north-tea-policy/">Lord North Tea Policy</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Nigel Aston, "North, Frederick, 2nd Earl of Guilford" in David Loads, ed., Readers Guide to British History (2003) pp. 960–962. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"North, Frederick, second earl of Guilford [known as Lord North] (1732–1792), prime minister". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20304. Retrieved 11 February 2021. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) <a href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-20304" target="_blank">https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-20304</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Whiteley p. 15. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Tuchman, Barbara (1984). The March of Folly: From Troy to Vietnam. New York: Knopf. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Tuchman" target="_blank">/wiki/Barbara_Tuchman</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Wilkins, W H. Mrs. Fitzherbert and George IV. p. 110. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>House of Commons (1715). Reports from Committees of the House of Commons. p. 182. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4dNeAAAAcAAJ&q=lord+north+godfather&pg=PA182" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=4dNeAAAAcAAJ&q=lord+north+godfather&pg=PA182</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Whiteley p. 2. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Whiteley pp. 6–7. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Whiteley p. 12. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Whiteley pp. 11–14. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Whiteley p. 19. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Whiteley p. 24. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"North, Frederick, second earl of Guilford [known as Lord North] (1732–1792), prime minister". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20304. Retrieved 11 February 2021. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) <a href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-20304" target="_blank">https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-20304</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Kerr, pp. 10, 68. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Whiteley, p. 49 <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Whiteley, p. 51. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Whiteley, p. 60 <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"North, Frederick, second earl of Guilford [known as Lord North] (1732–1792), prime minister". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20304. Retrieved 11 February 2021. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) <a href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-20304" target="_blank">https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-20304</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Rodger p. 329 <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Whiteley p. 329 <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Rodger p. 329 <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Hibbert pp. 23–62 <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Hibbert pp. 84–140 <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Dorothy Marshall, Eighteenth Century England (1974) pp. 469–472 <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Rodger p. 343 <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Wraxall, Nathaniel (November 1781). "Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel Wraxall". <a href="https://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/memoirs-of-sir-nathaniel-wraxall/" target="_blank">https://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/memoirs-of-sir-nathaniel-wraxall/</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Whiteley p. 215 <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>[1][permanent dead link] <a href="http://www.histparl.ac.uk/volume/1754-1790/members/north-frederick-1732-92" target="_blank">http://www.histparl.ac.uk/volume/1754-1790/members/north-frederick-1732-92</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Dictionary of British Sculptors 1660–1851 by Rupert Gunnis p. 150 <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Whiteley Title of the Book <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Prince, John, (1643–1723) The Worthies of Devon, 1810 edition, London, p. 331, footnote 2 <a href="/wiki/John_Prince_(biographer)" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Prince_(biographer)</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Polite Letters: The Correspondence of Mary Delany (1700-1788) and Francis North, Lord Guilford (1704-1790). Cambridge Scholars. 27 October 2020. ISBN 978-1-5275-6118-2. <a href="978-1-5275-6118-2" target="_blank">978-1-5275-6118-2</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Fielding's New Peerage of England, Scotland & Ireland;: Containing the Descent and Present State of Every Noble Family of the Three Kingdoms, with an Index and Their Mottos Translated. John Murray, no. 32 Fleet Street, & J. Stockdale, Piccadilly. 1790. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8n8DAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22anne+speke%22++1739&pg=RA2-PA66" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=8n8DAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22anne+speke%22++1739&pg=RA2-PA66</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>