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SOLAR (ISS)
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<h2 id="instruments">Instruments</h2> <ul><li>SOVIM (<i>So</i>lar <i>V</i>ariability and <i>I</i>rradiance <i>M</i>onitor) instrument is based on an earlier instrument (SOVA) which flew aboard the European Retrievable Carrier, launched on <a href="/facts/STS-46/o4wsVylP">STS-46</a> in 1992.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> It is designed to measure <a href="/facts/Solar_radiation/SI26I7aD">solar radiation</a> with wavelengths from 200 nanometers - 100 micrometers. This covers near-<a href="/facts/Ultraviolet/kncBUqn5">ultraviolet</a>, <a href="/facts/Visible_spectrum/frPBh8o5">visible</a> and <a href="/facts/Infrared/44XdJNcc">infrared</a> areas of the spectrum.</li> <li><a href="http://solspec.projet.latmos.ipsl.fr/SOLSPEC_GB/Home.html">SOLSPEC</a> (<i>Sol</i>ar <i>Spec</i>tral irradiance measurements) is designed to measure the solar spectral irradiance in the 165- to 3000-nanometer range with high spectral resolution.</li> <li>SOL-ACES (<i>A</i>uto-<i>c</i>alibrating <i>E</i>xtreme Ultraviolet and Ultraviolet spectrometer<i>s</i>) consists of four grazing incidence grating <a href="/facts/Spectrometer/IqRE8xaQ">spectrometers</a>. They are designed to measure the EUV/UV spectral regime (17 nanometers - 220 nanometers) with moderate spectral resolution.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="mission">Mission</h2> <p>The mission was originally planned for a 2003 launch, but was delayed following the <a href="/facts/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster/gsTyKuLM">Space Shuttle Columbia disaster</a>. Some other components are also planned to be mounted externally on Columbus on future missions, including the <a href="/facts/Atomic_Clock_Ensemble_in_Space/F2BYwkIC">Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space</a> (ACES). Another name for SOLAR may be Solar Monitoring Observatory or SMO. </p><p>In 2012, the entire 450-tonne station was rotated so SOLAR could observe a full <a href="/facts/Solar_rotation/8CEGbArU">rotation of the Sun</a> continuously.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> A Solar rotation takes about 24–28 days depending on the latitude.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>SOLAR's mission ended in 2017 with the failure of all but one of its instruments. On the morning of January 28, 2020 SOLAR was removed from FRAM 1 where it rested since it was delivered on STS 122 and strapped to the side of <a href="/facts/Cygnus_NG-12/eoPsbUF1">Cygnus NG-12</a> with the SDS placed on the other side. SOLAR was released from the station on February 3, 2020 and burnt up in the atmosphere over the Pacific Ocean on March 13, 2020 ending the mission which spent a decade photographing the sun.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="visuals">Visuals</h2> <table><tbody><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Scientific_research_on_the_ISS/mR1Bz6Dm">Scientific research on the ISS</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Spectroscopy/mj71FuNK">Spectroscopy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="http://santacruzsolarcompanies.com/sun-monitoring-external-payload-facility-columbus-solar/">"Sun Monitoring on the External Payload Facility of Columbus (Solar)"</a>. <a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a>. 2007-09-14. Retrieved 2007-09-21.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/i/iss-solar">SOLAR at eoPortal</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Columbus/SEMQ7UEMKBF_0.html">SOLAR at ESA</a></li> <li><a href="http://solspec.projet.latmos.ipsl.fr/SOLSPEC_GB/Home.html">SOLSPEC homepage</a> (includes photo gallery)</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>SOLAR: three years observing and ready for solar maximum - ESA <a href="http://www.esa.int/esaHS/SEMB9XXTVKG_research_0.html" target="_blank">http://www.esa.int/esaHS/SEMB9XXTVKG_research_0.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Sun Monitoring on the External Payload Facility of Columbus (Solar) <a href="http://santacruzsolarcompanies.com/sun-monitoring-external-payload-facility-columbus-solar/" target="_blank">http://santacruzsolarcompanies.com/sun-monitoring-external-payload-facility-columbus-solar/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Solar Package on ISS". Belgian User Support and Operation Centre. Retrieved 2007-09-21. <a href="http://santacruzsolarcompanies.com/set-solar-instruments-outside-columbus/" target="_blank">http://santacruzsolarcompanies.com/set-solar-instruments-outside-columbus/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Manise, Nicolas (2000-08-22). "SOVIM (Solar Variability and Irradiance Monitor)". Belgian International Space Station User Support Center. Retrieved 2007-09-21.[permanent dead link] <a href="http://columbus.busoc.be/solar/sovim/" target="_blank">http://columbus.busoc.be/solar/sovim/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Wienhold, F.G.; et al. (2000). "The solar package on ISS: SOL-ACES". Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part C: Solar, Terrestrial & Planetary Science. 25 (5–6): 473–476. Bibcode:2000PCEC...25..473W. doi:10.1016/S1464-1917(00)00060-X. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>International Space Station <a href="http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Columbus/SEM0D5EQZ9H_0.html" target="_blank">http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Columbus/SEM0D5EQZ9H_0.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Solar rotation <a href="/wiki/Solar_rotation" target="_blank">/wiki/Solar_rotation</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Clark, Stephen. "Cygnus departs space station, deploys CubeSats – Spaceflight Now". Retrieved 2020-06-12. <a href="https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/02/03/cygnus-departs-space-station-deploys-cubesats/" target="_blank">https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/02/03/cygnus-departs-space-station-deploys-cubesats/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>