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Hartvik
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<h2 id="identification">Identification</h2> <p>The author of the <i>Legenda Hartviciana</i> called himself <i>Cartuicus</i> or <i>Hartuicus episcopus</i>, without mentioning his episcopal see. Several historians in the 19th century claimed Hartvik (or Hartvic) was of German origin, and perhaps served as <a href="/facts/List_of_bishops_of_Regensburg/lp7v8nEQ">bishop of Regensburg</a> (and thus he is identical with Hartwig I of Spanheim) or <a href="/facts/Bishop_of_Dresden-Meissen/kKINVYcH">Meissen</a> (see <a href="/facts/Herwig_of_Meissen/S1UL482N">Herwig of Meissen</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> Other historians considered he is identical with that Hartwig, who was abbot of <a href="/facts/Hersfeld_Abbey/xFLcjN4j">Hersfeld</a> from 1072 to 1090, and was installed as pro-imperial anti-<a href="/facts/Archbishop_of_Magdeburg/sNbBYSHC">Archbishop of Magdeburg</a> in 1085.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> According to this theory, Hartvik was deprived of his position by <a href="/facts/Pope_Urban_II/AwzWKQFm">Pope Urban II</a> in 1088 and fled Hungary thereafter. It is possible that King <a href="/facts/Ladislaus_I_of_Hungary/phj5nm1J">Ladislaus I</a> was that monarch, who appointed him Bishop of Győr.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p><p>Based on the fact that <a href="/facts/Arduin_of_Ivrea/AtX3Dl6T">Arduin of Ivrea</a>, an 11th-century claimant to the title <a href="/facts/King_of_Italy/SbGJEsxn">King of Italy</a>, was referred to as Hartvigus in contemporary German sources, historian Gyula Pauler considered that Hartvik is identical with that <i>episcopus Ioviensis</i> Arduin, who – alongside a certain <i>comes</i> Thomas – was sent by King Coloman of Hungary to the court of <a href="/facts/Roger_I_of_Sicily/GD6XRD8M">Roger I of Sicily</a> in 1097 to propose marriage to Roger's <a href="/facts/Felicia_of_Sicily/nJp6BHqF">daughter</a>. Their legation is appeared in <i>De rebus gestis Rogerii et Roberti</i> by Benedictine historian <a href="/facts/Goffredo_Malaterra/GDmBvPXA">Goffredo Malaterra</a>. Pauler argued the episcopal see <i>Ioviensis</i> is a result of distortion of text and can be matched with <i>Iaurinensis</i>, i.e. the <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Gy%25C5%2591r/P8jAs62d">Diocese of Győr</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p>His theological proficiency is shown by the fact that he used the 9th-century <a href="/facts/Pseudo-Isidore/tEm2tW0y">Pseudo-Isidore</a> decretals in his work.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> A late 11th-century <a href="/facts/Pontifical/Srt6rLPT">pontifical</a> liturgical book (<i>Agenda Pontificalis</i>), kept in <a href="/facts/Zagreb/KPf8bzLI">Zagreb</a>, was compiled for a certain bishop <i>Chartuirgus</i>. Church historian Károly Kniewald identified this person with Hartvik, the bishop of Győr, based on the listed churches and procession routes. The pontifical was compiled before 1100. A now lost royal charter of Coloman issued in 1103, recorded by 18th-century historian Miklós Schmitth, mentioned Bishop Arduin of Győr among the witnesses.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Hartvik was described as an "excellently skilled and educated scholar in the moral and scriptural sciences" by a contemporary friar.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> His successor, George is first mentioned as bishop in 1111, implying that Hartvik died by then.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="legenda-hartviciana"><i>Legenda Hartviciana</i></h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Legenda_Hartviciana/REvu7NAP">Legenda Hartviciana</a></p> <p>Upon the order of Coloman, Hartvik composed the hagiography of Saint Stephen, the first king of Hungary – called <i>Legenda Hartviciana</i> or <i>Vita Hartviciana</i>, which was based on two existing legends (<i><a href="/facts/Life_of_Saint_Stephen%2c_King_of_Hungary/x6ovDwRE">Legenda maior</a></i> and <i>Legenda minor</i>). Historian Gábor Thoroczkay argued Hartvik compiled his work in the period between 1097 and 1099, or the early 1100s at the latest, while other historians – e.g. Zoltán Tóth, József Gerics – considered the bishop wrote the legend in the 1110s. Beside the veneration of Stephen I, Hartvik's legend served justified the political purposes of Coloman in order to defend his royal prerogative to appoint the prelates of his realm, as a response to the <a href="/facts/Gregorian_Reform/4LoWQKEp">Gregorian Reform</a> and the <a href="/facts/Investiture_Controversy/qAe8tYsC">Investiture Controversy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Hartvik also laid the foundations of the <a href="/facts/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary/wgue5wIX">Holy Crown</a> doctrine and the idea of <a href="/facts/Apostolic_Majesty/mo4QF9TP">Apostolic Majesty</a> in his work.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> With some modifications in the text, <a href="/facts/Pope_Innocent_III/GrWh740f">Pope Innocent III</a> sanctioned the <i>Legenda Hartviciana</i> as the official hagiography of Stephen I of Hungary in 1201.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="sources">Sources</h2> <ul><li>Bánk, József, ed. (1968). <i>Győregyházmegyei almanach. Schematizmus Dioecesis Jaurinensis </i>[Almanac of the Diocese of Győr]<i></i> (in Hungarian). Authority of the Diocese of Győr.</li> <li>Gerics, József (1993). "Hartvik". In Kristó, Gyula; Engel, Pál; Makk, Ferenc (eds.). <i>Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9-14. század) </i>[=Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History (9-14th centuries)]<i></i>. Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 255. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 963-05-6722-9.</li> <li>Pauler, Gyula (1883). "Ki volt Hartvic püspök? [<i>Who was Bishop Hartvic?</i>]". <i>Századok</i> (in Hungarian). 17 (9). Magyar Történelmi Társulat: 803–804. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-8098">0039-8098</a>.</li> <li>Thoroczkay, Gábor (2009). "Megjegyzések a Hartvik-féle Szent István-legenda datálásának kérdéséhez [<i>Comments to the Question of the Date of Hartvic's Life of King Stephen of Hungary</i>]". In Thoroczkay, Gábor (ed.). <i>Írások az Árpád-korról. Történeti és historiográfiai tanulmányok </i>[Papers on Árpád Age. Historical and Historiographical Studies]<i></i> (in Hungarian). L'Harmattan Kiadó. pp. 67–87. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-963-236-165-9.</li> <li>Zsoldos, Attila (2011). <i>Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1000–1301 </i>[Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1000–1301]<i></i> (in Hungarian). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-963-9627-38-3.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Thoroczkay 2009, p. 67. - Thoroczkay, Gábor (2009). "Megjegyzések a Hartvik-féle Szent István-legenda datálásának kérdéséhez [Comments to the Question of the Date of Hartvic's Life of King Stephen of Hungary]". In Thoroczkay, Gábor (ed.). Írások az Árpád-korról. Történeti és historiográfiai tanulmányok [Papers on Árpád Age. Historical and Historiographical Studies] (in Hungarian). L'Harmattan Kiadó. pp. 67–87. ISBN 978-963-236-165-9. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Bánk 1968, p. 24. - Bánk, József, ed. (1968). Győregyházmegyei almanach. Schematizmus Dioecesis Jaurinensis [Almanac of the Diocese of Győr] (in Hungarian). Authority of the Diocese of Győr. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Thoroczkay 2009, p. 68. - Thoroczkay, Gábor (2009). "Megjegyzések a Hartvik-féle Szent István-legenda datálásának kérdéséhez [Comments to the Question of the Date of Hartvic's Life of King Stephen of Hungary]". In Thoroczkay, Gábor (ed.). Írások az Árpád-korról. Történeti és historiográfiai tanulmányok [Papers on Árpád Age. Historical and Historiographical Studies] (in Hungarian). L'Harmattan Kiadó. pp. 67–87. ISBN 978-963-236-165-9. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Bánk 1968, p. 24. - Bánk, József, ed. (1968). Győregyházmegyei almanach. Schematizmus Dioecesis Jaurinensis [Almanac of the Diocese of Győr] (in Hungarian). Authority of the Diocese of Győr. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Pauler 1883, pp. 803–804. - Pauler, Gyula (1883). "Ki volt Hartvic püspök? [Who was Bishop Hartvic?]". Századok (in Hungarian). 17 (9). Magyar Történelmi Társulat: 803–804. ISSN 0039-8098. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-8098" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-8098</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Gerics 1993, p. 255. - Gerics, József (1993). "Hartvik". In Kristó, Gyula; Engel, Pál; Makk, Ferenc (eds.). Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9-14. század) [=Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History (9-14th centuries)]. Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 255. ISBN 963-05-6722-9. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Thoroczkay 2009, p. 68. - Thoroczkay, Gábor (2009). "Megjegyzések a Hartvik-féle Szent István-legenda datálásának kérdéséhez [Comments to the Question of the Date of Hartvic's Life of King Stephen of Hungary]". In Thoroczkay, Gábor (ed.). Írások az Árpád-korról. Történeti és historiográfiai tanulmányok [Papers on Árpád Age. Historical and Historiographical Studies] (in Hungarian). L'Harmattan Kiadó. pp. 67–87. ISBN 978-963-236-165-9. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Bánk 1968, p. 24. - Bánk, József, ed. (1968). Győregyházmegyei almanach. Schematizmus Dioecesis Jaurinensis [Almanac of the Diocese of Győr] (in Hungarian). Authority of the Diocese of Győr. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Zsoldos 2011, p. 90. - Zsoldos, Attila (2011). Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1000–1301 [Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1000–1301] (in Hungarian). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. ISBN 978-963-9627-38-3. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Thoroczkay 2009, pp. 69–87. - Thoroczkay, Gábor (2009). "Megjegyzések a Hartvik-féle Szent István-legenda datálásának kérdéséhez [Comments to the Question of the Date of Hartvic's Life of King Stephen of Hungary]". In Thoroczkay, Gábor (ed.). Írások az Árpád-korról. Történeti és historiográfiai tanulmányok [Papers on Árpád Age. Historical and Historiographical Studies] (in Hungarian). L'Harmattan Kiadó. pp. 67–87. ISBN 978-963-236-165-9. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Bánk 1968, p. 24. - Bánk, József, ed. (1968). Győregyházmegyei almanach. Schematizmus Dioecesis Jaurinensis [Almanac of the Diocese of Győr] (in Hungarian). Authority of the Diocese of Győr. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Thoroczkay 2009, pp. 69–87. - Thoroczkay, Gábor (2009). "Megjegyzések a Hartvik-féle Szent István-legenda datálásának kérdéséhez [Comments to the Question of the Date of Hartvic's Life of King Stephen of Hungary]". In Thoroczkay, Gábor (ed.). Írások az Árpád-korról. Történeti és historiográfiai tanulmányok [Papers on Árpád Age. Historical and Historiographical Studies] (in Hungarian). L'Harmattan Kiadó. pp. 67–87. ISBN 978-963-236-165-9. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>