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1939 in science
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<h2 id="astronomy">Astronomy</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Robert_Oppenheimer/qvgElLRC">Robert Oppenheimer</a> jointly predicts two new types of celestial object: <ul><li>With <a href="/facts/George_Volkoff/UcrhNYlK">George Volkoff</a>, he calculates the structure of <a href="/facts/Neutron_star/4enfoxBA">neutron stars</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></li> <li>With <a href="/facts/Hartland_Snyder/2MjwM6RU">Hartland Snyder</a>, he predicts the existence of what will come to be called <a href="/facts/Black_hole/1r2lmkcF">black holes</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="biology">Biology</h2> <ul><li>Autumn – <a href="/facts/DDT/RfYXlCuF">DDT</a>'s properties as an <a href="/facts/Insecticide/1xYL3MSD">insecticide</a> are discovered by <a href="/facts/Paul_Hermann_M%25C3%25BCller/BbMTMFql">Paul Müller</a> of <a href="/facts/Novartis/jDregKez">Geigy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="cartography">Cartography</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Kavrayskiy_VII_projection/0uRx9Ntu">Kavrayskiy VII projection</a> devised by <a href="/facts/Vladimir_V._Kavrayskiy/pu98GPV4">Vladimir V. Kavrayskiy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="chemistry">Chemistry</h2> <ul><li>January 7 – French physicist <a href="/facts/Marguerite_Perey/FY8bIRuk">Marguerite Perey</a> identifies <a href="/facts/Francium/P3Rz4gDP">francium</a>, the <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries/QY4X2RP3">last</a> <a href="/facts/Chemical_element/0jducgWD">chemical element</a> first discovered in nature, as a decay product of 227Ac.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li> <li>April 30 – <a href="/facts/Nylon/hBvG9bCw">Nylon</a> fabric is first introduced to the general public at the <a href="/facts/1939_New_York_World%2527s_Fair/M8h3jfm9">New York World's Fair</a>.</li> <li>July – <a href="/facts/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy/9eFoKEmV">Edward Adelbert Doisy</a> of <a href="/facts/Saint_Louis_University/GJwW0jLu">Saint Louis University</a> publishes the chemical structure of <a href="/facts/Vitamin_K/dpTFSa4J">vitamin K</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Linus_Pauling/cBNBzs5c">Linus Pauling</a> publishes <i>The Nature of the Chemical Bond</i>, a compilation of a decade's work on <a href="/facts/Chemical_bonding/ArNUMnIB">chemical bonding</a>, explaining <a href="/facts/Orbital_hybridization/Fl7sz8Jm">hybridization theory</a>, <a href="/facts/Covalent_bonding/EzMLf3Pz">covalent bonding</a> and <a href="/facts/Ionic_bonding/R6nUJI5u">ionic bonding</a> as explained through electronegativity, and <a href="/facts/Resonance_(chemistry)/5tymwoIP">resonance</a> as a means to explain, among other things, the structure of <a href="/facts/Benzene/Fguue7nr">benzene</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="computer-science">Computer science</h2> <ul><li>September 4 – <a href="/facts/Alan_Turing/klov9b6g">Alan Turing</a> and <a href="/facts/Gordon_Welchman/94NHoqRx">Gordon Welchman</a> report to the United Kingdom <a href="/facts/Government_Code_and_Cypher_School/XCMkfqWE">Government Code and Cypher School</a>, <a href="/facts/Bletchley_Park/ID0B04WB">Bletchley Park</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li>October – <a href="/facts/John_Vincent_Atanasoff/HTXjwa4Y">John V. Atanasoff</a> with <a href="/facts/Clifford_Berry/MtbrATS6">Clifford Berry</a> demonstrate the first prototype <a href="/facts/Atanasoff%25E2%2580%2593Berry_Computer/JJg9kmv3">Atanasoff–Berry Computer</a> at <a href="/facts/Iowa_State_University/7JgIwlXQ">Iowa State University</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li>Publication of <a href="/facts/Vannevar_Bush/F12rLyGQ">Vannevar Bush</a>'s article "Mechanization and the Record" proposing a <a href="/facts/Proto-hypertext/1hlP0A5V">proto-hypertext</a> <a href="/facts/Collective_memory/qcwCnmLs">collective memory</a> machine which he soon afterwards calls '<a href="/facts/Memex/vVmwyHyJ">memex</a>'.</li></ul> <h2 id="history-of-science-and-technology">History of science and technology</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Cornelis_de_Waard/FSSPbwI2">Cornelis de Waard</a> begins to publish the <i>Journaal</i> of <a href="/facts/Isaac_Beeckman/HHSum32m">Isaac Beeckman</a>.</li> <li>Philosopher and historian <a href="/facts/Alexandre_Koyr%25C3%25A9/duJ5XGJ3">Alexandre Koyré</a> originates the term <i><a href="/facts/Scientific_Revolution/KdeJepMq">Scientific Revolution</a></i> to describe the emergence of <a href="/facts/Modern_science/pdBLPwP0">modern science</a> during the <a href="/facts/Early_modern_period/hhpHM721">early modern period</a>, from the late <a href="/facts/Renaissance/4D9Bc6KU">Renaissance</a> to the late 18th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Quarry_Bank_Mill/lPhJkF2l">Quarry Bank Mill</a>, an 18th-century working (at this time) <a href="/facts/Cotton_mill/PJGfA1Ph">cotton mill</a> in northwest England, is donated to the <a href="/facts/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty/vrXTp6Y6">National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="mathematics">Mathematics</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Richard_von_Mises/LFVGPRad">Richard von Mises</a> poses the <a href="/facts/Birthday_problem/ct7ao4dF">birthday problem</a> in <a href="/facts/Probability/fgYvMhwb">probability</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="physics">Physics</h2> <ul><li>January–February – Discovery of <a href="/facts/Nuclear_fission/LfkIylvm">nuclear fission</a> is announced independently by <a href="/facts/Otto_Hahn/7alx1Db7">Otto Hahn</a> and <a href="/facts/Lise_Meitner/BH51ypJ2">Lise Meitner</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> On January 26, <a href="/facts/Niels_Bohr/ydLPvQXT">Niels Bohr</a> reports the splitting of the uranium nucleus with a release of two hundred million electron volts of energy to a conference on the campus of <a href="/facts/George_Washington_University/RBAg9f0r">George Washington University</a> in Washington, D.C.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li>August 2 – The <a href="/facts/Einstein%25E2%2580%2593Szilard_letter/kkUtLAIc">Einstein–Szilard letter</a> is signed by <a href="/facts/Albert_Einstein/CNTet8qu">Albert Einstein</a>, advising President of the United States <a href="/facts/Franklin_D._Roosevelt/HtG9vMQv">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> of the potential use of <a href="/facts/Uranium/n2sGWBzU">uranium</a> to construct an <a href="/facts/Atomic_bomb/QVdBcMdm">atomic bomb</a>. It is delivered on October 11.</li> <li>October 21 – First meeting of the <a href="/facts/S-1_Uranium_Committee/DT4eUAVm">Advisory Committee on Uranium</a> under <a href="/facts/Lyman_James_Briggs/z60DwsJr">Lyman James Briggs</a>, authorised by President Roosevelt to oversee <a href="/facts/Neutron/oRCM1geb">neutron</a> experiments.</li></ul> <h2 id="physiology-and-medicine">Physiology and medicine</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/John_H._Lawrence/lI9azSbp">John H. Lawrence</a> uses beams of energized <a href="/facts/Neutrons/oRCM1geb">neutrons</a> from a <a href="/facts/Particle_accelerator/Pkuc08xC">particle accelerator</a> to treat a patient with <a href="/facts/Leukemia/WpEfW0Qh">leukemia</a>.</li> <li>Drs <a href="/facts/Philip_Levine_(physician)/GL4xoBDj">Philip Levine</a> and Rufus Stetson publish a first case report on the clinical consequences of non-recognized <i><a href="/facts/Rh_blood_group_system/ur0d2d9r">Rh</a> factor</i>, hemolytic <a href="/facts/Transfusion_reaction/fb0Mk6Dx">transfusion reaction</a> and <a href="/facts/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn/gAFrcRQ7">hemolytic disease of the newborn</a> in its most severe form.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Maudsley_Hospital/sIxqygD4">Maudsley Hospital</a> moves to an evacuated school in north London as the <a href="/facts/Mill_Hill/DfGglLAY">Mill Hill</a> Emergency Hospital where treatment of <a href="/facts/Shell_shock/Eb6Yoxfj">combat stress</a> is pioneered.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Intramedullary_rod/9PsGhAgn">Intramedullary rod</a> is first used by German <a href="/facts/Gerhard_K%25C3%25BCntscher/TEgBBvxz">Gerhard Küntscher</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="technology">Technology</h2> <ul><li>January 1 – <a href="/facts/Hewlett-Packard/abuNSYNu">Hewlett-Packard</a> is founded as an electronics company in <a href="/facts/Palo_Alto%2c_California/KJpC7kd8">Palo Alto, California</a>.</li> <li>January 11 – First flight of the <a href="/facts/Lockheed_P-38_Lightning/obGnR2Db">Lockheed P-38 Lightning</a> in the United States.</li> <li>August 27 – Flying the <a href="/facts/Heinkel_He_178/57ccQbNJ">Heinkel He 178</a>, <a href="/facts/Erich_Warsitz/hkQgwI23">Erich Warsitz</a> makes the first flight entirely on <a href="/facts/Turbojet/8FMD6dNg">turbojet</a> power (the <a href="/facts/Heinkel_HeS_3/9SVajUh1">HeS 3</a> <a href="/facts/Jet_engine/CJjFpeqt">jet engine</a>).</li> <li>November 1–2 – <a href="/facts/Physicist/cQcgvSIm">Physicist</a> <a href="/facts/Hans_Ferdinand_Mayer/gC4kEfUI">Hans Ferdinand Mayer</a> writes the <a href="/facts/Oslo_Report/ua4CSb5Q">Oslo Report</a> on German weapons systems and passes it to the British <a href="/facts/Secret_Intelligence_Service/oPppIz3x">Secret Intelligence Service</a>.</li> <li>December 29 – First flight of the Consolidated XB-24 "<a href="/facts/B-24_Liberator/xAzkkWGS">Liberator</a>" bomber prototype in the United States.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Homer_Dudley/CGjP8Jfx">Homer Dudley</a> and Robert Riesz of <a href="/facts/Bell_Labs/fKP5Gk0H">Bell Labs</a> in the United States publicly demonstrate the <a href="/facts/Voder/eRnnCUWa">Voder</a> (voice operating demonstrator) <a href="/facts/Speech_synthesis/ceTczTv9">speech synthesis</a> machine.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kirlian_photography/exPh7gkV">Kirlian photography</a> is invented by <a href="/facts/Semyon_Kirlian/AqR3GT3f">Semyon Kirlian</a>.</li> <li>American industrial psychologist <a href="/facts/Fritz_Roethlisberger/kuNW0aeq">Fritz Roethlisberger</a>, with William J. Dickson, publishes <i>Management and the Worker: an account of a research program conducted by the Western Electric Company, Hawthorne works, Chicago</i>.</li></ul> <h2 id="events">Events</h2> <ul><li>November 6 – <a href="/facts/Sonderaktion_Krakau/yqTtHDVk">Sonderaktion Krakau</a>: The <a href="/facts/Gestapo/X0bHmeX1">Gestapo</a> arrests scientists from the <a href="/facts/Jagiellonian_University/m4yGkw85">Jagiellonian University</a> and other institutions in <a href="/facts/Krak%25C3%25B3w/hubj59IT">Kraków</a>, <a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Poland</a>; on November 27 they are sent to <a href="/facts/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp/dJjtcjzL">Sachsenhausen concentration camp</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="awards">Awards</h2> <ul><li>Nobel Prizes <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Physics</a> – <a href="/facts/Ernest_Lawrence/SCFLr21y">Ernest Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Chemistry</a> – <a href="/facts/Adolf_Friedrich_Johann_Butenandt/Vzo8lDdT">Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt</a>, <a href="/facts/Lavoslav_Ruzicka/1kPzSrVn">Lavoslav Ruzicka</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Medicine</a> – <a href="/facts/Gerhard_Domagk/bwU90jR4">Gerhard Domagk</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="births">Births</h2> <ul><li>January 20 – <a href="/facts/Chandra_Wickramasinghe/Cy9MvAHs">Chandra Wickramasinghe</a>, Ceylonese-born British astronomer.</li> <li>January 22 – <a href="/facts/Helmut_Rauch/4vXjr1IB">Helmut Rauch</a>, Austrian physicist (died <a href="/facts/2019_in_science/kw3fMjnA">2019</a>)</li> <li>April 17 – <a href="/facts/Jan_Hoem/HDfQ1G0c">Jan Hoem</a>, Norwegian population scientist (died <a href="/facts/2017_in_science/qFe0XI9H">2017</a>)</li> <li>May 12 – <a href="/facts/Chuck_Hull/pI5gc9BI">Chuck Hull</a>, American inventor, pioneer of <a href="/facts/3D_printing/lbvWU3t0">3D printing</a>.</li> <li>May 13 - <a href="/facts/Brian_J_Ford/pqjpd81F">Brian J Ford</a>, British biologist, broadcaster, writer and lecturer.</li> <li>May 18 – <a href="/facts/Peter_Gr%25C3%25BCnberg/e2qRbzRr">Peter Grünberg</a> (died 2018), German physicist, winner of the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Nobel Prize in Physics</a>.</li> <li>May 19 – <a href="/facts/Dick_Scobee/3WlQ7mDg">Dick Scobee</a> (killed 1986), American <a href="/facts/Astronaut/HB1bd6Lz">astronaut</a>.</li> <li>June 26 – <a href="/facts/Julia_Polak/4Tf6SLbI">Julia Polak</a> (died 2014), Argentine-born British <a href="/facts/Pathologist/U9b18LJG">pathologist</a> and pioneer of <a href="/facts/Tissue_engineering/Tx77KG1S">tissue engineering</a>.</li> <li>June 28 – <a href="/facts/Klaus_Schmiegel/tuCVzkms">Klaus Schmiegel</a>, German-born organic chemist, inventor of <a href="/facts/Prozac/U28lM3Pm">Prozac</a></li> <li>August 12 – <a href="/facts/David_King_(chemist)/gnhM6x5X">David King</a>, South African-born British physical chemist.</li> <li>August 19 – <a href="/facts/Alan_Baker_(mathematician)/1BAzUSML">Alan Baker</a> (died 2018), English mathematician.</li> <li>September 9 – <a href="/facts/John_Dwyer_(medicine)/g3spP5yw">John Dwyer</a>, Australian public health practitioner.</li> <li>September 24 – <a href="/facts/Jacques_Vall%25C3%25A9e/uVbhdzGH">Jacques Vallée</a>, French ufologist.</li> <li>October 7 <ul><li><a href="/facts/John_Hopcroft/j42ejf1m">John Hopcroft</a>, American theoretical <a href="/facts/Computer_scientist/DavggjGL">computer scientist</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Harry_Kroto/zzjMcfLc">Harry Kroto</a> (died 2016), English organic chemist, winner of the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>October 10 – <a href="/facts/Neil_Sloane/kLWw29Me">Neil Sloane</a>, Welsh-born American mathematician.</li> <li>November 7 – <a href="/facts/Barbara_Liskov/EgjpztD5">Barbara Liskov</a>, American computer scientist, <a href="/facts/Turing_Award/HbEEp0GF">Turing Award</a> winner.</li> <li>November 11 – <a href="/facts/Alf_Adams/efmBqXmw">Alf Adams</a>, English physicist.</li> <li>November 18 – <a href="/facts/John_O%2527Keefe_(neuroscientist)/rc1EUXEr">John O'Keefe</a>, American-born British <a href="/facts/Neuroscientist/DvcNRpyM">neuroscientist</a>, winner of the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="deaths">Deaths</h2> <ul><li>February 4 – <a href="/facts/Edward_Sapir/5mfu75XY">Edward Sapir</a> (born 1884), American anthropological linguist.</li> <li>February 12 – <a href="/facts/S._P._L._S%25C3%25B8rensen/MY1z89C0">S. P. L. Sørensen</a> (born 1868), <a href="/facts/Danes/rukzp11N">Danish</a> <a href="/facts/Chemist/N09K7Bdm">chemist</a>.</li> <li>March 6 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Cuthbert_Hilton_Golding-Bird/oJcJ7hud">Cuthbert Hilton Golding-Bird</a> (born 1848), English <a href="/facts/Surgeon/Hm0R9t6n">surgeon</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Dorothea_Pertz/olF70h2V">Dorothea Pertz</a> (born 1859), English <a href="/facts/Botanist/PaIRoxnb">botanist</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>April 26 – <a href="/facts/Anne_Walter_Fearn/VsvmReTV">Anne Walter Fearn</a> (born 1867), American physician.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li>May 14 – <a href="/facts/Fanny_Searls/AnLDbL3e">Fanny Searls</a> (born 1851), American botanist.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li>July 15 – <a href="/facts/Eugen_Bleuler/LgJF5WWY">Eugen Bleuler</a> (born 1857), <a href="/facts/Switzerland/LcGuxeTe">Swiss</a> <a href="/facts/Psychiatrist/hS7EnAU6">psychiatrist</a>.</li> <li>September 23 – <a href="/facts/Sigmund_Freud/KKIYbom9">Sigmund Freud</a> (born 1856), <a href="/facts/Austrians/EaCmCnHx">Austrian</a>-born <a href="/facts/Psychoanalyst/gYCbGpPv">psychoanalyst</a>.</li> <li>October 7 – <a href="/facts/Harvey_Cushing/CHgABVnf">Harvey Cushing</a> (born 1869), American <a href="/facts/Neurosurgeon/39HXY3tc">neurosurgeon</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Phys. Rev. 55: pp. 374–381. 1939. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Phys. Rev. 56: pp. 455–459. 1939. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1948". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved May 11, 2011. <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1948/" target="_blank">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1948/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Snyder, John P. (1993). Flattening the Earth: Two Thousand Years of Map Projections. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-76747-5. <a href="978-0-226-76747-5" target="_blank">978-0-226-76747-5</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>van der Krogt, Peter. "87 Francium". Elementymology & Elements Multidict. Retrieved January 7, 2019. <a href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=fr" target="_blank">http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=fr</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>MacCorquodale, D. W.; Binkley, S. B.; Thayer, S. A.; Doisy, E. A. (1939). "On the Constitution of Vitamin K1". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 61 (7): 1928–1929. doi:10.1021/ja01876a510. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Linus Pauling: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954". Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1942–1962. Elsevier. 1964. Retrieved February 28, 2007. <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1954/pauling-bio.html" target="_blank">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1954/pauling-bio.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Smith, Michael (2007). Station X: the Codebreakers of Bletchley Park. Pan Grand Strategy Series (rev. ed.). London: Pan Macmillan. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-330-41929-1. <a href="978-0-330-41929-1" target="_blank">978-0-330-41929-1</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Mollenhoff, Clark R. (1988). Atanasoff: Forgotten Father of the Computer. Ames: Iowa State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8138-0032-5. <a href="978-0-8138-0032-5" target="_blank">978-0-8138-0032-5</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Shapin, Steven (1996). The Scientific Revolution. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/Steven_Shapin" target="_blank">/wiki/Steven_Shapin</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know. London: Quercus. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8. <a href="978-1-84724-008-8" target="_blank">978-1-84724-008-8</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Hahn, O.; Strassmann, F. (January 6, 1939). "Über den Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle". Naturwissenschaften. 27 (1): 11–15. Bibcode:1939NW.....27...11H. doi:10.1007/BF01488241. S2CID 5920336. <a href="/wiki/Naturwissenschaften" target="_blank">/wiki/Naturwissenschaften</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Meitner, Lise; Frisch, O. R. (February 16, 1939). "Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons: a New Type of Nuclear Reaction". 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