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Common pochard
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<h2 id="taxonomy-and-systematics">Taxonomy and systematics</h2> <p>Swedish taxonomist <a href="/facts/Carl_Linnaeus/gy5HWkHS">Carl Linnaeus</a> first assigned a <a href="/facts/Scientific_name/jgBqAhPv">scientific name</a> to the common pochard in the tenth edition of his landmark treatise <a href="/facts/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae/8H6KJrLJ">Systema Naturae</a>; this was the first edition which included such names. He called the duck <i>Anas ferina</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> In 1822, German zoologist <a href="/facts/Friedrich_Boie/U3AmgfCQ">Friedrich Boie</a> created the genus <i><a href="/facts/Aythya/KHUpf8eY">Aythya</a></i> for various <a href="/facts/Diving_duck/mw0dJecJ">diving ducks</a>, and moved the common pochard to that new genus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Uptake of <i>Aythya</i> as the genus for the common pochard was mixed for much of the next century, with some authors leaving the duck in the genus <i>Anas</i> or assigning it to various other now-defunct genera instead.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> The common pochard is considered a <a href="/facts/Superspecies/u6qEMdRQ">superspecies</a> with the <a href="/facts/Canvasback/PNC6uk1h">canvasback</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> In the past, the <a href="/facts/Redhead_(bird)/85cHtELx">redhead</a> of North America was thought to be a subspecies,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> but the common pochard is now agreed to be <a href="/facts/Monotypic/QvoM9aGP">monotypic</a>, with no subspecies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> It is known to have <a href="/facts/Hybrid_(biology)/pzVJ54xU">hybridised</a> with <a href="/facts/Tufted_duck/IVcEt7ov">tufted duck</a> and <a href="/facts/Ferruginous_duck/AI7GD6rG">ferruginous duck</a> in captivity, and these known combinations resemble suspected hybrids seen in the wild, which may share the same parentage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Hybridisations with the <a href="/facts/Red-crested_pochard/MCVASyyW">red-crested pochard</a> have also been reported.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>The genus name <i>Aythya</i> is derived from the <a href="/facts/Ancient_Greek/LIK7NlUh">Ancient Greek</a> word <i>aithuia</i>, an unidentified <a href="/facts/Seabird/zmMQPeEU">seabird</a> mentioned by authors including <a href="/facts/Hesychius_of_Miletus/Yxa8Y1Is">Hesychius</a> and <a href="/facts/Aristotle/U2bDlBFW">Aristotle</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Species_name/jgBqAhPv">species name</a> is the <a href="/facts/Latin/pM3Kge85">Latin</a> word <i>ferina</i>, meaning "wild game" (derived from <i>ferus</i>, meaning "wild").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> The common name "pochard" was first applied to the duck in the mid-1500s; its origin and etymology is unknown.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> It is also sometimes known as European pochard, Eurasian pochard, or (particularly in the UK) simply pochard.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>The common pochard is a plump, medium-sized <a href="/facts/Diving_duck/mw0dJecJ">diving duck</a>, measuring 42–49 cm (17–19 in) in length, with a wingspan of 72–82 cm (28–32 in).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> It is stocky and short-tailed, with a sloping forehead and relatively long <a href="/facts/Beak/ogF79j48">bill</a>. Its weight (which has been reported only for winter birds) ranges from 467 to 1,240 g (16.5 to 43.7 oz). Males average larger and heavier than females.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> Like most ducks, it is <a href="/facts/Sexually_dimorphic/nx9wulFy">sexually dimorphic</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p><p>The male has a chestnut-coloured head and neck, a black breast and tail, and a pale grey body, marked with fine <a href="/facts/Wiktionary/CkYghv2h">vermiculations</a>. His <a href="/facts/Beak/ogF79j48">bill</a> is dark grey, with a wide blue-grey band across the middle. His <a href="/facts/Iris_(anatomy)/e774BXL8">iris</a> is yellow-orange to red, growing brighter in the breeding season.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>The legs and feet are grey in both sexes and all ages. The female's iris is brown, sometimes tending towards yellowish-brown. The juvenile's iris is yellow-olive, but attains its adult colour during the first winter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h3>Voice</h3> <p>The male is generally silent, though he may whistle softly as part of his courtship display. The female growls softly—a sound transcribed as <i>krrr</i>—if she is flushed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> The duckling has a short contact call of two to four notes. If distressed, its calls are higher and faster than are those of <i><a href="/facts/Anas/mFfqj0Kx">Anas</a></i> ducklings of the same size and age.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p><h3>Similar species</h3> <p>The male common pochard is quite similar to the male canvasback, but the latter has an all-dark bill. It is also similar to the redhead, but the latter has a yellow iris and a greyer back.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="distribution-and-habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2> <p>Their breeding habitat consists of <a href="/facts/Marsh/AG0WLJ2K">marshes</a> and lakes with a metre or more water depth. Pochards breed in much of temperate and northern <a href="/facts/Europe/DTAtrKfh">Europe</a> and across the <a href="/facts/Palearctic/DqwBQMyP">Palearctic</a>. They are <a href="/facts/Bird_migration/GvraPhgn">migratory</a>, and spend winter in the south and west of Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p><p>In the <a href="/facts/British_Isles/4fBquvMU">British Isles</a>, birds breed in eastern <a href="/facts/England/U9mE5bGL">England</a> and lowland <a href="/facts/Scotland/VGwbbxB2">Scotland</a>, in small numbers in <a href="/facts/Northern_Ireland/Jmr0NRyl">Northern Ireland</a> with numbers increasing gradually, and sporadically in the <a href="/facts/Republic_of_Ireland/k8JzXVze">Republic of Ireland</a>, where it may also be increasing. While uncommon, individuals are also occasionally seen in the south of England, and small populations are sometimes observed on the River Thames. Large numbers stay overwinter in <a href="/facts/Great_Britain/TNgGQRPj">Great Britain</a>, after the birds retreat from <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a> and <a href="/facts/Scandinavia/KpLQ40kl">Scandinavia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p><p>Common pochards have been seen as <a href="/facts/Vagrancy_(biology)/FybGh8Tc">vagrants</a> in <a href="/facts/North_America/djNjCQIl">North America</a>, especially in the <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a> and <a href="/facts/Canada/cWWFM8oc">Canada</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> In <a href="/facts/South_America/PhrFEMk7">South America</a>, a record of the species exists from <a href="/facts/Colombia/nl7r8Q2u">Colombia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="ecology">Ecology</h2> <p>These are gregarious birds; they form large flocks in winter, often mixing with other species of diving duck.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> They are strong fliers; in direct, flapping flight, they can reach speeds of 22–24 m/s (49–54 mph).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p> <h3>Food and feeding</h3> <p>Common pochards feed on plant material (including seeds), small fish, <a href="/facts/Mollusc/1elgknsQ">molluscs</a>, and other <a href="/facts/Aquatic_invertebrate/Dt72Kb7s">aquatic invertebrates</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> They feed primarily by diving to retrieve items from under the water's surface; however, they will also upend and dabble at items on the water's surface. They do most of their feeding at night. </p><p>They regularly forage in close association with <a href="/facts/Bewick%27s_swan/udFlAfs7">Bewick's</a> and <a href="/facts/Whooper_swan/BxLg2vyN">whooper swans</a>, two species that trample underwater sediment to excavate food. Studies have shown that this behaviour greatly increases the food intake rate of the pochards, as they glean food items that drift away from where the swans are trampling. This rate can be double what it would be if the birds were feeding on their own.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p> <h3>Breeding</h3> <p>The female builds a <a href="/facts/Bird_nest/8pU1Fxf0">platform nest</a> of plant material, with a shallow cup lined with <a href="/facts/Down_feather/pkb6hQQI">down feathers</a> near its centre. This is placed either on the ground within 10 m (33 ft) of the water's edge or in the water with the platform rising above the water's surface. It is always located in dense cover. The female lays one egg daily until her <a href="/facts/Clutch_(eggs)/suAybckh">clutch</a>—typically 8–10 <a href="/facts/Egg/KyMSx9v4">eggs</a>—is complete. Only then does she begin <a href="/facts/Egg_incubation/E6sRJBSn">incubation</a>. The eggs are greenish-grey and broadly oval, measuring 62 mm × 44 mm (2.4 in × 1.7 in) on average. They are incubated by the female and hatch synchronously after around 25 days. When off the nest the female will cover the eggs with down. The young are <a href="/facts/Precocial/Ck0Floj2">precocial</a>, <a href="/facts/Nidifugous/RHazCJwC">nidifugous</a> and can feed themselves. They fledge when aged 50–55 days.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p><p>Like many ducks, common pochards suffer a high rate of parasitic egg-laying, a behaviour also known as egg dumping. Studies have shown that as many as 89% of nests in some areas contain one or more eggs not laid by the incubating female.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> The percentage of parasitic eggs may reach as high as 37% of all eggs laid in some populations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> There appears to be little cost to the incubating female for accepting eggs that are not her own, and indeed she will roll any egg left close to her nest into her clutch.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> However, if the number of parasitic eggs exceeds six, she is twice as likely to abandon her nest.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> Females sometimes lay their eggs in the nests of other duck species as well; red-crested pochards are unwitting hosts in some areas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p><p>Levels of nest predation can be high, particularly for nests located in upland areas. Those located on islands, or over water (on artificial platforms) do significantly better, presumably because water deters at least some <a href="/facts/Mammal/phSwTzBo">mammalian</a> predators.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> Nesting success depends on a number of factors, including the age of the female, her body mass, the date the nest was started, and the size of the clutch. Older, heavier birds are more successful than younger, lighter ones. Smaller, earlier-laid clutches are less likely to be abandoned than larger, later ones.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="conservation-and-threats">Conservation and threats</h2> <p>The common pochard is one of the species protected by the <i><a href="/facts/Agreement_on_the_Conservation_of_African-Eurasian_Migratory_Waterbirds/obnFlt08">Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds</a></i> (AEWA).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature/QwV8JXup">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> rates the species as <a href="/facts/Vulnerable_species/79WNk4Gj">vulnerable</a>. Though it has a huge range and an extremely large population, there is evidence of precipitous declines in several regions. These reach somewhere in the range of 30–49 per cent over a 23-year period in Europe, for example.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> In number of countries, its population is decreasing mainly due to the urbanization and transformation of the natural habitats, as well as due to overhunting.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> Introduced predators, such as the <a href="/facts/American_mink/6cUJz858">American mink</a>, have wreaked havoc on some populations. In Poland, for example, one studied population showed a 92 per cent decrease in the 30 years after mink first became established in the area.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> Birds, including <a href="/facts/Carrion_crow/jovxKhF8">carrion crows</a> and <a href="/facts/Marsh_harrier/LnPtzwrG">marsh harriers</a> are important nest predators.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> </p><p>A further threat to conservation efforts of this bird is that 75 official languages are spoken across the countries in which it is found, thus scientific knowledge is scattered across those different languages, and collaboration on conservation efforts is more difficult.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> </p><p>It is the host for a variety of internal parasites, including <a href="/facts/Cestode/DP40WIv2">cestodes</a>, <a href="/facts/Nematode/yLMJ43Eu">nematodes</a> and <a href="/facts/Trematode/d3J87oDn">trematodes</a>. These include <i>Paramonostomum aythyae</i>, a trematode which was first isolated from the common pochard; it is carried in the gut.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> In some locations, the common pochard may be an important vector of avian <a href="/facts/Schistosome/aBmHzzJV">schistosomes</a>, which are harboured in the bird's nasal and <a href="/facts/Mesentery/ax1WaKRp">mesenteric</a> blood vessels. These schistosomes can be transmitted to humans who work or swim in the same wetland areas as the ducks, potentially causing <a href="/facts/Cercarial_dermatitis/WSdqUkH1">cercarial dermatitis</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> Known blood parasites include <i>Haemoproteus greineri</i>, <i>Haemoproteus nettionis</i> and <i><a href="/facts/Plasmodium_circumflexum/maBzAQXa">Plasmodium circumflexum</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> It is also known to carry <i><a href="/facts/Toxoplasma_gondii/LzFxHk0j">Toxoplasma gondii</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h3>References</h3> <ul><li>AEWA (2018). <a href="https://www.unep-aewa.org/sites/default/files/basic_page_documents/agreement_text_english_final.pdf">Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA): Agreement Text and Annexes</a> (PDF) (Report).</li> <li>Albrecht, Tomáš; Hořák, David; Kreisinger, Jakub; Weidinger, Karel; Klvaňa, Petr & Michot, Thomas C. (June 2006). <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232692594">"Factors Determining Pochard Nest Predation along a Wetland Gradient"</a>. <i>The Journal of Wildlife Management</i>. 70 (3): 784–791. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2193%2F0022-541X%282006%2970%5B784%3AFDPNPA%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[784:FDPNPA]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3803433">3803433</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85161456">85161456</a>.</li> <li>Amat, Juan A. (January 1993). <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230374644">"Parasitic Laying in Red-Crested Pochard <i>Netta rufina</i> Nests"</a>. <i>Ornis Scandinavica (Scandinavian Journal of Ornithology)</i>. 24 (1): 65–70. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3676412">10.2307/3676412</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3676412">3676412</a>.</li> <li>Athari, Amid; Gohar-Dehi, Shaban & Rostami-Jalilian, Mojtaba (January 2006). <a href="https://www.academia.edu/6922526">"Determination of Definitive and Intermediate Hosts of Cercarial Dermatitis-producing Agents in Northern Iran"</a>. <i>Archives of Iranian Medicine</i>. 9 (1): 11–15. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16649371">16649371</a>.</li> <li>Baird, Spencer F.; Brewer, Thomas M. & Ridgway, Robert (1884). <a href="https://archive.org/details/waterbirdsofnort02bair/page/28/mode/2up"><i>The Water Birds of North America, Volume II</i></a>. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, & Co.</li> <li>BirdLife International (2019). <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22680358/155473754">"Common Pochard: <i>Aythya ferina</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/IUCN_Red_List_of_Threatened_Species/8gemqCLu">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. 2019: e.T22680358A155473754. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22680358A155473754.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22680358A155473754.en</a>.</li> <li>Blums, Peter; Mednis, Aivars & Clark, Robert G. (November 1997). <a href="https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v099n04/p0916-p0925.pdf">"Effect of Incubation Body Mass on Reproductive Success and Survival of Two European Diving Ducks: A Test of the Nutrient Limitation Hypothesis"</a> (PDF). <i>The Condor</i>. 99 (4): 919–925. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1370142">10.2307/1370142</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1370142">1370142</a>.</li> <li>Boie, F. (1822). <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/87990#page/281/mode/1up">"Ueber Classification, infonderheit de europaischen Vogel"</a>. <i>Isis von Oken</i> (in German). 1822: 545–564.</li> <li>Brzeziński, Marcin; Żmihorski, Michał; Nieoczym, Marek; Wilniewczyc, Piotr & Zalewski, Andrzej (January 2020). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fddi.13003">"The expansion wave of an invasive predator leaves declining waterbird populations behind"</a>. <i>Diversity and Distributions</i>. 26 (1): 138–150. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020DivDi..26..138B">2020DivDi..26..138B</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fddi.13003">10.1111/ddi.13003</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26828519">26828519</a>.</li> <li>Carboneras, Carles (1992). "Family Anatidae (Ducks, Geese and Swans)". In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (eds.). <i>Handbook of Birds of the World</i>. Vol. I: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions.</li> <li>Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1977). <i>Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa</i>. Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-19-857358-8.</li> <li>Dugger, Bruce D. & Blums, Peter (July 2001). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fauk%2F118.3.717">"Effect of Conspecific Brood Parasitism on Host Fitness for Tufted Duck and Common Pochard"</a>. <i>The Auk</i>. 118 (3): 717–726. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fauk%2F118.3.717">10.1093/auk/118.3.717</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4089933">4089933</a>.</li> <li>Elahi, Rubayet; Islam, Ausraful; Hossain, Mohammad Sharif; Mohiuddin, Khaja; Mikolon, Andrea; Paul, Suman Kumer; Hosseini, Parviez Rana; Daszak, Peter & Alam, Mohammad Shafiul (2014). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3918735">"Prevalence and Diversity of Avian Haematozoan Parasites in Wetlands of Bangladesh"</a>. <i>Journal of Parasitology Research</i>. 2014: 1–12. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2014%2F493754">10.1155/2014/493754</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3918735">3918735</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24587896">24587896</a>.</li> <li>Gill, Frank; Donsker, David & Rasmussen, Pamela (2021). <a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/waterfowl/">"Screamers, ducks, geese, swans"</a>. <i>IOC World Bird List</i>. Retrieved 4 February 2021.</li> <li>Gyimesi, Abel; van Lith, Bart & Nolet, Bart A. (2012). <a href="https://doi.org/10.5253%2F078.100.0109">"Commensal Foraging with Bewick's Swans <i>Cygnus bewickii</i> Doubles Instantaneous Intake Rate of Common Pochards <i>Aythya ferina</i>"</a>. <i>Ardea</i>. 100 (1): 55–62. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5253%2F078.100.0109">10.5253/078.100.0109</a>.</li> <li>Henningsson, Per; Johansson, L. Christoffer & Hedenström, Anders (January 2010). "How swift are swifts <i>Apus apus</i>?". <i>Journal of Avian Biology</i>. 41 (1): 94–98. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-048X.2009.04850.x">10.1111/j.1600-048X.2009.04850.x</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25662918">25662918</a>.</li> <li>Hořák, David & Klvaňa, Petr (June 2009). <a href="http://www.sekj.org/PDF/anz46-free/anz46-165.pdf">"Alien egg retrieval in common pochard: Do females discriminate between conspecific and heterospecific eggs?"</a> (PDF). <i>Annales Zoologici Fennici</i>. 46 (3): 165–170. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5735%2F086.046.0301">10.5735/086.046.0301</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23736814">23736814</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55736547">55736547</a>.</li> <li>Jobling, James A. (2010). <a href="https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling"><i>The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names</i></a>. London, UK: Christopher Helm. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4081-2501-4.</li> <li>Kear, Janet, ed. (2005). <i>Ducks, Geese and Swans</i>. Vol. 2: Species accounts (<i>Cairina</i> to <i>Mergus</i>). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-19-861009-2.</li> <li>Linnaeus, Carl (1758). <a href="https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000798865"><i>Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis, Volume I</i></a> (in Latin) (10th ed.). Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii.</li> <li>Madge, Steve & Burn, Hilary (1988). <i>Wildfowl: An Identification Guide to the Ducks, Geese and Swans of the World</i>. London, UK: Christopher Helm. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-7470-2201-1.</li> <li>Mancianti, Francesca; Nardoni, Simona; Mugnaini, Linda; Poli, Alessandro (June 2013). <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233402954">"Toxoplasma gondii in Waterfowl: The First Detection of this Parasite in <i>Anas crecca</i> and <i>Anas clypeata</i> from Italy"</a>. <i>The Journal of Parasitology</i>. 99 (4): 561–563. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1645%2F12-34.1">10.1645/12-34.1</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41982461">41982461</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23145510">23145510</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43056984">43056984</a>.</li> <li>Petrzelkova, Adela; Klvana, Petr; Albrecht, Tomas & Hořák, David (June 2013). "Conspecific Brood Parasitism and Host Clutch Size in Common Pochards <i>Aythya ferina</i>". <i>Acta Ornithologica</i>. 48 (1): 103–108. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3161%2F000164513X670052">10.3161/000164513X670052</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85797129">85797129</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208115631/https://www.lexico.com/definition/pochard">"Pochard"</a>. <i>Lexico</i>. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a href="https://www.lexico.com/definition/pochard">the original</a> on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.</li> <li><a href="https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/wildlife-guides/bird-a-z/pochard/">"Pochard"</a>. <a href="/facts/RSPB/8PXnQdxY">RSPB</a>. Retrieved 4 February 2021.</li> <li><a href="https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/birds/waterfowl/pochard">"Pochard"</a>. The Wildlife Trusts. Retrieved 4 February 2021.</li> <li>Randler, Christoph (March 2008). "Hybrid Wildfowl in Central Europe: An Overview". <i>Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology</i>. 31 (1): 143–146. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25148306">25148306</a>.</li> <li>Št́ovíček, Ondřej; Kreisinger, Jakub; Javůrková, Veronika & Albrecht, Tomáš (July 2013). "High rates of conspecific brood parasitism revealed by microsatellite analysis in a diving duck, the common pochard <i>Aythya ferina</i>". <i>Journal of Avian Biology</i>. 44 (4): 369–375. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-048X.2013.00074.x">10.1111/j.1600-048X.2013.00074.x</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24035093">24035093</a>.</li> <li>Thebo, Asma Kanwal; Naz, Saima; Dharejo, Ali Murtaza; Siyal, Sajid & Birmani, Nadir Ali (2019). <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330262204">"A new record and new species of a digenic trematode from common pochard <i>Aythya ferina</i> (Anseriformes: Anatidae) in Sindh, Pakistan"</a>. <i>Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies</i>. 7 (1): 151–154. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2320-7078">2320-7078</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Carbone, C.; Houston, A.I. (August 1994). "Patterns in the diving behaviour of the pochard, Aythya ferina: a test of an optimality model". <i>Animal Behaviour</i>. 48 (2): 457–465. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fanbe.1994.1259">10.1006/anbe.1994.1259</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53186922">53186922</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aythya ferina. <a href="/facts/Wikispecies/b2GhA7Le">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i>Aythya ferina</i>. <ul><li><a href="https://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?Form=Search&SEARCHBY=Common&KEYWORDS=Common+pochard&showwhat=images&AGE=All&SEX=All&ACT=All&Search=Search&VIEW=All&ORIENTATION=All&RESULTS=24">Common pochard photo gallery</a> at VIREO (Drexel University)</li> <li><a href="https://www.hbw.com/ibc/species/common-pochard-aythya-ferina">"Common pochard media"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Internet_Bird_Collection/qA302GT3">Internet Bird Collection</a></i>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Gill, Donsker & Rasmussen 2021. - Gill, Frank; Donsker, David & Rasmussen, Pamela (2021). "Screamers, ducks, geese, swans". IOC World Bird List. Retrieved 4 February 2021. <a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/waterfowl/" target="_blank">https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/waterfowl/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Linnaeus 1758, p. 126. - Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis, Volume I (in Latin) (10th ed.). Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii. <a href="https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000798865" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000798865</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Boie 1822, p. 564. - Boie, F. (1822). "Ueber Classification, infonderheit de europaischen Vogel". Isis von Oken (in German). 1822: 545–564. <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/87990#page/281/mode/1up" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/87990#page/281/mode/1up</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Baird, Brewer & Ridgway 1884, p. 28. - Baird, Spencer F.; Brewer, Thomas M. & Ridgway, Robert (1884). The Water Birds of North America, Volume II. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, & Co. <a href="https://archive.org/details/waterbirdsofnort02bair/page/28/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/waterbirdsofnort02bair/page/28/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Carboneras 1992, p. 616. - Carboneras, Carles (1992). "Family Anatidae (Ducks, Geese and Swans)". In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (eds.). Handbook of Birds of the World. Vol. I: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Baird, Brewer & Ridgway 1884, p. 28. - Baird, Spencer F.; Brewer, Thomas M. & Ridgway, Robert (1884). The Water Birds of North America, Volume II. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, & Co. <a href="https://archive.org/details/waterbirdsofnort02bair/page/28/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/waterbirdsofnort02bair/page/28/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Gill, Donsker & Rasmussen 2021. - Gill, Frank; Donsker, David & Rasmussen, Pamela (2021). "Screamers, ducks, geese, swans". IOC World Bird List. Retrieved 4 February 2021. <a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/waterfowl/" target="_blank">https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/waterfowl/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Madge & Burn 1988, p. 244. - Madge, Steve & Burn, Hilary (1988). 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ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. <a href="https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Jobling 2010, p. 158. - Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London, UK: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. <a href="https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Lexico 2021. - "Pochard". Lexico. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208115631/https://www.lexico.com/definition/pochard" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210208115631/https://www.lexico.com/definition/pochard</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Madge & Burn 1988, p. 246. - Madge, Steve & Burn, Hilary (1988). Wildfowl: An Identification Guide to the Ducks, Geese and Swans of the World. London, UK: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7470-2201-1. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>The Wildlife Trusts 2021. - "Pochard". The Wildlife Trusts. Retrieved 4 February 2021. <a href="https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/birds/waterfowl/pochard" target="_blank">https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/birds/waterfowl/pochard</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Kear 2005, p. 652. - Kear, Janet, ed. (2005). Ducks, Geese and Swans. Vol. 2: Species accounts (Cairina to Mergus). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-861009-2. <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Cramp 1977, p. 561. - Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1977). Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-857358-8. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Kear 2005, p. 652. - Kear, Janet, ed. (2005). Ducks, Geese and Swans. Vol. 2: Species accounts (Cairina to Mergus). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-861009-2. <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Madge & Burn 1988, p. 247. - Madge, Steve & Burn, Hilary (1988). Wildfowl: An Identification Guide to the Ducks, Geese and Swans of the World. London, UK: Christopher Helm. 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Wildfowl: An Identification Guide to the Ducks, Geese and Swans of the World. London, UK: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7470-2201-1. <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Henningsson, Johansson & Hedenström 2010, p. 94. - Henningsson, Per; Johansson, L. Christoffer & Hedenström, Anders (January 2010). "How swift are swifts Apus apus?". Journal of Avian Biology. 41 (1): 94–98. doi:10.1111/j.1600-048X.2009.04850.x. JSTOR 25662918. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-048X.2009.04850.x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-048X.2009.04850.x</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>The Wildlife Trusts 2021. - "Pochard". The Wildlife Trusts. 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