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Isotopes of germanium
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<h2 id="list-of-isotopes">List of isotopes</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">Nuclide<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></th><th rowspan="1"><a href="/facts/Atomic_number/bgAr581S"><i>Z</i></a></th><th rowspan="1"><a href="/facts/Neutron_number/eNtwGnVL"><i>N</i></a></th><th rowspan="1"><a href="/facts/Atomic_mass/J1FJY9MV">Isotopic mass</a> (<a href="/facts/Dalton_(unit)/IMATU3vf">Da</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Half-life/kGVH8BAB">Half-life</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Decay_mode/Ya6FVjt4">Decaymode</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Decay_product/hT0obfLv">Daughterisotope</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Spin_(particle_physics)/4Jvp7e8P">Spin</a> and<a href="/facts/Parity_(physics)/emSbJ4hD">parity</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Natural_abundance/dGjaAwc9">Natural abundance</a> (mole fraction)</th></tr><tr><th colspan="3">Excitation energy</th><th>Normal proportion<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></th><th>Range of variation</th></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">59Ge</td><td rowspan="3">32</td><td rowspan="3">27</td><td rowspan="3">58.98243(43)#</td><td rowspan="3">13.3(17) ms</td><td><a href="/facts/Beta_decay/vxTBlckp">β+</a>, <a href="/facts/Proton_emission/9zxVkBkp">p</a> (93%)</td><td>58Zn</td><td rowspan="3">7/2−#</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td>β+ (7%)</td><td>59Ga</td></tr><tr><td>2p (<0.2%)</td><td>57Zn</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">60Ge</td><td rowspan="2">32</td><td rowspan="2">28</td><td rowspan="2">59.97045(32)#</td><td rowspan="2">21(6) ms</td><td><a href="/facts/Beta_decay/vxTBlckp">β+</a>, p</td><td>59Zn</td><td rowspan="2">0+</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β+, 2p (<14%)</td><td>58Cu</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">61Ge</td><td rowspan="2">32</td><td rowspan="2">29</td><td rowspan="2">60.96373(32)#</td><td rowspan="2">40.7(4) ms</td><td>β+, p (87%)</td><td>60Zn</td><td rowspan="2">3/2−#</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β+ (18%)</td><td>61Ga</td></tr><tr><td>62Ge</td><td>32</td><td>30</td><td>61.95476(15)#</td><td>82.5(14) ms</td><td>β+</td><td>62Ga</td><td>0+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>63Ge</td><td>32</td><td>31</td><td>62.949628(40)</td><td>153.6(11) ms</td><td>β+</td><td>63Ga</td><td>3/2−#</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>64Ge</td><td>32</td><td>32</td><td>63.9416899(40)</td><td>63.7(25) s</td><td>β+</td><td>64Ga</td><td>0+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">65Ge</td><td rowspan="2">32</td><td rowspan="2">33</td><td rowspan="2">64.9393681(23)</td><td rowspan="2">30.9(5) s</td><td>β+ (99.99%)</td><td>65Ga</td><td rowspan="2">3/2−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β+, p (0.011%)</td><td>64Zn</td></tr><tr><td>66Ge</td><td>32</td><td>34</td><td>65.9338621(26)</td><td>2.26(5) h</td><td>β+</td><td>66Ga</td><td>0+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>67Ge</td><td>32</td><td>35</td><td>66.9327170(46)</td><td>18.9(3) min</td><td>β+</td><td>67Ga</td><td>1/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>67m1Ge</td><td colspan="3">18.20(5) keV</td><td>13.7(9) μs</td><td><a href="/facts/Isomeric_transition/L8DHcqnk">IT</a></td><td>67Ge</td><td>5/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>67m2Ge</td><td colspan="3">751.70(6) keV</td><td>109.1(38) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>67Ge</td><td>9/2+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>68Ge<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td>32</td><td>36</td><td>67.9280953(20)</td><td>271.05(8) d</td><td><a href="/facts/Electron_capture/EIccoV1u">EC</a></td><td>68Ga</td><td>0+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>69Ge</td><td>32</td><td>37</td><td>68.9279645(14)</td><td>39.05(10) h</td><td>β+</td><td>69Ga</td><td>5/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>69m1Ge</td><td colspan="3">86.76(2) keV</td><td>5.1(2) μs</td><td>IT</td><td>69Ge</td><td>1/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>69m2Ge</td><td colspan="3">397.94(2) keV</td><td>2.81(5) μs</td><td>IT</td><td>69Ge</td><td>9/2+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>70Ge</td><td>32</td><td>38</td><td>69.92424854(88)</td><td colspan="3">Stable</td><td>0+</td><td>0.2052(19)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>71Ge</td><td>32</td><td>39</td><td>70.92495212(87)</td><td>11.468(8) d<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td>EC</td><td>71Ga</td><td>1/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>71mGe</td><td colspan="3">198.354(14) keV</td><td>20.41(18) ms</td><td>IT</td><td>71Ge</td><td>9/2+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>72Ge</td><td>32</td><td>40</td><td>71.922075824(81)</td><td colspan="3">Stable</td><td>0+</td><td>0.2745(15)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>72mGe</td><td colspan="3">691.43(4) keV</td><td>444.2(8) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>72Ge</td><td>0+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>73Ge</td><td>32</td><td>41</td><td>72.923458954(61)</td><td colspan="3">Stable</td><td>9/2+</td><td>0.0776(8)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>73m1Ge</td><td colspan="3">13.2845(15) keV</td><td>2.91(3) μs</td><td>IT</td><td>73Ge</td><td>5/2+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>73m2Ge</td><td colspan="3">66.725(9) keV</td><td>499(11) ms</td><td>IT</td><td>73Ge</td><td>1/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>74Ge</td><td>32</td><td>42</td><td>73.921177760(13)</td><td colspan="3">Stable</td><td>0+</td><td>0.3652(12)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>75Ge</td><td>32</td><td>43</td><td>74.922858370(55)</td><td>82.78(4) min</td><td>β−</td><td>75As</td><td>1/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">75m1Ge</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3">139.69(3) keV</td><td rowspan="2">47.7(5) s</td><td>IT (99.97%)</td><td>75Ge</td><td rowspan="2">7/2+</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β− (0.030%)</td><td>75As</td></tr><tr><td>75m2Ge</td><td colspan="3">192.19(6) keV</td><td>216(5) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>75Ge</td><td>5/2+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>76Ge<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td>32</td><td>44</td><td>75.921402725(19)</td><td>(2.022±0.018±0.038)×1021 y<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td>β−β−</td><td>76Se</td><td>0+</td><td>0.0775(12)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>77Ge</td><td>32</td><td>45</td><td>76.923549843(56)</td><td>11.211(3) h</td><td>β−</td><td>77As</td><td>7/2+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">77mGe</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3">159.71(6) keV</td><td rowspan="2">53.7(6) s</td><td>β− (81%)</td><td>77As</td><td rowspan="2">1/2−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>IT (19%)</td><td>77Ge</td></tr><tr><td>78Ge</td><td>32</td><td>46</td><td>77.9228529(38)</td><td>88.0(10) min</td><td>β−</td><td>78As</td><td>0+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>79Ge</td><td>32</td><td>47</td><td>78.925360(40)</td><td>18.98(3) s</td><td>β−</td><td>79As</td><td>(1/2)−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">79mGe</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3">185.95(4) keV</td><td rowspan="2">39.0(10) s</td><td>β− (96%)</td><td>79As</td><td rowspan="2">7/2+#</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>IT (4%)</td><td>79Ge</td></tr><tr><td>80Ge</td><td>32</td><td>48</td><td>79.9253508(22)</td><td>29.5(4) s</td><td>β−</td><td>80As</td><td>0+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>81Ge</td><td>32</td><td>49</td><td>80.9288329(22)</td><td>9(2) s</td><td>β−</td><td>81As</td><td>9/2+#</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">81mGe</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3">679.14(4) keV</td><td rowspan="2">6(2) s</td><td>β−</td><td>81As</td><td rowspan="2">(1/2+)</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>IT (<1%)</td><td>81Ge</td></tr><tr><td>82Ge</td><td>32</td><td>50</td><td>81.9297740(24)</td><td>4.31(19) s</td><td>β−</td><td>82As</td><td>0+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>83Ge</td><td>32</td><td>51</td><td>82.9345391(26)</td><td>1.85(6) s</td><td>β−</td><td>83As</td><td>(5/2+)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">84Ge</td><td rowspan="2">32</td><td rowspan="2">52</td><td rowspan="2">83.9375751(34)</td><td rowspan="2">951(9) ms</td><td>β− (89.4%)</td><td>84As</td><td rowspan="2">0+</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, <a href="/facts/Neutron_emission/lXLQRDCQ">n</a> (10.6%)</td><td>83As</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">85Ge</td><td rowspan="2">32</td><td rowspan="2">53</td><td rowspan="2">84.9429697(40)</td><td rowspan="2">495(5) ms</td><td>β− (82.8%)</td><td>85As</td><td rowspan="2">(3/2+,5/2+)#</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n (17.2%)</td><td>84As</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">86Ge</td><td rowspan="2">32</td><td rowspan="2">54</td><td rowspan="2">85.94697(47)</td><td rowspan="2">221.6(11) ms</td><td>β− (55%)</td><td>86As</td><td rowspan="2">0+</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n (45%)</td><td>85As</td></tr><tr><td>87Ge</td><td>32</td><td>55</td><td>86.95320(32)#</td><td>103(4) ms</td><td>β−</td><td>87As</td><td>5/2+#</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>88Ge</td><td>32</td><td>56</td><td>87.95757(43)#</td><td>61(6) ms</td><td>β−</td><td>88As</td><td>0+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>89Ge</td><td>32</td><td>57</td><td>88.96453(43)#</td><td>60# ms [>300 ns]</td><td></td><td></td><td>3/2+#</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>90Ge</td><td>32</td><td>58</td><td>89.96944(54)#</td><td>30# ms [>400 ns]</td><td></td><td></td><td>0+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>91Ge<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td><td>32</td><td>59</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>92Ge<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></td><td>32</td><td>60</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="20"><i>This table header & footer:</i> <ul><li>view</li></ul></th></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>A. M. Bakalyarov; A. Ya. Balysh; S. T. Belyaev; V. I. Lebedev; S. V. Zhukov (2003). "Results of the experiment on investigation of Germanium-76 double beta decay". Physics of Particles and Nuclei Letters. 2 (2): 77–81. arXiv:hep-ex/0309016. Bibcode:2003hep.ex....9016B. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 <a href="/wiki/Aaldert_Wapstra" target="_blank">/wiki/Aaldert_Wapstra</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 <a href="/wiki/Aaldert_Wapstra" target="_blank">/wiki/Aaldert_Wapstra</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 <a href="/wiki/Aaldert_Wapstra" target="_blank">/wiki/Aaldert_Wapstra</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>mGe – Excited nuclear isomer. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" target="_blank">/wiki/Nuclear_isomer</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p># – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS). <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. <a href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf" target="_blank">https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe. <a href="/wiki/Age_of_universe" target="_blank">/wiki/Age_of_universe</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p># – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN). <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. <a href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf" target="_blank">https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Modes of decay: EC:Electron captureIT:Isomeric transitionn:Neutron emissionp:Proton emission <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" target="_blank">/wiki/Electron_capture</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. <a href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf" target="_blank">https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p># – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN). <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. <a href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf" target="_blank">https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Used to generate 68Ga <a href="/wiki/Gallium-68_generator" target="_blank">/wiki/Gallium-68_generator</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Norman, E. B.; Drobizhev, A.; Gharibyan, N.; Gregorich, K. E.; Kolomensky, Yu. G.; Sammis, B. N.; Scielzo, N. D.; Shusterman, J. A.; Thomas, K. J. (30 May 2024). "Half-life of Ge 71 and the gallium anomaly". Physical Review C. 109 (5). doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.109.055501. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Primordial radionuclide <a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" target="_blank">/wiki/Primordial_nuclide</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>M. Agostini; et al. (2023-10-03). "Final Results of GERDA on the Two-Neutrino Double-β Decay Half-Life of 76Ge". Physical Review Letters. 131 (14). American Physical Society (APS): 142501. arXiv:2308.09795. Bibcode:2023PhRvL.131n2501A. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.131.142501. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 37862664. S2CID 261049638. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2Fphysrevlett.131.142501" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1103%2Fphysrevlett.131.142501</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Shimizu, Y.; Kubo, T.; Sumikama, T.; Fukuda, N.; Takeda, H.; Suzuki, H.; Ahn, D. S.; Inabe, N.; Kusaka, K.; Ohtake, M.; Yanagisawa, Y.; Yoshida, K.; Ichikawa, Y.; Isobe, T.; Otsu, H.; Sato, H.; Sonoda, T.; Murai, D.; Iwasa, N.; Imai, N.; Hirayama, Y.; Jeong, S. C.; Kimura, S.; Miyatake, H.; Mukai, M.; Kim, D. G.; Kim, E.; Yagi, A. (8 April 2024). "Production of new neutron-rich isotopes near the N = 60 isotones Ge 92 and As 93 by in-flight fission of a 345 MeV/nucleon U 238 beam". Physical Review C. 109 (4). doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.109.044313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Shimizu, Y.; Kubo, T.; Sumikama, T.; Fukuda, N.; Takeda, H.; Suzuki, H.; Ahn, D. S.; Inabe, N.; Kusaka, K.; Ohtake, M.; Yanagisawa, Y.; Yoshida, K.; Ichikawa, Y.; Isobe, T.; Otsu, H.; Sato, H.; Sonoda, T.; Murai, D.; Iwasa, N.; Imai, N.; Hirayama, Y.; Jeong, S. C.; Kimura, S.; Miyatake, H.; Mukai, M.; Kim, D. G.; Kim, E.; Yagi, A. (8 April 2024). "Production of new neutron-rich isotopes near the N = 60 isotones Ge 92 and As 93 by in-flight fission of a 345 MeV/nucleon U 238 beam". Physical Review C. 109 (4). doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.109.044313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>