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Blok D
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<h2 id="modifications">Modifications</h2> <p><a href="/facts/RKK_Energia/fThW3H3L">RKK Energia</a>, the company that created Blok D, used it as a platform for many modifications over many years for different purposes; for example, the main propulsion unit on <a href="/facts/Buran_(spacecraft)/s0nNfe61">Buran</a> started as a modification of the Blok D.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h3>Variants</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Variant</th><th>First flight</th><th>Last flight</th><th>Launches</th><th>Rockets</th><th>Remarks</th></tr><tr><th>Blok D</th><td>1967</td><td>1976</td><td>44</td><td><a href="/facts/Proton-K/TyynRg0F">Proton-K</a><a href="/facts/N1_(rocket)/7dVhShJU">N1</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Blok D-1</th><td>1978</td><td>1989</td><td>10</td><td><a href="/facts/Proton-K/TyynRg0F">Proton-K</a></td><td>Mostly used for launches to <a href="/facts/Venus/pADnueP6">Venus</a></td></tr><tr><th>Blok D-2</th><td>1988</td><td>1996</td><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Proton-K/TyynRg0F">Proton-K</a></td><td>Launched <a href="/facts/Fobos_1/CMeQNhb6">Fobos 1</a>, <a href="/facts/Fobos_2/VUwzIgz3">Fobos 2</a> and <a href="/facts/Mars_96/R3YLfd37">Mars 96</a></td></tr><tr><th>Blok DM</th><td>1974</td><td>1990</td><td>66</td><td><a href="/facts/Proton-K/TyynRg0F">Proton-K</a><i><a href="/facts/Energia_(rocket)/snJSoyMA">Energia</a></i> (unflown)</td><td>Blok D modification for Earth-based orbits</td></tr><tr><th>Blok DM-2</th><td>1982</td><td>2012</td><td>115</td><td><a href="/facts/Proton-K/TyynRg0F">Proton-K</a><a href="/facts/Proton-M/F9I5QHR7">Proton-M</a></td><td>Used with Proton-M for <a href="/facts/GLONASS/sLh1vQ6p">GLONASS</a> launches<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></td></tr><tr><th>Blok DM-2M</th><td>1994</td><td>2005</td><td>15</td><td><a href="/facts/Proton-K/TyynRg0F">Proton-K</a></td><td>Enhanced payload thanks to the use of higher performance <a href="/facts/Syntin/brflxgtz">Syntin</a> fuel instead of <a href="/facts/RG-1_(propellant)/wDI7vNdu">RG-1</a>. Powered by the <a href="/facts/RD-58/n7sp1G2F">RD-58</a>S engine.</td></tr><tr><th>Blok DM-5</th><td>1997</td><td>2002</td><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Proton-K/TyynRg0F">Proton-K</a></td><td>Used for <a href="/facts/Low_Earth_orbit/rq1TwayJ">low Earth orbit</a> launches with Araks satellites</td></tr><tr><th>Blok DM1</th><td>1996</td><td>1996</td><td>1</td><td><a href="/facts/Proton-K/TyynRg0F">Proton-K</a></td><td>Commercial Blok DM-2, only used for one launch, with Inmarsat-3 F2</td></tr><tr><th>Blok DM2</th><td>1997</td><td>2002</td><td>4</td><td><a href="/facts/Proton-K/TyynRg0F">Proton-K</a></td><td>Commercial Blok DM-5, used for <a href="/facts/Iridium_(satellite)/cB4n6MbQ">Iridium</a> and <a href="/facts/INTEGRAL/4PeM0mJc">INTEGRAL</a> launches</td></tr><tr><th>Blok DM3</th><td>1996</td><td>2006</td><td>25</td><td><a href="/facts/Proton-K/TyynRg0F">Proton-K</a></td><td>Commercial Blok DM-2M</td></tr><tr><th>Blok DM4</th><td>1997</td><td>1997</td><td>1</td><td><a href="/facts/Proton-K/TyynRg0F">Proton-K</a></td><td>Commercial Blok DM-2M, only used to launch Telstar 5</td></tr><tr><th>Blok DM-SL</th><td>1999</td><td>2014</td><td>36</td><td><a href="/facts/Zenit-3SL/g2gQntg4">Zenit-3SL</a></td><td>Used in <a href="/facts/Sea_Launch/7LbLz348">Sea Launch</a> missions, some flights use a version with stretched fuel tanks</td></tr><tr><th>Blok DM-SLB</th><td>2008</td><td>2013</td><td>5</td><td><a href="/facts/Zenit-3SLB/ewVWBXsz">Zenit-3SLB</a></td><td>Used in <a href="/facts/Land_Launch/47w9dglI">Land Launch</a> missions and other commercial <a href="/facts/Zenit-3SLB/ewVWBXsz">Zenit-3SLB</a> flights from Baikonur</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Blok_DM-03/Xp8xLzGM">Blok DM-03</a></th><td>2010</td><td><i>active</i></td><td>4</td><td><a href="/facts/Proton-M/F9I5QHR7">Proton-M</a></td><td>Intended as a replacement for Blok DM-2 and DM-SL/SLB, first flew in 2010, only used on Proton</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Blok_DM-03/Xp8xLzGM">14S48 Persei / Orion</a></th><td>2021</td><td><i>active</i></td><td>1</td><td><a href="/facts/Angara_A5/fwnzPNpF">Angara A5</a></td><td>Modification of 11S861-03 (DM-03) for <a href="/facts/Angara_A5/fwnzPNpF">Angara A5</a></td></tr><tr><th>References</th><td colspan="5"><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Spaceflight portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Blok_DM-03/Xp8xLzGM">Blok DM-03</a> – Advanced version of this stage.</li> <li><a href="/facts/N1_(rocket)/7dVhShJU">N-1</a> – original launch vehicle for which this stage was developed.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Proton_(rocket)/susmVN0U">Proton</a> – launch vehicle that has flown the most with this stage.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Zenit_(rocket)/fkovnBhD">Zenit-3</a> – launch vehicle that uses this stage.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Angara_(rocket_family)/fwnzPNpF">Angara A5</a> – launch vehicle that will use this stage when launched from <a href="/facts/Vostochny_Cosmodrome/jNmQKDzu">Vostochny Cosmodrome</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070919204846/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/n1_d.html">Russian Space Web</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716190506/http://www.friends-partners.org/oldfriends/jgreen/blockd.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20120716190506/http://www.friends-partners.org/oldfriends/jgreen/blockd.html</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sea-launch-stands-behind-the-reliability-of-the-block-dm-77061007.html">Boeing stands by Block DM's reliability</a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001303/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sea-launch-stands-behind-the-reliability-of-the-block-dm-77061007.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Upper stage Blok DM, DM-SL". RSC Energia. Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120509232521/http://www.energia.ru/energia/launchers/upper-stages.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120509232521/http://www.energia.ru/energia/launchers/upper-stages.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Krebs, Gunter. "Blok-D - Gunter's Space Page". Retrieved 1 August 2015. <a href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_stage/blok-d.htm" target="_blank">http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_stage/blok-d.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Zak, Anatoly. "Rockets: Launchers: N1: Block D". RussianSpaceWeb.com. Archived from the original on 19 September 2007. Retrieved 20 September 2007. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070919204846/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/n1_d.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070919204846/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/n1_d.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Sea Launch Stands Behind the Reliability of the Block DM". Boeing (press release). Archived from the original on 5 February 2003. Retrieved 20 September 2007. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030205071211/http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2002/q4/nr_021206s.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20030205071211/http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2002/q4/nr_021206s.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"11D-58 - Summary". Andrews Space & Technology. Archived from the original on 19 September 2000. Retrieved 20 September 2007. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000919153723/http://www.spaceandtech.com/spacedata/engines/11d58_sum.shtml" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20000919153723/http://www.spaceandtech.com/spacedata/engines/11d58_sum.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Block DM 11S86". Archived from the original on 23 July 2008. Retrieved 26 September 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080723225810/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/blo11s86.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080723225810/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/blo11s86.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Clark, Phillip. "SPACE DEBRIS INCIDENTS INVOLVING SOVIET/RUSSIAN LAUNCHES". Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025015944/http://www.friends-partners.org/oldfriends/jgreen/bispaper.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20211025015944/http://www.friends-partners.org/oldfriends/jgreen/bispaper.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Rocket Space Technology/Upper Stage". www.krasm.com (in Russian). JSC Krasnoyarsk Machine-Building Plant. Retrieved 10 June 2015. <a href="http://www.krasm.com/production/production.aspx?ItemId=27" target="_blank">http://www.krasm.com/production/production.aspx?ItemId=27</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Hendrickx, Bart; Vis, Bert (2007). Energiya-Buran : the Soviet Space Shuttle (Online-Ausg ed.). Berlin: Springer. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-387-69848-9. <a href="978-0-387-69848-9" target="_blank">978-0-387-69848-9</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Clark, Stephen (14 December 2009). "Breaking News | Proton launches three Russian navigation satellites". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 22 April 2024. Retrieved 2 September 2024. <a href="https://spaceflightnow.com/news/n0912/14glonass/" target="_blank">https://spaceflightnow.com/news/n0912/14glonass/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Krebs, Gunter. "Blok-D - Gunter's Space Page". Retrieved 1 August 2015. <a href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_stage/blok-d.htm" target="_blank">http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_stage/blok-d.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Norbert Bgügge. "Proton". B14643.DE. Retrieved 1 August 2015. <a href="http://www.b14643.de/Spacerockets_1/East_Europe_2/Proton/Description/Text.htm" target="_blank">http://www.b14643.de/Spacerockets_1/East_Europe_2/Proton/Description/Text.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Block DM-2M 11S861-01". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 14 June 2006. Retrieved 31 July 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614003858/http://astronautix.com/craft/blo86101.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20060614003858/http://astronautix.com/craft/blo86101.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Zak, Anatoly (11 June 2015). "Angara to replace Proton". RussianSpaceWeb.com. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906082741/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/angara5.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150906082741/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/angara5.html</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>