Architecture of Baku

<h2 id="islamic-architecture">Islamic architecture</h2>
With <a href="/facts/Shi%27a/JIQl7ooz">Shi'a</a> <a href="/facts/Islam/zDLbL45C">Islam</a> being the dominant religion of Azerbaijan, there are may <a href="/facts/Islamic_architecture/AI0CuqTL">Islamic architecture</a> featured buildings that resides in <a href="/facts/Baku/oUVVcRN1">Baku</a>. Religious places have more <a href="/facts/Islamic_calligraphy/GacvVLlz">Islamic calligraphy</a> drawn on the columns and other places on the structure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a> In December 2000, the <a href="/facts/Old_City_(Baku)/PL3HCWdu">Old City of Baku</a>, including the <a href="/facts/Palace_of_the_Shirvanshahs/0mVH15T4">Palace of the Shirvanshahs</a> and <a href="/facts/Maiden_Tower_(Baku)/Tr9gSrKf">Maiden Tower</a>, became the first location in Azerbaijan to be classified as a <a href="/facts/World_Heritage_Site/6AbWWKV4">World Heritage Site</a> by <a href="/facts/UNESCO/QSbkRv3o">UNESCO</a>.

Islamic buildings continued to be constructed in Baku during the Imperial period. In particular, the <a href="/facts/Ajdarbey_Mosque/KX8jKeqb">Ajdarbey Mosque</a> in then outskirts of the city was built in 1912–1913.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a>

<h2 id="imperial-russian-and-the-azerbaijan-democratic-republic-era">Imperial Russian and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic era</h2>
<h3>Urban development and construction</h3>
See also: <a href="/facts/Black_City_(Baku)/FHduaNLz">Black City (Baku)</a> and <a href="/facts/Petroleum_industry_in_Azerbaijan/7XAl6Rvw">Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan</a>
With the boom of the <a href="/facts/Petroleum_industry_in_Azerbaijan/7XAl6Rvw">oil industry</a> in Baku came an influx of both foreign western cash and ideas. <a href="/facts/Eclecticism_in_architecture/TnDUf9QE">Eclectic architecture</a> fusing not only east and west, but several western styles as well became prevalent in the architecture found in the city outside the medieval walls.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> Local oil industrialists had the opportunity to travel, particularly to Europe, where they came back with ideas of the European architectural styles, and had both the desire and the capital to recreate them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> Two industrialized districts would be created to the east of the original medieval city and Russian garrison, the denser and older <a href="/facts/Black_City_(Baku)/FHduaNLz">Black City</a> and the newer, sprawling White City.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>
The <a href="/facts/Black_City_(Baku)/FHduaNLz">Black City</a> was the first example of a planned industrial district in the Russian empire, it would be separated from the original residential and commercial zones by a two-kilometer buffer zone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> A dense 80 sq meter block grid would be created, designated for a flexible factory-based use.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> Contemporaries would comment on how dirty this district was, with the black oil smoke that filled the air giving the area its name.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>

As Baku grew industrially, the White City would be developed to house the growing industry. It was characterized by its lack of a block structure, instead opting to have larger blocks (about 500x300 meters on average), irregular in size, which would accommodate to the shape taken by the factories rather than the other way around.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> The White City would grow to mainly house only select new refineries, which were cleaner than those used in the Black City, and would also be home to some of the workers housing developments created by the owners of the factories and refineries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a>
What had started as an oil boom in Baku soon turned to a construction one with the quick and massive influx of capital to the city. The city's population grew rapidly, at a rate faster than contemporary New York.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> The foreign population started to exceed that of the local Azeri's, and with it came western influence in construction.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> Due to the intensity and rapidness of development, the city was developed both vertically as well as horizontally, with most new construction boasting large foundations meant to have more levels added to it with the next influx of capital.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> Most of the construction was made using the local limestone quarried near the city, and the first few layers of development tended to be of vaulted masonry, meant to be structurally strong enough to develop additional stories on top later on.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> It was an architecture characteristic of that of an oil boomtown, one that was meant to be adapted and added to with the next boom. A side product of this rapid development, however, was un regulation in proper city planning, something complained about by contemporaries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> There was a lack of proper street planning, lighting planning, transportation systems, and sanitary arrangements.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>

In a second cycle of construction, oil industrialists who had made their fortunes in the 1870s and 80s would develop the area between the medieval walled city and the Black City in the 1890s and early 1900s, creating the metropolitan Baku that would be nicknamed the "Paris of the Caspian."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> They would model the area after the great European cities of the time, with wide canopied boulevards, a seaside esplanade, monumental civic buildings, and all the new technologies in communication and transportation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> The oil barons competed with each other to donate the most lavish and monumental civic buildings, but the initial construction was spearheaded by <a href="/facts/Zeynalabdin_Taghiyev/V2HlrFUQ">Haji Zeynalabdin Taghiyev</a> (1823?-1924), one of the most philanthropic of the industrialists.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> The first Azerbaijani National Theater was founded in 1873, as well as another theater built in 1882. Parks and educational centers such as vocational schools were given great importance during this time, including Baku's <a href="/facts/Empress_Alexandra_Russian_Muslim_Boarding_School_for_Girls/LKhANojt">first school for Muslim girls</a> in 1910, designed by Josef Goslavsky, who was then the Chief Architect of Baku.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> Soon more of the wealthy industrialists followed and competed in a philanthropic battle of donating towards the development of the city, such as <a href="/facts/Musa_Naghiyev/xeJAtPxm">Musa Naghiyev</a> and <a href="/facts/Shamsi_Asadullayev/5DJlerYP">Shamsi Asadullaev</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> Many of the hallmarks of a thriving cosmopolitan city were constructed during this time. The Baku City Duma was built from 1900-1904, also designed by Goslavsky in an <a href="/facts/Renaissance_architecture/pxUu6e8w">Italianate renaissance</a> style on the northern edge of the medieval walled city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>
Construction of buildings in Baku remained largely using the <a href="/facts/Limestone/8ntvtFnR">limestone</a> available locally, with other materials easily brought down the <a href="/facts/Volga/B96tkIJj">Volga</a> and through the city port. Unlike their European and Russian counterparts, however, they were not covered in stucco because of the local climate. Instead, the limestone was intricately carved, and thus used in creating ornamentation of the facade.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a>

<h3>Oil baron mansions</h3>
As well as competing between each other in philanthropic purposes, the oil industrialists of the 1880s, 90s, and early 1900s would compete with each other to build the most lavish mansions in the new residential quarters they created.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> They imported architects as well as style preferences from their travels to Europe, and sought to emulate the grand urban palaces they saw for themselves in Baku. These mansions would become emblematic of the distinct architectural style of pre-Soviet Baku, a fusion of east and western styles in the eclectic style which was popular in the period.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a>

It started as an importing of purely Western styles, in some cases an almost exact copy, created from modified plans of a European palace. Such is the former residence of <a href="/facts/Murtuza_Mukhtarov/6Dlql0Kc">Murtuza Mukhtarov</a>, built for his wife after she liked a <a href="/facts/French_Gothic_architecture/cNvUz6Y6">French gothic</a> palace they visited. Mukhtarov would obtain the plans, hired the polish architect I. K. Ploshko to modify the plans, and built in 1911-1912. After invasion by the Red Army it was converted to a "<a href="/facts/Palace_of_Happiness/oBAVz6vm">wedding palace</a>," a purpose to which it still serves today.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a>
The Taghiyev residence (1895-1902) is another example of the western style in the architecture, designed by the polish architect Goslavsky in the Italianate renaissance style he was known for.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> It is known for its heavily decorated interior, with a gilded main gallery on the second floor. It was richly decorated with a mixture of <a href="/facts/Art_Nouveau/e2Ahfp05">Art Nouveau</a> ornamentation and furniture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> It was converted to the <a href="/facts/National_Museum_of_History_of_Azerbaijan/7kDu01Mx">National Museum of History of Azerbaijan</a> under the soviets, and the limestone chiseled "T" for Taghiyev is still visible in the facade after a Soviet attempt to remove it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> As the mixing of western styles with eastern elements continued, architects from places ranging between Germany, Russia, and Poland would design not only variations of eclectic mixes between <a href="/facts/Gothic_Revival_architecture/gWJmqCH1">Gothic</a> and <a href="/facts/Revivalism_(architecture)/B6Tjhbl0">revival</a> styles, but also eccentric mixes such as a three-story mansion shaped like a dragon, a house in the shape of a house of cards, and another supposedly covered in gold leaf.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a>

<h3>Gallery</h3>

<h2 id="soviet-period">Soviet period</h2>
USSR Council of Ministers' resolution "On measures to further industrialization, improving quality and reducing the cost of construction" and "The removal of excess in the design and construction" in the mid-1950s has helped to initiate mass housing in Baku.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a>
The architectural image of the country's capital was enriched by a number of interesting in conception projects and highly significant in terms of urban sites, such as the building of the historical <a href="/facts/Ismailiyya_Palace/9sJAs9lB">Ismailiyya Palace</a>, which nowadays is the office of the Presidium of National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, the Lenin Palace (now the <a href="/facts/Heydar_Aliyev_Palace/aVEBTSl2">Heydar Aliyev Palace</a>), as well as marine and railway stations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a>

<h2 id="post-soviet-and-present-day">Post-Soviet and present day</h2>
Baku’s new business districts today has shifted around the Baku city center, with many <a href="/facts/High-tech_architecture/Usp4ydeC">high-tech buildings</a> and <a href="/facts/Postmodern_architecture/U1ouBsd5">postmodern architecture</a>. Aside from buildings used for business and institutions, various new residential developments are currently underway, many of which consist of high-rise buildings with a glass exterior, surrounded by American-style residential communities.

<h2 id="list-of-architects-in-baku">List of architects in Baku</h2>
The architects of Baku have influenced the city's architecture throughout its development during the 19th and 20th centuries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a>

<h3>History</h3>
The names of numerous medieval architects of Baku are depicted on their buildings. One can mention the names of <a href="/facts/Masud_ibn_Davud/r2SwuGfV">Masud ibn Davud</a>, who designed <a href="/facts/Maiden_Tower_(Baku)/Tr9gSrKf">Maiden Tower</a>, his son Abdul-Majid Masud oglu, the author of the project of <a href="/facts/Sabayil_Castle/wSw1ywwG">Sabayil Castle</a> and <a href="/facts/Round_Castle_(Mardakan)/a1plCKsH">Round Castle in Mardakan</a>, <a href="/facts/Mahmud_ibn_Sa%27d/S9HYkD3q">Mahmud ibn Sa'd</a>, who built <a href="/facts/Bibi-Heybat_Mosque/QBMTDjBQ">Bibi-Heybat Mosque</a>, <a href="/facts/Nardaran_Fortress/hXLGxYLE">Nardaran Fortress</a> and <a href="/facts/Molla_Ahmad_Mosque/g0x5bPVX">Molla Ahmad Mosque</a> in Baku's Old City, etc.
Due to the oil boom in the 19th century, Baku became a rapidly developing city and grew rapidly.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> The large-scale construction of the city was directly tied to the increase of the city's population. Eventually, this brought numerous Armenian, Azerbaijani, German (<a href="/facts/Adolf_Eichler/3TxQuRAU">Adolf Eichler</a> and Nicolaus von der Nonne), Polish (<a href="/facts/J%C3%B3zef_Gos%C5%82awski_(architect)/woYUn8q3">Józef Gosławski</a> and <a href="/facts/J%C3%B3zef_P%C5%82oszko/bUh9x966">Józef Płoszko</a>) and Russian architects to the city, who ultimately influenced the city's architectural profile.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> Much of these architects were educated in Russia and, in particular, in St. Petersburg, Russia's capital city of the time. These included a number of high-profile designers, such as <a href="/facts/Freidun_Aghalyan/A8jlcwIH">Freidun Aghalyan</a>, <a href="/facts/Zivar_bey_Ahmadbeyov/D8wEVonI">Zivar bey Ahmadbeyov</a>, <a href="/facts/Nikolai_Bayev/jkTEAoTr">Nikolai Bayev</a>, <a href="/facts/Mammad_Hasan_Hajinski/K1BjgTLe">Mammad Hasan Hajinski</a>, and <a href="/facts/Hovhannes_Katchaznouni/fKjbqRHd">Hovhannes Katchaznouni</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> From 1860 till 1868, <a href="/facts/Gasim_bey_Hajibababeyov/zdSPgFgY">Gasim bey Hajibababeyov</a> was considered the chief architect of Baku.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a>
Architects during the Soviet period include <a href="/facts/Mikayil_Huseynov/V5nJJqlC">Mikayil Huseynov</a>, <a href="/facts/Sadig_Dadashov/Wcpp90JU">Sadig Dadashov</a>, <a href="/facts/Lev_Ilyin/dH0UTtdF">Lev Ilyin</a>, <a href="/facts/Lev_Rudnev/WgxMjFkT">Lev Rudnev</a> etc.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> In Baku also worked architects <a href="/facts/Hasan_Majidov/PsWQSlUy">Hasan Majidov</a>, who designed the building of Museum center, <a href="/facts/Talaat_Khanlarov/3kVuce3c">Talaat Khanlarov</a>, the author of <a href="/facts/Heydar_Aliyev_Sports_and_Exhibition_Complex/WA2WPaRx">Heydar Aliyev Sports and Exhibition Complex</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> Anvar Qasimzade, who designed the building of the Oil and Gas Research and Design Institute (1956) and <a href="/facts/Ulduz_(Baku_Metro)/R7HYVjPB">Ulduz</a> metro station.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a>

<h3>Architects</h3>
<table><tbody><tr><th>Architect</th><th>Biography</th><th>Works</th></tr><tr><td></td><td>Born <a href="/facts/Shusha/l73cUUwx">Shusha</a>, <a href="/facts/Karabakh/4mRtT0yY">Karabakh</a> November 20, 1876 – died <a href="/facts/Yerevan/9pWddYcY">Yerevan</a>, <a href="/facts/Armenia_SSR/8LE8ancp">Armenia SSR</a> February 1, 1944. Of <a href="/facts/Armenians/SxHfJF8N">Armenian</a> descent, in 1903 Aghalyan finished the <a href="/facts/Saint-Petersburg_State_University_of_Architecture_and_Civil_Engineering/aLcIHRJM">St. Petersburg Institute of Civil Engineering</a>.</td><td>In 1903–1921 he constructed railroad bridges, gymnasium, the Treasury palace and Workers House.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Born <a href="/facts/Shamakhy/GqVqXTS5">Shamakhy</a>, <a href="/facts/Azerbaijan/Ho5joRTJ">Azerbaijan</a> 1873 - died 1925, <a href="/facts/Baku/oUVVcRN1">Baku</a>. In 1902, Zivar bey Ahmadbeyov graduated from <a href="/facts/Saint-Petersburg_State_University_of_Architecture_and_Civil_Engineering/aLcIHRJM">Saint-Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering</a>. From this year to 1917, Ahmadbeyov worked as an architect in <a href="/facts/Baku_Governorate/4MjRDXFv">Baku Governorate</a>, then in Baku City Council. After the establishment of the <a href="/facts/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic/mgadN3Lz">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a>, Ahmadbeyov became the chief architect of Baku and held this post until 1922.</td><td>Two of the largest mosques in Baku, the Baku-Blue Mosque and <a href="/facts/Taza_Pir_Mosque/qgJ6bldu">Taza Pir Mosque</a> were constructed (1905-1914) according to the projects of Ahmadbeyov.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a> <a href="/facts/Murtuza_Mukhtarov/6Dlql0Kc">Murtuza Mukhtarov</a> Mosque, Saadet School (1912-1913), Ittifak Mosque (1911-1913), Hospital Pavilion, three houses on the yard of Mikhaylovskaya hospital (1912), corpus of Mikhaylovskaya hospital on Balakhanskaya 31 (1912-1913; now Fizuli Street), Children hospital on Persidskaya Street (1914-1918; now Mukhtarov Street), House on the 6th Park Lane 1 (1914-1916).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Born <a href="/facts/Astrakhan/JrIjkRUs">Astrakhan</a>, <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a> October 6, 1875 – died August 5, 1952, <a href="/facts/Yerevan/9pWddYcY">Yerevan</a>, <a href="/facts/Armenia_SSR/8LE8ancp">Armenia SSR</a>. Of <a href="/facts/Armenians/SxHfJF8N">Armenian</a> descent, Bayev was educated at the <a href="/facts/Saint-Petersburg_State_University_of_Architecture_and_Civil_Engineering/aLcIHRJM">St. Petersburg Institute of Civil Engineering</a>. From 1911–1918 he worked as Major Engineer of <a href="/facts/Baku/oUVVcRN1">Baku</a>.</td><td>Constructed more than 100 buildings in Baku, including the Great Theatre of the Mayilyan Brothers (modern days <a href="/facts/Azerbaijan_State_Opera_Theatre/QFhD7ozz">Azerbaijan State Opera Theatre</a>, 1911), Baku Northern Savings Bank, Sabunchi Railway Station, a neighborhood in the former <a href="/facts/Ermenikend/SQDNnaTS">Ermenikend</a> area of Baku, series of schools, gymnasiums, Semashko Hospital (1914–18), residences of Salmanov, Sheremetiev, and others.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a></td></tr><tr><td>Konstantin Borisoglebskiy</td><td>Born on October 16, 1861, in Moscow Gubernia. Graduated <a href="/facts/Saint-Petersburg_State_University_of_Architecture_and_Civil_Engineering/aLcIHRJM">St. Petersburg University of Civil Engineering</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a></td><td>Olginskaya rows - four-stored building on Olginskaya Street 5 (now Rasulzade Street; 1910-1912), building of the Gymnasium on Balakhanskaya Street (now the building of hospital on Fizuli Street 61) built in 1913<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Born 1855 - died 1886. Graduated <a href="/facts/Saint-Petersburg_State_University_of_Architecture_and_Civil_Engineering/aLcIHRJM">St. Petersburg University of Civil Engineering</a> in 1881.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a></td><td>Mariinskaya Gymnasium (now the second building of the National Art Museum of Azerbaijan; 1883–85), Muslim bath (1884), Aleksandrovskaya baths (1884; not preserved), two one-storied houses (1883)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Born 1859. Graduated <a href="/facts/Saint-Petersburg_State_University_of_Architecture_and_Civil_Engineering/aLcIHRJM">St. Petersburg University of Civil Engineering</a> in 1884. He worked a long time in construction department of Baku Gubernia administration.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a></td><td>Two-storied house (1888), the building of Saint Nina's School (now School №132 on <a href="/facts/Istiglaliyyat_Street/xsqA4XkE">Istiglaliyyat Street</a>), the building of Real school (now the building of <a href="/facts/Azerbaijan_State_Economic_University/Yd99wf1t">Azerbaijan State Economic University</a> on <a href="/facts/Istiglaliyyat_Street/xsqA4XkE">Istiglaliyyat Street</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Born on April 2 (15), 1905 in Baku. In 1929, he graduated from Azerbaijan State Oil Academy (afterwards he became its professor). He was the author of books about the architecture of Azerbaijan. He was a full member of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR (1945). Sadiq Dadashov worked in close cooperation with M.A.Huseynov. He developed progressive traditions of Azerbaijani architecture creatively. Dadashov died in Moscow, on December 24, 1946.</td><td>He erected many residential and public buildings in Baku and in other cities of Azerbaijan. Cinema named after <a href="/facts/Nizami_Ganjavi/bMJJm2NC">Nizami</a> (1934), <a href="/facts/Nizami_Museum_of_Azerbaijani_Literature/bznFBH94">Nizami Museum of Azerbaijani Literature</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a> building of the <a href="/facts/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union/qunzBnqS">Central Committee of the Communist Party</a> of the Azerbaijan SSR (1938-1939), building of <a href="/facts/Baku_Academy_of_Music/GwDHVukF">Baku Academy of Music</a> are his famous projects.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Born November 8, 1869 — died 1911. He was a German civil architect.</td><td>Eichler is best known for building the <a href="/facts/Saviour%27s_Church,_Baku/0SMLLlDQ">Saviour's Church</a> (at the age of 24) and participating in <a href="/facts/Boulevard/LWCL7sFC">boulevard</a> development, both in <a href="/facts/Baku/oUVVcRN1">Baku</a>.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Born in <a href="/facts/Congress_Poland/sxYtmc67">Congress Poland</a> to a noble Polish family. In 1891, he graduated from the <a href="/facts/Saint-Petersburg_State_University_of_Architecture_and_Civil_Engineering/aLcIHRJM">Institute of Civil Engineering</a> in <a href="/facts/Saint_Petersburg/pNuCBxaM">Saint Petersburg</a>, and a year later he was appointed chief architect of the city of <a href="/facts/Baku/oUVVcRN1">Baku</a> (present-day capital of <a href="/facts/Azerbaijan/Ho5joRTJ">Azerbaijan</a>). His first task was to assist the local architect Robert Marfeld in designing and supervising the</td><td><a href="/facts/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral,_Baku/tVFyXhpa">Alexander Nevsky Cathedral</a>, <a href="/facts/Taghiyev/V2HlrFUQ">Taghiyev</a> Residence (present-day <a href="/facts/Azerbaijan_State_Museum_of_History/7kDu01Mx">Azerbaijan State Museum of History</a>), the <a href="/facts/Empress_Alexandra_Russian_Muslim_Boarding_School_for_Girls/LKhANojt">Empress Alexandra Russian Muslim Boarding School for Girls</a> (present-day Fuzuli Institute of Manuscripts of the <a href="/facts/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Azerbaijan/0gjRBV3U">National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan</a>), City Duma (present-day <a href="/facts/Mayoralty_of_Baku/vRQRBtWd">Baku City Hall</a>), and a number of industrial buildings and houses.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Born in 1812, in Sarytorpaq village of Shamakhi. He got his primary education at mollah. His father and elder brother Semed bey also were architects. Gasim bey was the first among the Caucasians who worked in governmental and public organizations in the sphere of architecture and urban planning. From 1848, he worked as an assistant of a province architect of Shamakhi. In 1856, he became the architect of Shamakhi province. Since 1860 till 1868, he became the chief architect of Baku and from 1868 till the end of his life was the chief architect of Shamakhi.</td><td><a href="/facts/Baku_Boulevard/HABtIRc6">Baku Boulevard</a> – 1860-1861,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a> Tsitsianov square – 1860, Two-storeyed <a href="/facts/Caravanserai/mwSkATtE">caravanserai</a> – 1860s (At present - <a href="/facts/Nizami_Museum_of_Azerbaijani_Literature/bznFBH94">Nizami Museum of Azerbaijani Literature</a>), Two-storeyed caravanserai – 1870s (Vorontsovskaya Street 1, now - Safarli Street), Residential houses in Krivaya street (now - Fountain Square) – 1870s,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a> Building of "Araz" cinema,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a> <a href="/facts/Fountains_Square,_Baku/6buVlo0X">Fountains square</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Hajinski was born on March 3, 1875. He graduated from Baku Realny School and then St. Petersburg Technical School in 1902 with an engineering degree. He worked at construction of a Russian oil refinery being built by Azerbaijani businessman Shamsi Asadullayev before he moved back to Azerbaijan and was appointed the director of construction department of Baku municipality. One of notable designers employed by Hajinski was Adolf Eichler</td><td>During the time Hajinski held the position of the director of construction department of Baku municipality, he made significant contributions to architectural improvements of Baku. Under his management, construction of <a href="/facts/Baku_Seaside_Boulevard/HABtIRc6">Baku Seaside Boulevard</a> gained a new impetus in 1910, when at his insistence, the Municipal Parliament passed a bill allocating 60,000 rubles for improvements.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Huseynov was born on 19 April 1905, in <a href="/facts/Baku/oUVVcRN1">Baku</a>, in a well-off family. His father was a millionaire, had streamships on the <a href="/facts/Caspian_Sea/Ymc08gkR">Caspian Sea</a> and a great mansion on the seafront. His origination hang over him as the sword of <a href="/facts/Damocles/1jkaQlLd">Damocles</a> and he could be arrested at any time. Until 1946, he worked in close creative and scientific cooperation with S.A. Dadashov. He died on October 7, 1992, and was buried in the <a href="/facts/Alley_of_Honor/plvjzXnj">Alley of Honor</a> in <a href="/facts/Baku/oUVVcRN1">Baku</a>.</td><td>Building of the <a href="/facts/Central_Committee/VI9hA4Rr">Central Committee</a> of the <a href="/facts/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union/1PFHfjJE">Communist Party</a> of <a href="/facts/Azerbaijan/Ho5joRTJ">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/facts/Baku_Academy_of_Music/GwDHVukF">Azerbaijan State Conservatory</a>, <a href="/facts/Nizami_Museum_of_Azerbaijan_Literature/bznFBH94">Nizami Museum of Azerbaijan Literature</a> in Baku, pavilion of <a href="/facts/All-Russia_Exhibition_Centre/Lmn5FjEk">All-Russia Exhibition Centre</a> of Azerbaijan in <a href="/facts/Moscow/XUU6VkdY">Moscow</a> (1939 and 1954), group of buildings of the <a href="/facts/Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences/0gjRBV3U">Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences</a> (1951–1966)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Mashadi_Mirza_Gafar_Ismayilov/uqB1BbCA">Mashadi Mirza Gafar Ismayilov</a></td><td>Student of Hajibababayov. In 1868 – 1898 years he mainly did private practice. Prolific architect and a great graphic designers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a></td><td>House in Tazapirskaya Street (1885), two-storied house in Surakhanskaya Street (1886), two-storied house in Kolyubakinskaya Street (1887), two-storied house in Gubernskaya Street (1887), one-storied house in Persidskaya Street (1887), two-storied house in Tazapirskaya Street (1898), two-storied house in <a href="/facts/Istiglaliyyat_Street/xsqA4XkE">Nikolayevskaya Street</a> (1890) etc.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Born 1868 <a href="/facts/Akhaltsikhe/QoPfjkfQ">Akhaltsikhe</a>, <a href="/facts/Georgia_(country)/ccBF8bBE">Georgia</a> – died <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> 1938. Of <a href="/facts/Armenians/SxHfJF8N">Armenian</a> descent, he graduated with honors from <a href="/facts/Saint-Petersburg_State_University_of_Architecture_and_Civil_Engineering/aLcIHRJM">St. Petersburg Institute of Civil Engineering</a> in 1893.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a> He eventually became the first Prime Minister of <a href="/facts/Democratic_Republic_of_Armenia/yaHPteNX">Armenia</a> in 1918.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a></td><td>Built a hospital, apartment houses, a hotel in <a href="/facts/Balakhany/DdkdAACx">Balakhany</a>, and assisted in the construction of the <a href="/facts/Saint_Thaddeus_and_Bartholomew_Cathedral/LBEPYf8B">Saint Thaddeus and Bartholomew Armenian Cathedral</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Born 1927. Academician of <a href="/facts/Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences/0gjRBV3U">Academy of Science of Azerbaijan</a>, Honored Architect of Azerbaijan (1975), Vice-President of the International Academy of Architecture of the East.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a></td><td>The building of <a href="/facts/Heydar_Aliyev_Sports_and_Exhibition_Complex/WA2WPaRx">Heydar Aliyev Sports and Exhibition Complex</a> (with Tahir Abdullayev and Y. Qadimov), Imam Rza mosque in Sabunchi district, mosque in Narimanov district, the building of <a href="/facts/Memar_%C6%8Fc%C9%99mi_(Baku_Metro)/mL7PTBnN">Memar Əcəmi</a> metro station.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Hasan_Majidov/PsWQSlUy">Hasan Majidov</a></td><td></td><td>The building of the Museum center.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Born 1836 — died 1906. He was a German civil architect.</td><td>Nikolaus von der Nonne is best known for building the first building of <a href="/facts/National_Art_Museum_of_Azerbaijan/Tb7FXeSl">National Art Museum of Azerbaijan</a> in <a href="/facts/Baku/oUVVcRN1">Baku</a>.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Józef Płoszko was born in 1867. He studied at the <a href="/facts/Imperial_Academy_of_Arts/JSMjst1I">Russian Imperial Academy of Arts</a>, but soon left it and joined the <a href="/facts/Saint_Petersburg/pNuCBxaM">St. Petersburg</a> University of Civil Engineers. After graduation in 1895, Płoszko was sent to <a href="/facts/Kiev/uVAMxK8R">Kiev</a>. Working there for two years, he moved to Baku at the invitation of another Polish architect <a href="/facts/J%C3%B3zef_Gos%C5%82awski_(architect)/woYUn8q3">Józef Goslawski</a> and took place of local architect at construction department of the Baku city administration. He later became the chief architect of Baku.</td><td><a href="/facts/Ismailiyya_building/9sJAs9lB">Ismailiyya</a> building, <a href="/facts/Catholic_Church/rJ4F4gqH">Catholic</a> <a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Polish</a> church (kostel) in Baku, Catholic <a href="/facts/Church_of_the_Immaculate_Conception,_Baku/dGnIsghM">Church of Blessed Virgin Mary</a> in Baku, the construction of which was finished in 1912, <a href="/facts/Palace_of_Happiness/oBAVz6vm">Palace of Happiness</a>, Kerbalayi Israfil Hajiyev on Shemakhinskaya Street, building of <a href="/facts/Baku_Puppet_Theatre/L1wjt5JG">Baku Puppet Theatre</a> (1908), six-storeyed building of “New Europe” hotel on Qoncharovskaya Street (now <a href="/facts/Zeynalabdin_Taghiyev/V2HlrFUQ">Taghiyev</a> Street), was the last work of Józef Płoszko before the <a href="/facts/World_War_I/vITTUanQ">World War I</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Anvar_Gasimzade/VpGazlvL">Anvar Gasimzade</a></td><td>Born 1912 – died 1969. Since 1967 he was corresponding member of <a href="/facts/Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences/0gjRBV3U">Academy of Science of Azerbaijan</a></td><td>The building of Oil and Gas Research and Design Institute (1956), the building of <a href="/facts/Ulduz_(Baku_Metro)/R7HYVjPB">Ulduz</a> metro station</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Alexander_Rotinoff/Es5EggfX">Alexander Rotinoff</a></td><td>Worked throughout the Caucasus. Of <a href="/facts/Armenians/SxHfJF8N">Armenian</a> descent, in early 20th century, Alexander Rotinoff moved to Great Britain with his family and son – Mikhail Aleksander Rotinoff. Mikhail's son Gabriel Rotinoff founded Rotinoff Motors Ltd. at <a href="/facts/Colnbrook/4Cld7YKn">Colnbrook</a> near <a href="/facts/Slough/EXWvvDHN">Slough</a> in 1952.</td><td>Together with Gavriil Ter-Mikelov he assisted in the construction of the Armenian church of Thadeus and Bartholomew in 1901.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Born <a href="/facts/Shusha/l73cUUwx">Shusha</a>, <a href="/facts/Karabakh/4mRtT0yY">Karabakh</a> March 8, 1875 – died <a href="/facts/Baku/oUVVcRN1">Baku</a>, <a href="/facts/Azerbaijan_SSR/T4CNqSTa">Azerbaijan SSR</a> March 29, 1955. Of <a href="/facts/Armenians/SxHfJF8N">Armenian</a> descent, having graduated Realschule in <a href="/facts/Tbilisi/vcF15SbW">Tbilisi</a>, Sarkisov moved to St. Petersburg and entered the <a href="/facts/Saint-Petersburg_State_University_of_Architecture_and_Civil_Engineering/aLcIHRJM">St. Petersburg Institute of Civil Engineering</a>. In 1907 he moved to Baku and immediately received request for a series of projects. His architectural style was modern. Later on in his career, he switched to <a href="/facts/Neoclassicism/uWYVqQMj">neoclassicism</a>. Vartan Sarkisov died in Baku on March 29, 1955, and is buried in the Christian-Jewish Nariman Cemetery. In September 2007, the local Azerbaijani government ordered to destroy the Nariman Cemetery.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a></td><td>Constructed the Oil Producers Sanatorium building in <a href="/facts/Mardakan/Jpcrd4gB">Mardakan</a> (1930), a male gymnasium, Residence on Krasnovodskaya street (1908; today Torgovaya (<a href="/facts/Nizami_Street/zKBL3QDY">Nizami</a>) Street and Samad Vurghun Avenue intersection; this building is also where <a href="/facts/Lev_Landau/lNXQTC49">Lev Landau</a> was born), reconstructed the <a href="/facts/Ismailiyya_building/9sJAs9lB">Ismailiyya building</a> which was burned during the <a href="/facts/March_Days/1oNatD6n">March Days</a> in 1918, residence of the Mirzabekov brothers in <a href="/facts/Istiglaliyyat_Street/xsqA4XkE">Nikolayevskaya street</a> (1908), and the Residence of Tigran Melikov (Khagani Street, 27).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Martin Levon Tovmasyan</td><td>Born Martin <a href="/facts/Yerevan/9pWddYcY">Yerevan</a>, <a href="/facts/Armenia_SSR/8LE8ancp">Armenia SSR</a>, March 5, 1925 – died <a href="/facts/Yerevan/9pWddYcY">Yerevan</a>, <a href="/facts/Armenia/t3GQx9sU">Armenia</a> 2008. Of <a href="/facts/Armenians/SxHfJF8N">Armenian</a> descent, in 1949 he graduated from <a href="/facts/Azerbaijan_Industrial_Institute/Vgad3Aqt">Azerbaijan Industrial Institute</a>. He was a student of Vartan Sarkisov. He was awarded as Honored Architect of Armenia on May 28, 2007.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a></td><td>Constructed the general layout of the <a href="/facts/Dyubendi/W74aYWhT">Dyubendi</a> village, 26 Commissars Metro Station (today Sahil station), Reception House and Hotel of Azerbaijan Council of Ministers, <a href="/facts/Green_Theatre/GnlUhPMM">Green Theatre</a>, and assisted in the construction of the Lenin Palace (Today <a href="/facts/Heydar_Aliyev_Palace/aVEBTSl2">Heydar Aliyev Palace</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Born <a href="/facts/Stavropol/uA56FWgo">Stavropol</a>, <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a> April 16, 1874 – died <a href="/facts/Tbilisi/vcF15SbW">Tbilisi</a>, <a href="/facts/Georgia_SSR/VNelk0xf">Georgia SSR</a> January 14, 1949. Of <a href="/facts/Armenians/SxHfJF8N">Armenian</a> descent, in 1893 he studied at the <a href="/facts/Saint-Petersburg_State_University_of_Architecture_and_Civil_Engineering/aLcIHRJM">St. Petersburg Institute of Civil Engineering</a>. He graduated the institute in 1899. He moved to Baku where he lived and worked till 1912. He died January 14, 1949, and is buried in the Armenian Vera Cemetery in <a href="/facts/Tbilisi/vcF15SbW">Tbilisi</a>.</td><td>Designed Baku Public Club Building (today <a href="/facts/Azerbaijan_State_Philharmonic_Hall/wnTe4NMD">Azerbaijan State Philharmonic Hall</a>), the maternity hospital (1899), the building of the Baku branch of the Tiflis Trade Bank (1902–1903; today “Children's World” department store), the Adamoff Brothers residence, the Sadikhov Residence (1910–1912; Nikolaev street house number 1; SSR number 21), Physiotherapy Institute, Four-storey Apartment ordered by <a href="/facts/Taghiyev/V2HlrFUQ">Taghiyev</a> (Nizam 30, crossroads with Mariinskaya Street), and the Commercial College (1905–1913; Merkurevskaya Street 39).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a> He was also one of the main architects of the Saint Thaddeus and Bartholomew Armenian Cathedral.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2>

<h2 id="current-developments">Current developments</h2>
As a developing city largely influenced by economic oil boom, there are many construction projects that are currently being built that will change the city's skyline in the near future. Some of the construction project are <a href="/facts/SOCAR_Tower/lRTkjlDv">SOCAR Tower</a>, <a href="/facts/The_Crescent_Development_project/YJ189MP9">the Crescent Development project</a>, <a href="/facts/Baku_White_City/6fCkxz5N">Baku White City</a>, <a href="/facts/Baku_National_Stadium/lj6ACtvz">Baku National Stadium</a>, Full Moon Hotel, Baku Hilton Hotel, and the Four Seasons Hotel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a> A lot of the new development has come at the cost of old Soviet-era existing structures. The destruction of the Soviet heritage has created controversy, such as the recent destruction of the Soviet-era <a href="/facts/26_Commissars_Memorial/4occqbBc">26 Commissars Memorial</a> in 2009 to make way for a new car park.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a>
In 2011, <a href="/facts/Discovery_channel/mmhjAhgr">Discovery channel</a>'s <a href="/facts/Extreme_Engineering/vqdY5gLJ">Extreme Engineering</a> program featured these projects that are under construction in Baku.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a>

<h2 id="skyline">Skyline</h2>
 A panoramic view of Baku Bay
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Architecture_of_Azerbaijan/m4zIPrtb">Architecture of Azerbaijan</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"Baku: The tourist's-eye view of an oil-boom city". Archived from the original on 2014-10-22. Retrieved 2017-09-19. <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/baku-the-touristseye-view-of-an-oilboom-city-1974359.html" target="_blank">https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/baku-the-touristseye-view-of-an-oilboom-city-1974359.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Память об утратах и азербайджанское общество Archived 2011-03-10 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) <a href="http://www.sakharov-center.ru/publications/azrus/az_004.htm" target="_blank">http://www.sakharov-center.ru/publications/azrus/az_004.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Архитектура исламских мечетей Archived 2011-08-11 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) <a href="http://anysite.ru/publication/islam" target="_blank">http://anysite.ru/publication/islam</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Фатуллаев-Фигаров, Шамиль Сейфулла оглы (1998). Архитектурная энциклопедия Баку. Baku: Международная Академия Архитектуры Стран Востока. p. 331. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Blau, Eve (2018). Baku: Oil and Urbanism. Zurich: Park Books. p. 80. ISBN 9783038600763. <a href="9783038600763" target="_blank">9783038600763</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">"Baku's Architecture: A Fusion of East and West". Azerbaijan International. 2 (4). Winter 1994. Archived from the original on 2022-10-25. Retrieved 2022-11-29. <a href="https://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/24_folder/24_articles/24_architecture.html" target="_blank">https://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/24_folder/24_articles/24_architecture.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Blau, Eve (2018). Baku: Oil and Urbanism. Zurich: Park Books. pp. 62–68. ISBN 9783038600763. <a href="9783038600763" target="_blank">9783038600763</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Fatullayev-Figarov, Sh. S. (1998). Arkhitekturnaia Entsiklopediia Baku. p. 31. ISBN 9789952320657. <a href="9789952320657" target="_blank">9789952320657</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Blau, Eve (2018). Baku: Oil and Urbanism. Zurich: Park Books. pp. 63–64. ISBN 9783038600763. <a href="9783038600763" target="_blank">9783038600763</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Marvin, Charles (1883). Region of Eternal Fire. London. pp. 234–235.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_book</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Blau, Eve (2018). Baku: Oil and Urbanism. Zurich: Park Books. p. 67. ISBN 9783038600763. <a href="9783038600763" target="_blank">9783038600763</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Blau, Eve (2018). Baku: Oil and Urbanism. Zurich: Park Books. p. 67. ISBN 9783038600763. <a href="9783038600763" target="_blank">9783038600763</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Altstadt Mirhadi, Audrey (1986). The City in Late Imperial Russia (1st ed.). Indiana University Press. p. 288. ISBN 9780253313706. <a href="9780253313706" target="_blank">9780253313706</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Altstadt Mirhadi, Audrey (1986). The City in Late Imperial Russia (1st ed.). Indiana University Press. pp. 288–289. ISBN 9780253313706. <a href="9780253313706" target="_blank">9780253313706</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"Baku's Architecture: A Fusion of East and West". Azerbaijan International. 2 (4). Winter 1994. Archived from the original on 2022-10-25. Retrieved 2022-11-29. <a href="https://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/24_folder/24_articles/24_architecture.html" target="_blank">https://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/24_folder/24_articles/24_architecture.html</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">"Baku's Architecture: A Fusion of East and West". Azerbaijan International. 2 (4). Winter 1994. Archived from the original on 2022-10-25. Retrieved 2022-11-29. <a href="https://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/24_folder/24_articles/24_architecture.html" target="_blank">https://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/24_folder/24_articles/24_architecture.html</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Villari, Luigi (1906). Fire and Sword in the Caucasus. p. 181. <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Villari, Luigi (1906). Fire and Sword in the Caucasus. p. 181. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Blau, Eve (2018). Baku: Oil and Urbanism. Zurich: Park Books. pp. 82–92. ISBN 9783038600763. <a href="9783038600763" target="_blank">9783038600763</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Blau, Eve (2018). Baku: Oil and Urbanism. Zurich: Park Books. pp. 82–83. ISBN 9783038600763. <a href="9783038600763" target="_blank">9783038600763</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">"Baku's Architecture: A Fusion of East and West". Azerbaijan International. 2 (4). Winter 1994. Archived from the original on 2022-10-25. Retrieved 2022-11-29. <a href="https://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/24_folder/24_articles/24_architecture.html" target="_blank">https://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/24_folder/24_articles/24_architecture.html</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Blau, Eve (2018). Baku: Oil and Urbanism. Zurich: Park Books. p. 80. ISBN 9783038600763. <a href="9783038600763" target="_blank">9783038600763</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Blau, Eve (2018). Baku: Oil and Urbanism. Zurich: Park Books. p. 80. ISBN 9783038600763. <a href="9783038600763" target="_blank">9783038600763</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">"Baku's Architecture: A Fusion of East and West". Azerbaijan International. 2 (4). Winter 1994. Archived from the original on 2022-10-25. Retrieved 2022-11-29. <a href="https://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/24_folder/24_articles/24_architecture.html" target="_blank">https://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/24_folder/24_articles/24_architecture.html</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Blau, Eve (2018). Baku: Oil and Urbanism. Zurich: Park Books. pp. 80–83. ISBN 9783038600763. <a href="9783038600763" target="_blank">9783038600763</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Blau, Eve (2018). Baku: Oil and Urbanism. Zurich: Park Books. pp. 78–79. ISBN 9783038600763. <a href="9783038600763" target="_blank">9783038600763</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">"Baku's Architecture: A Fusion of East and West". Azerbaijan International. 2 (4). Winter 1994. Archived from the original on 2022-10-25. Retrieved 2022-11-29. <a href="https://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/24_folder/24_articles/24_architecture.html" target="_blank">https://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/24_folder/24_articles/24_architecture.html</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Blau, Eve (2018). Baku: Oil and Urbanism. Zurich: Park Books. pp. 78–79. ISBN 9783038600763. <a href="9783038600763" target="_blank">9783038600763</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Blau, Eve (2018). Baku: Oil and Urbanism. Zurich: Park Books. p. 80. ISBN 9783038600763. <a href="9783038600763" target="_blank">9783038600763</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Brumfield, William (1993). A History of Russian Architecture. University of Washington Press. pp. 393–425. ISBN 9780295983936. <a href="9780295983936" target="_blank">9780295983936</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Henry, J. D. (1905). Baku: An Eventful History. London: Archibald Constable & Co. Ltd. pp. 12–13. <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">"Architecture of the Oil Baron Period: Wedding Palace". Azerbaijan International. 6 (4). Winter 1998. <a href="https://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/64_folder/64_articles/OilBarons/64.weddingpalace.html" target="_blank">https://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/64_folder/64_articles/OilBarons/64.weddingpalace.html</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">"Architecture of the Oil Baron Period: Taghiyev Residence". Azerbaijan International. 6 (4). Winter 1998. Archived from the original on 2022-07-05. Retrieved 2022-11-29. <a href="https://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/64_folder/64_articles/OilBarons/64.taghiyev.html" target="_blank">https://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/64_folder/64_articles/OilBarons/64.taghiyev.html</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Blau, Eve (2018). Baku: Oil and Urbanism. Zurich: Park Books. p. 80. ISBN 9783038600763. <a href="9783038600763" target="_blank">9783038600763</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">"Architecture of the Oil Baron Period: Taghiyev Residence". Azerbaijan International. 6 (4). Winter 1998. Archived from the original on 2022-07-05. Retrieved 2022-11-29. <a href="https://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/64_folder/64_articles/OilBarons/64.taghiyev.html" target="_blank">https://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/64_folder/64_articles/OilBarons/64.taghiyev.html</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Blau, Eve (2018). Baku: Oil and Urbanism. Zurich: Park Books. p. 80. ISBN 9783038600763. <a href="9783038600763" target="_blank">9783038600763</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Архитектурное развитие города Archived 2010-05-15 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) <a href="http://www.window2baku.com/006development.htm" target="_blank">http://www.window2baku.com/006development.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Архитектурное развитие города Archived 2010-05-15 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) <a href="http://www.window2baku.com/006development.htm" target="_blank">http://www.window2baku.com/006development.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Goltz, Thomas (1999). Azerbaijan diary : a rogue reporter's adventures in an oil-rich, war-torn, post-Soviet republic. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. p. 16. ISBN 9780765602442. <a href="9780765602442" target="_blank">9780765602442</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Swietochowski, Tadeusz; Collins, Brian C. (1999). Historical dictionary of Azerbaijan. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow. p. 19. ISBN 9780810835504. <a href="9780810835504" target="_blank">9780810835504</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Swietochowski, Tadeusz; Collins, Brian C. (1999). Historical dictionary of Azerbaijan. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow. p. 19. ISBN 9780810835504. <a href="9780810835504" target="_blank">9780810835504</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Tigranyan, Edmond (2003). Activity of Armenian Architects in South Caucasus (in Armenian). Yerevan: Voskan Yerevantsi. p. 263. ISBN 9789993000525. <a href="9789993000525" target="_blank">9789993000525</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Һаҹыбабабәјов Гасымбәј — Azerbaijan Soviet Encyclopedia, 1987. — V. 10. — P. 146. <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Архитекторы Азербайджана (советский период). Our Baku (in Russian). Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2014. <a href="Архитекторы Азербайджана (советский период)" target="_blank">Архитекторы Азербайджана (советский период)</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Эльтуран Авалов. Яркое творчество мастера Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine. — Азербайджанские известия, 22 August 2007. — P. 3. <a href="http://www.azerizv.az/PDF/2007/azizv_152_2007_p_3-4.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.azerizv.az/PDF/2007/azizv_152_2007_p_3-4.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">КАСИМЗАДЕ Энвер Али оглы (1912-69). Большой энциклопедический словарь (in Russian). Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2014. <a href="КАСИМЗАДЕ Энвер Али оглы (1912-69)" target="_blank">КАСИМЗАДЕ Энвер Али оглы (1912-69)</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Tigranyan, Edmond (2003). Activity of Armenian Architects in South Caucasus (in Armenian). Yerevan: Voskan Yerevantsi. p. 263. ISBN 9789993000525. <a href="9789993000525" target="_blank">9789993000525</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Khudaverdyan, Konstantine (1990). Concise Armenian Encyclopedia (Volume I) (in Armenian). Yerevan. p. 121.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_book</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">"ДВЕ МЕЧЕТИ АРХИТЕКТОРА ЗИВЕРБЕКА АХМЕДБЕКОВА". odlar-yurdu.ru. 2007-12-23. Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425090011/http://odlar-yurdu.ru/index.php?newsid=131" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120425090011/http://odlar-yurdu.ru/index.php?newsid=131</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">"TƏZƏPİR MƏSCİD KOMPLEKSİ ƏSASLI YENİDƏNQURMA VƏ GENİŞ TİKİNTİ İŞLƏRİNDƏN SONRA İSTİFADƏYƏ VERİLMİŞDİR". Azerbaijan.az. 2009-07-07. Archived from the original on 2014-04-29. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140429050942/http://www.azerbaijan.az/portal/newsaz.html?action=GetFullNews&ldid=2005-07-26<id=21:41:33&ndid=2009-07-07&nid=3" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140429050942/http://www.azerbaijan.az/portal/newsaz.html?action=GetFullNews&ldid=2005-07-26<id=21:41:33&ndid=2009-07-07&nid=3</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">"Мечеть Тезе Пир". Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2016-06-22. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425090010/http://sara-ashurbeyli.info/imggift.php?num_im=167" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120425090010/http://sara-ashurbeyli.info/imggift.php?num_im=167</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Архитекторы Азербайджана 19 и начала 20-го века. Our Baku (in Russian). Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2014. <a href="Архитекторы Азербайджана 19 и начала 20-го века" target="_blank">Архитекторы Азербайджана 19 и начала 20-го века</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Tigranyan, Edmond (2003). Activity of Armenian Architects in South Caucasus (in Armenian). Yerevan: Voskan Yerevantsi. p. 263. ISBN 9789993000525. <a href="9789993000525" target="_blank">9789993000525</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Khudaverdyan, Konstantine (1990). Concise Armenian Encyclopedia (Volume I) (in Armenian). Yerevan. pp. 446–447.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_book</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Lahusen, Thomas; Dobrenko, Evgeny (1997). Socialist realism without shores. Durham [N.C.]: Duke University Press. p. 97. ISBN 9780822319412. <a href="9780822319412" target="_blank">9780822319412</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Фауллаев Ш. С. – Градостроительство и Архитектура Азербайджана в XIX – нач. XX века, Л., 1986, стр. 182 <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">"Nikolai Baev". Our Baku (in Russian). Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012. <a href="http://www.ourbaku.com/index.php5/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_-_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" target="_blank">http://www.ourbaku.com/index.php5/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_-_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">Opera in Azerbaijan Archived 2017-06-30 at the Wayback Machine by Azer Rezayev. Azerbaijan International. #5.4. Winter 1997 <a href="http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/54_folder/54_articles/54_opera.html" target="_blank">http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/54_folder/54_articles/54_opera.html</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">"The Largest KFC In The World Is In Baku". Global Food Mate. Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2012. <a href="http://www.foodmate.com/news/201211/news_9480.html" target="_blank">http://www.foodmate.com/news/201211/news_9480.html</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">"Hospital Semashko" (in Russian). Ourbaku. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012. Translated from Russian: The hospital was built by the architect N.G.Baeva in 1914–1918. <a href="http://www.ourbaku.com/index.php5/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC._%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE_%28%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%29" target="_blank">http://www.ourbaku.com/index.php5/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC._%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE_%28%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%29</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">Е. В. Холодова. Борисоглебский Archived 2022-01-24 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.mke.su/doc/BORISOGLEBSKII.html" target="_blank">http://www.mke.su/doc/BORISOGLEBSKII.html</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">Архитекторы Азербайджана 19 и начала 20-го века. Our Baku (in Russian). Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2014. <a href="Архитекторы Азербайджана 19 и начала 20-го века" target="_blank">Архитекторы Азербайджана 19 и начала 20-го века</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">Архитекторы Азербайджана 19 и начала 20-го века. Our Baku (in Russian). Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2014. <a href="Архитекторы Азербайджана 19 и начала 20-го века" target="_blank">Архитекторы Азербайджана 19 и начала 20-го века</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">Архитекторы Азербайджана 19 и начала 20-го века. Our Baku (in Russian). Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2014. <a href="Архитекторы Азербайджана 19 и начала 20-го века" target="_blank">Архитекторы Азербайджана 19 и начала 20-го века</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">Архитекторы Азербайджана 19 и начала 20-го века. Our Baku (in Russian). Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2014. <a href="Архитекторы Азербайджана 19 и начала 20-го века" target="_blank">Архитекторы Азербайджана 19 и начала 20-го века</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">Архитекторы Азербайджана 19 и начала 20-го века. Our Baku (in Russian). Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2014. <a href="Архитекторы Азербайджана 19 и начала 20-го века" target="_blank">Архитекторы Азербайджана 19 и начала 20-го века</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">"SÖZ MƏBƏDI". Archived from the original on 2013-07-03. Retrieved 2016-06-22. <a href="http://nizamimuseum.az/main/xram.html" target="_blank">http://nizamimuseum.az/main/xram.html</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">"Бакинскому бульвару -100 лет /ФОТО/". 1news.az. Archived from the original on 2010-12-04. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101204131323/http://1news.az/authors/54/20090908104614629.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20101204131323/http://1news.az/authors/54/20090908104614629.html</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">"Гаджибабабеков Касым-бек - архитектор". Наш Баку. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. <a href="https://archive.today/20130131032719/http://www.ourbaku.com/index.php5/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BC-%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA_-_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20130131032719/http://www.ourbaku.com/index.php5/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BC-%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA_-_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">"Кинотеатр "Араз"- улица Азизбекова". Baku pages. <a href="http://www.baku.ru/enc-show.php?id=59541&cmm_id=276" target="_blank">http://www.baku.ru/enc-show.php?id=59541&cmm_id=276</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:71">"Парапет - Колюбакинская площадь - сад им. К. Маркса - площадь Фонтанов". Наш Баку. Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. <a href="https://archive.today/20130130202627/http://www.ourbaku.com/index.php5/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20130130202627/http://www.ourbaku.com/index.php5/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:72">Архитекторы Азербайджана 19 и начала 20-го века. Our Baku (in Russian). Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2014. <a href="Архитекторы Азербайджана 19 и начала 20-го века" target="_blank">Архитекторы Азербайджана 19 и начала 20-го века</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:73">Архитекторы Азербайджана 19 и начала 20-го века. Our Baku (in Russian). Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2014. <a href="Архитекторы Азербайджана 19 и начала 20-го века" target="_blank">Архитекторы Азербайджана 19 и начала 20-го века</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:74">"Hovhannes Katchaznouni". Our Baku (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2 December 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104193215/http://www.ourbaku.com/index.php5/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D0%98%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BD)_%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_-_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131104193215/http://www.ourbaku.com/index.php5/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D0%98%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BD)_%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_-_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:75">Shaw, Stanford J. (2008). The Ottoman Empire in World War I. Ankara: Turkish Historical Society. p. 862. ISBN 9789751618832. <a href="9789751618832" target="_blank">9789751618832</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:76">"Hovhannes Katchaznouni". Our Baku (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2 December 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104193215/http://www.ourbaku.com/index.php5/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D0%98%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BD)_%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_-_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131104193215/http://www.ourbaku.com/index.php5/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D0%98%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BD)_%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_-_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:77">Эльтуран Авалов. Яркое творчество мастера Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine. — Азербайджанские известия, 22 August 2007. — P. 3. <a href="http://www.azerizv.az/PDF/2007/azizv_152_2007_p_3-4.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.azerizv.az/PDF/2007/azizv_152_2007_p_3-4.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:78">Эльтуран Авалов. Яркое творчество мастера Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine. — Азербайджанские известия, 22 August 2007. — P. 3. <a href="http://www.azerizv.az/PDF/2007/azizv_152_2007_p_3-4.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.azerizv.az/PDF/2007/azizv_152_2007_p_3-4.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:79">Tigranyan, Edmond (2003). Activity of Armenian Architects in South Caucasus (in Armenian). Yerevan: Voskan Yerevantsi. p. 264. ISBN 9789993000525. <a href="9789993000525" target="_blank">9789993000525</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:80">Mesrop Vardapet, «Ararat», St. Echmiadzin, 1903 <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:81">"В Баку варварски уничтожается христианско-еврейское кладбище (Christian-Jewish Cemetery Destroyed in Baku)" (in Russian). 2007-09-14. Archived from the original on 2011-10-05. Retrieved 2 December 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005172700/http://www.nr2.ru/incidents/139859.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20111005172700/http://www.nr2.ru/incidents/139859.html</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:82">Tigranyan, Edmond (2003). Activity of Armenian Architects in South Caucasus (in Armenian). Yerevan: Voskan Yerevantsi. p. 263. ISBN 9789993000525. <a href="9789993000525" target="_blank">9789993000525</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:83">"House of Tigran Melikov (Melikyan)". Ourbaku (in Russian). Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012. Translated from Russian: The three-story building at the Molokan № 27 (Khagani) was built in the early twentieth century (arh. V.S.Sarkisov Prof. Sarkisov, architect) and owned by a local millionaire Tigran Melikov. He also made the designs of the houses on the streets Krasnovodskaya and Nikolaev. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120615024129/http://www.ourbaku.com/index.php5/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0-%22%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%22-%22%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%22" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120615024129/http://www.ourbaku.com/index.php5/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0-%22%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%22-%22%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%22</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:84">"Architects of Azerbaijan 19th and early 20th century" (in Russian). Ourbaku. Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2012. Translated from Russian: Residential – 1915 – st. Molokan, 23. This five-storey house – 1917 – Ul.Nikolaevskaya, 11. A three-storey house – 1913 – st. Krasnovodsk, 13 <a href="https://archive.today/20130130224154/http://www.ourbaku.com/index.php5/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_19_%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_20-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0#.D0.A1.D0.90.D0.A0.D0.9A.D0.98.D0.A1.D0.9E.D0.92_.D0.92.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BD_.D0.A1.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BF.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.B8.D1.87" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20130130224154/http://www.ourbaku.com/index.php5/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_19_%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_20-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0#.D0.A1.D0.90.D0.A0.D0.9A.D0.98.D0.A1.D0.9E.D0.92_.D0.92.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BD_.D0.A1.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BF.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.B8.D1.87</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:85">"28 MAY DAY FIRST REPUBLIC" (in Russian). May 30, 2007. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2012. <a href="http://www.ra.am/?num=2007053001" target="_blank">http://www.ra.am/?num=2007053001</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:86">Tigranyan, Edmond (2003). Activity of Armenian Architects in South Caucasus (in Armenian). Yerevan: Voskan Yerevantsi. p. 263. ISBN 9789993000525. <a href="9789993000525" target="_blank">9789993000525</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:87">АРХИТЕКТОР, краткий биографический справочник союза архитекторов Армении, Автор-составитель – Лия Сафарян, Ер., "Зангак-97" <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:88">Tigranyan, Edmond (2003). Activity of Armenian Architects in South Caucasus (in Armenian). Yerevan: Voskan Yerevantsi. p. 263. ISBN 9789993000525. <a href="9789993000525" target="_blank">9789993000525</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:89">"Azerbaijan State Philharmonic Hall: Official Website". Azerbaijan State Philharmonic Hall. Archived from the original on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012. The Azerbaijan State Philharmonic Hall was constructed throughout 1910–1912 at the request of the city elite and designed by the architect Gavril Ter-Mikelov in the Italian Renaissance (exterior) and German Rococo (interior) styles. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121224083358/http://www.filarmoniya.az/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121224083358/http://www.filarmoniya.az/</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:90">"House Brothers Sadikhov (Baku)" (in Russian). Ourbaku. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2012. Translated from Russian: The architecture of this building, designed by the civil engineer G.M. Termikelova <a href="https://archive.today/20130131000257/http://www.ourbaku.com/index.php5/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85_(%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83)" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20130131000257/http://www.ourbaku.com/index.php5/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85_(%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83)</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:91">Thomson, Jason (2005). In the shadow of Aliyev : travels in Azerbaijan. London: Bennett & Bloom. p. 70. ISBN 9781898948728. <a href="9781898948728" target="_blank">9781898948728</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:92">"The buildings of the historic center of Baku (W – W – E)" (in Russian). Ourbaku. Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2012. Translated from Russian. Merkurevskaya Street 39: Commercial School building. Built in 1913. Architect G.M.Ter-Mikelov <a href="https://archive.today/20130130224434/http://www.ourbaku.com/index.php5/%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83_(%D0%A7_-_%D0%A8_-_%D0%AD)" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20130130224434/http://www.ourbaku.com/index.php5/%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83_(%D0%A7_-_%D0%A8_-_%D0%AD)</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:93">Ш.Фатуллаев-Фигаров. «Архитектурная энциклопедия Баку». Международная академия архитекутры стран Востока, Баку-Анкара. — И. «Козан Офсет», 1998 — стр. 242, 266—275, 305—374. <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:94">Waal, Thomas de (2004). Black garden : Armenia and Azerbaijan through peace and war ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). New York: New York University Press. p. 103. ISBN 9780814719459. <a href="9780814719459" target="_blank">9780814719459</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:95">Tigranyan, Edmond (2003). Activity of Armenian Architects in South Caucasus (in Armenian). Yerevan: Voskan Yerevantsi. p. 264. ISBN 9789993000525. <a href="9789993000525" target="_blank">9789993000525</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:96">UAE's Arabtec bids on Azerbaijan deal, earnings due <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUKLDE6210HX20100302" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/article/idUKLDE6210HX20100302</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:97">"Baku White City. Coming soon..." Archived from the original on 2010-06-27. Retrieved 2010-07-08. <a href="http://www.today.az/news/society/70202.html" target="_blank">http://www.today.az/news/society/70202.html</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:98">В Азербайджане против демонтажа мемориала 26 Бакинских комиссаров протестуют только левые Archived 2011-07-28 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) <a href="http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/148040" target="_blank">http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/148040</a> <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:99">В Баку начался демонтаж памятника 26 бакинским комиссарам (in Russian) <a href="http://www.rian.ru/society/20090112/158973478.html" target="_blank">http://www.rian.ru/society/20090112/158973478.html</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:100">"DISCOVERY SCIENCE CHANNEL TO AIR PROGRAM ON BAKU". Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718111215/http://azembassy.us/new/press_releases/2011/pr5-2011-04-21.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110718111215/http://azembassy.us/new/press_releases/2011/pr5-2011-04-21.html</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Architecture of Baku open-in-new

Architecture of Baku