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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The first display windows in shops were installed in the late 18th century in <a href="/facts/London/KozCCsy9">London</a>, where levels of <a href="/facts/Consumer_revolution/6Ya8NXv8">conspicuous consumption</a> were growing rapidly. Retailer <a href="/facts/Francis_Place/cbPqManv">Francis Place</a> was one of the first to experiment with this new retailing method at his tailoring establishment in <a href="/facts/Charing_Cross/dU2pG5yQ">Charing Cross</a>, where he fitted the shop-front with large <a href="/facts/Flat_glass/6NUwUyBE">plate glass</a> windows. Although this was condemned by many, he defended his practice in his memoirs, claiming that he "sold from the window more goods...than paid journeymen's wages and the expenses of housekeeping.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Display windows at <a href="/facts/Boutique/nxNJ25o0">boutiques</a> usually have dressed-up <a href="/facts/Mannequin/BtdHjehu">mannequins</a> in them. </p> <h2 id="window-dressing">Window dressing</h2> <p>Displaying <a href="/facts/Merchandise/1bqc9qV0">merchandise</a> in a store window is known as window dressing, which is also used to describe the items displayed themselves. A retail worker that arranges displays of goods is known as a <a href="/facts/Window_dresser/hxGYK18j">window dresser</a>. </p><p>As a <a href="/facts/Figure_of_speech/YN7PMRnx">figure of speech</a>, window dressing means something done to make a better impression, and sometimes implies something dishonest or <a href="/facts/Deceptive/ADLUf5ts">deceptive</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="window-dressers">Window dressers</h2> <p>Window dressers are retail workers who arrange displays of goods in shop windows or within a shop itself. They may work for design companies contracted to work for clients or for department stores, independent retailers, airport or hotel shops. </p><p>Alone or in consultation with product manufacturers or shop managers they artistically design and arrange the displays and may put clothes on <a href="/facts/Mannequins/BtdHjehu">mannequins</a>—or use the services of a mannequin dresser<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a>—and display the prices on the products. </p><p>They may hire joiners and lighting engineers to augment their displays. When new displays are required they have to dismantle the existing ones, and they may have to maintain displays during their lifetimes. Some window dressers hold formal display design qualifications.[<i>not verified in body</i>] </p> <h3>Notable window dressers</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Giorgio_Armani/59LbfQQT">Giorgio Armani</a>, the fashion designer, once worked as a window dresser.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/L._Frank_Baum/AzdkgcbU">L. Frank Baum</a>, better known for his novel <i><a href="/facts/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz/Q6ybC9F2">The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a></i>, published a treatise on the art of window dressing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Karl_Bissinger/Ao4s4Lg0">Karl Bissinger</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">American</a> mid-century <a href="/facts/Photographer/rmSPgLfE">photographer</a> of notable artists, was a window-dresser at <a href="/facts/Lord_%2526_Taylor/7621MHMj">Lord & Taylor</a> earlier in his career.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Henry_Clarke_(photographer)/V9HAmLl0">Henry Clarke</a>, a <a href="/facts/Vogue_(magazine)/7jzxDTb4"><i>Vogue</i></a> photographer, first worked in the 1940s as a window dresser for <a href="/facts/I._Magnin/mRyAvVtl">I. Magnin</a>, luxury department store in San Francisco before becoming a background and accessorising assistant at the Vogue New York studio, where he learned to photograph by observing the different styles of <a href="/facts/Cecil_Beaton/epxaBcg6">Cecil Beaton</a>, <a href="/facts/Irving_Penn/PlCvzVUh">Irving Penn</a> and <a href="/facts/Horst_P._Horst/tRDEEQo0">Horst P. Horst</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Salvador_Dal%25C3%25AD/zSQQwTkm">Salvador Dalí</a>, the surrealist artist, was commissioned by <a href="/facts/Bonwitt_Teller/9HSq7BBv">Bonwitt Teller</a> in 1939 to do a store window installation, which made headlines.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/George_Dureau/gQytlJnF">George Dureau</a>, an American photographer and artist who inspired <a href="/facts/Robert_Mapplethorpe/4zbp9Pw6">Robert Mapplethorpe</a>, began his career at <a href="/facts/D._H._Holmes/Ck3oxmXG">D. H. Holmes</a> department store<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Simon_Doonan/Epg0EPDk">Simon Doonan</a>, columnist for <i><a href="/facts/Slate_(magazine)/wtt6BaeF">Slate</a></i>, dressed windows for <a href="/facts/Barneys_New_York/RuHjnChl">Barneys</a> department store.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lieutenant_Hubert_Gruber/k9FCEpkp">Lieutenant Hubert Gruber</a>, a character from the sitcom <i><a href="/facts/%2527Allo_%2527Allo!/V5GG7LvP">'Allo 'Allo!</a></i>, was a window dresser before his spell in the army. This is frequently alluded to, mainly for comedic effect.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Halston/nm7lCpPK">Roy Halston Frowick</a>, known simply as Halston, a 1970s American fashion designer, worked as a window dresser while taking a night course at the <a href="/facts/School_of_the_Art_Institute_of_Chicago/VFJv5Dd1">School of the Art Institute of Chicago</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/David_Hoey_(window_dresser)/IMNPftGm">David Hoey</a> is famed for his work at <a href="/facts/Bergdorf_Goodman/KMDosAQD">Bergdorf Goodman</a>, most notably on their Christmas season spectaculars.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Victor_Hugo_(artist_and_window_dresser)/gUEBnmUB">Victor Hugo</a>, a Venezuelan born artist, and one-time assistant to <a href="/facts/Andy_Warhol/t1qqUP8K">Andy Warhol</a>, produced window dressings for <a href="/facts/Halston/nm7lCpPK">Halston</a> in the 1970s, becoming the first to transform windows and mannequins into <a href="/facts/Pop_Art/qvc0UEb5">Pop Art</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Don_Imus/kQ931b7F">Don Imus</a>, American radio personality once worked as a department store window dresser.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ellen_Jose/tnvQ7I2X">Ellen Jose</a>, an Australian indigenous artist and photographer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Alice_Lex-Nerlinger/xjnoK11U">Alice Lex-Nerlinger</a>, after graduation from art school, worked as a shop window decorator in the department store Tempelhof from 1916–18, an experience which brought her closer to sisters in the labour movement, the subjects of her early photography and montage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Peter_Lindbergh/35FDEjjz">Peter Lindbergh</a>, German fashion photographer and film director, worked as a window dresser for the <a href="/facts/Horten_AG/9oshl82R">Karstadt and Horten department stores</a> in <a href="/facts/Duisburg/pbQ3cwal">Duisburg</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Raymond_Loewy/BYNTDyVs">Raymond Loewy</a>, early in his career, dressed windows for Macy's in New York.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Christine_McVie/LY8ICk3B">Christine McVie</a> worked as a window dresser in London in the 1960s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li>American stage director and film director <a href="/facts/Vincente_Minnelli/Coacq4yJ">Vincente Minnelli</a>'s first job was at <a href="/facts/Marshall_Field%2527s_Wholesale_Store/M1cYebQS">Marshall Field</a>'s department store in Chicago as a window dresser</li> <li><a href="/facts/Gene_Moore_(window_dresser)/4HslnME8">Gene Moore</a> was a leading 20th century window dresser.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li>Molina, a fictional character, one of the principals of Manuel Puig's novel <i><a href="/facts/Kiss_of_the_Spider_Woman_(novel)/9WPt8Kdl">Kiss of the Spider Woman</a></i>, was a window dresser prior to his incarceration.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rhoda_Morgenstern/UFMLHMPa">Rhoda Morgenstern</a>, a fictional character from <i><a href="/facts/The_Mary_Tyler_Moore_Show/I181je84">The Mary Tyler Moore Show</a></i> and its <a href="/facts/Spin-off_(media)/guqnLDLG">spinoff</a> <i><a href="/facts/Rhoda/T9bsKfM7">Rhoda</a></i>, makes her living as a window dresser in <a href="/facts/Minneapolis/gEsXsP3d">Minneapolis</a> and <a href="/facts/New_York_City/YlyvFmVC">New York City</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Walter_Pfeiffer/FJoERImr">Walter Pfeiffer</a>, Swiss photographer.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Terry_Richardson/Fp6fBI83">Terry Richardson</a>, American fashion and portrait photographer, was a <a href="/facts/Bloomingdale%2527s/mj560pJ0">Bloomingdale's</a> window dresser in the 1950s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Henk_Schiffmacher/Ygxk8GY6">Henk Schiffmacher</a>, Dutch tattoo artist, was a window dresser at the <a href="/facts/De_Bijenkorf/zKFLNaKK">De Bijenkorf</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Joel_Schumacher/qXFo1V7U">Joel Schumacher</a>, the film director, was once a window dresser employed by the store <a href="/facts/Henri_Bendel/jAvRmSlD">Henri Bendel</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/E._C._Segar/Gar5veFu">E. C. Segar</a> left his job as a projectionist and worked at decorating jobs including paper hanging, painting and window dressing, before deciding on a career as a cartoonist.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Henry_Talbot_(photographer)/xq2j4RNT">Henry Talbot</a> worked as a department store window-dresser in London in the 1930s before being shipped to Australia on the <a href="/facts/HMT_Dunera/zQ7yoYmj"><i>Dunera</i></a>, where he became a fashion photographer and partner in business of <a href="/facts/Helmut_Newton/6RBJyJDm">Helmut Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hans_Hermann_Weyer/Sb8zPqpX">Hans Hermann Weyer</a>, a German seller of fraudulent <a href="/facts/Nobility/WLPIA8GT">nobility</a> and academics titles and flamboyant member of the international jet set who became an honorary consul of <a href="/facts/Bolivia/YNBoDKKR">Bolivia</a> in <a href="/facts/Luxembourg/vRN04l7f">Luxembourg</a>, was in youth an apprentice window dresser.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Christmas_window/2hcHwSq3">Christmas window</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Storefront/kJj245LB">Storefront</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Window_shopping/2l8YvUhd">Window shopping</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li> The dictionary definition of display window at Wiktionary</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"SHOP WINDOW definição e significado | Dicionário Inglês Collins". <a href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/pt/dictionary/english/shop-window" target="_blank">https://www.collinsdictionary.com/pt/dictionary/english/shop-window</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Holiday window displays can help lure shoppers, study says". Archived from the original on 2019-10-13. Retrieved 2014-06-26. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191013112725/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/industries/retail/story/2011-12-02/window-displays/51643926/1" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20191013112725/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/industries/retail/story/2011-12-02/window-displays/51643926/1</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Patrick Robertson (2011). Robertson's Book of Firsts: Who Did What for the First Time. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781608197385. Retrieved 2013-02-07. <a href="9781608197385" target="_blank">9781608197385</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Pearsall, Judy (2002). Concise Oxford English Dictionary. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Carol McKinley (30 December 2019). "Sculptors at a Lafayette mannequin factory are shaping more realistic body types for stores worldwide". The Colorado Sun. Retrieved 30 December 2019. <a href="https://coloradosun.com/2019/12/30/mannequin-sculptors-fusion-specialties-colorado/" target="_blank">https://coloradosun.com/2019/12/30/mannequin-sculptors-fusion-specialties-colorado/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Armstrong, Lisa (9 June 2015). "Giorgio Armani celebrates 40 years in fashion with Cate and Leo". The Daily Telegraph. London. <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/brands/giorgio-armani-40th-anniversary-celebrations/" target="_blank">https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/brands/giorgio-armani-40th-anniversary-celebrations/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Mosher, Max; Journal, from Worn Fashion. "Window Dressing: The Art and Artists - Media - Utne Reader". Utne. <a href="https://www.utne.com/media/window-dressing-zm0z12mazsie" target="_blank">https://www.utne.com/media/window-dressing-zm0z12mazsie</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Grimes, William. "Karl Bissinger, Portraitist, Dies at 94", The New York Times, November 25, 2008. Accessed November 26, 2008. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/25/arts/design/25bissinger.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/25/arts/design/25bissinger.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Enid Nemymay (5 May 1996). "Henry Clarke, 77, Photographer of High Fashion for Magazines - The New York Times". The New York Times. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/05/nyregion/henry-clarke-77-photographer-of-high-fashion-for-magazines.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/05/nyregion/henry-clarke-77-photographer-of-high-fashion-for-magazines.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Lague, Louise; Shopper, Window (12 November 1989). "THE ULTIMATE MARKETPLACE; It's Not Just Window Dressing". The New York Times. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/12/magazine/the-ultimate-marketplace-it-s-not-just-window-dressing.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/12/magazine/the-ultimate-marketplace-it-s-not-just-window-dressing.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Mosher, Max; Journal, from Worn Fashion. "Window Dressing: The Art and Artists - Media - Utne Reader". Utne. <a href="https://www.utne.com/media/window-dressing-zm0z12mazsie" target="_blank">https://www.utne.com/media/window-dressing-zm0z12mazsie</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>The new encyclopedia of Southern culture. Volume 21, Art & architecture. Bonner, Judith H.,, Pennington, Estill Curtis,, University of Mississippi. Center for the Study of Southern Culture. Chapel Hill. 14 January 2013. ISBN 978-0-8078-6994-9. OCLC 825970770.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link) <a href="978-0-8078-6994-9" target="_blank">978-0-8078-6994-9</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Simon Doonan (1 August 2001). Confessions of a Window Dresser: Tales from a Life in Fashion. Viking Studio. ISBN 978-0-14-100362-7. <a href="978-0-14-100362-7" target="_blank">978-0-14-100362-7</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Mosher, Max; Journal, from Worn Fashion. "Window Dressing: The Art and Artists - Media - Utne Reader". Utne. <a href="https://www.utne.com/media/window-dressing-zm0z12mazsie" target="_blank">https://www.utne.com/media/window-dressing-zm0z12mazsie</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Kennedy, Alicia; Stoehrer, Emily Banis, (author.); Calderin, Jay, (author.) (2013), Fashion design, referenced : a visual guide to the history, language, & practice of fashion, Rockport Publishers, ISBN 978-1-59253-677-1 {{citation}}: |author2= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="978-1-59253-677-1" target="_blank">978-1-59253-677-1</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Matiash, Chelsea (17 November 2014). "Behind the Scenes: Bergdorf Goodman's Holiday Window Display". The Wall Street Journal. <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-BPB-5886" target="_blank">https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-BPB-5886</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Kent, Rosemary (24 May 1976). "Drama Department: Comedy, Sex and Violence In Store Windows". New York Magazine. 9 (21). New York Media, LLC: 85. ISSN 0028-7369. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BOQCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA85" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=BOQCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA85</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Don Imus, Divisive Radio Shock Jock Pioneer, Dead at 79". Rolling Stone. 28 December 2019. <a href="https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/don-imus-obituary-931797/" target="_blank">https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/don-imus-obituary-931797/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Allas, Tess (2011). "Ellen Jose biography". Design and Art Australia Online. <a href="https://www.daao.org.au/bio/ellen-jose/" target="_blank">https://www.daao.org.au/bio/ellen-jose/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"LEX-NERLINGER, ALICE - Das Verborgene Museum". www.dasverborgenemuseum.de. Retrieved 15 July 2019. <a href="https://www.dasverborgenemuseum.de/artists/lex-nerlinger-alice-en" target="_blank">https://www.dasverborgenemuseum.de/artists/lex-nerlinger-alice-en</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"The extraordinaire Peter Lindbergh". 21 March 2018. <a href="https://medium.com/@sunglasscurator/the-extraordinaire-peter-lindbergh-baf9d70f9085" target="_blank">https://medium.com/@sunglasscurator/the-extraordinaire-peter-lindbergh-baf9d70f9085</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"raymond loewy biography". designboom.com. 23 November 2015. Archived from the original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2019. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151123185236/http://www.designboom.com/portrait/loewy_bio.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20151123185236/http://www.designboom.com/portrait/loewy_bio.html</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Kevin Hackett (16 January 2014). "Newsmaker: Christine McVie". thenational.ae. Archived from the original on 25 May 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140525210944/http://www.thenational.ae/lifestyle/newsmaker-christine-mcvie" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140525210944/http://www.thenational.ae/lifestyle/newsmaker-christine-mcvie</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>"Gene Moore, 88, Window Display Artist, Dies". The New York Times. 26 November 1998. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/26/nyregion/gene-moore-88-window-display-artist-dies.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/26/nyregion/gene-moore-88-window-display-artist-dies.html</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Moore, Gene; Goldman, Judith; Eisenstein, Ruth (1980), Windows at Tiffany's : the art of Gene Moore, H. N. Abrams, ISBN 978-0-8109-1655-5 <a href="978-0-8109-1655-5" target="_blank">978-0-8109-1655-5</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Davis, Kimberly Chabot (1 January 2007). Postmodern Texts and Emotional Audiences. Purdue University Press. ISBN 9781557534798. <a href="9781557534798" target="_blank">9781557534798</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Trager, James (7 September 2010). The New York Chronology: The Ultimate Compendium of Events, People, and Anecdotes from the Dutch to the Present. Zondervan. ISBN 9780062018601. <a href="9780062018601" target="_blank">9780062018601</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Gross, Michael, 1952- (29 August 2017). Focus : the secret, sexy, sometimes sordid world of fashion photographers. New York. ISBN 978-1-4767-6347-7. OCLC 930364239.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) <a href="978-1-4767-6347-7" target="_blank">978-1-4767-6347-7</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>"Henk Schiffmacher". Kintaro Publishing. 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