Undulator

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
<p>The Russian physicist <a href="/facts/Vitaly_Ginzburg/uscYaLgY">Vitaly Ginzburg</a> showed theoretically that undulators could be built in a 1947 paper.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Julian_Schwinger/BdepoI1r">Julian Schwinger</a> published a useful paper in 1949<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> that reduced the necessary calculations to <a href="/facts/Bessel_function/hSyvFPqC">Bessel functions</a>, for which there were tables. This was significant for solving the design equations as digital computers were not available to most academics at that time.
</p><p><a href="/facts/Hans_Motz/DLH8p8te">Hans Motz</a> and his coworkers at <a href="/facts/Stanford_University/JEQeF9z2">Stanford University</a> demonstrated the first undulator in 1952.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> It produced the first manmade coherent infrared radiation. The design could produce a total frequency range from visible light down to <a href="/facts/Extremely_high_frequency/l28Grdmp">millimeter waves</a>.
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<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li>D. T. Attwood's page at Berkeley: <a href="https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~attwood/sxr2009//">Soft X-Rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation</a>. His lecture and viewgraphs are available online.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>Kim, Kwang-Je (2017). Synchrotron Radiation and Free-Electron Lasers. Cambridge University Press. pp. 40–64. ISBN 978-1-107-16261-7. <a href="978-1-107-16261-7" target="_blank">978-1-107-16261-7</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>Kim, Kwang-Je (1987). "Brightness and coherence of synchrotron radiation and high-gain free electron lasers" (PDF). Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 261 (1–2): 44–53. doi:10.1016/0168-9002(87)90560-2. Retrieved 21 January 2025. <a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1191669/m2/1/high_res_d/6806336.pdf" target="_blank">https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1191669/m2/1/high_res_d/6806336.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:3"><p>Ginsburg, Vitaly Lazarevich (1947). "ОБ ИЗЛУЧЕНИИ МИКРОРАДИОВОЛН И ИХ ПОГЛОЩЕНИИ В ВОЗДУХЕ" [On the emission of microradiowaves and their absorption in the air]. Izv. AN USSR ser. phys. (in Russian). T. XI No.2. USSR Academy of Sciences: (pp. 165–182). ISSN 0367-6765. Retrieved 22 September 2024. <a href="https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp80-00809a000600340656-6" target="_blank">https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp80-00809a000600340656-6</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:4"><p>Schwinger, Julian (1949). "On the Classical Radiation of Accelerated Electrons". Physical Review. 75 (12): 1912. Bibcode:1949PhRv...75.1912S. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.75.1912. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:5"><p>Motz, Hans (1951). "Applications of the Radiation from Fast Electron Beams". Journal of Applied Physics. 22 (5): 527. Bibcode:1951JAP....22..527M. doi:10.1063/1.1700002. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:6"><p>Motz, H.; Thon, W.; Whitehurst, R. N. (1953). "Experiments on Radiation by Fast Electron Beams". Journal of Applied Physics. 24 (7): 826. Bibcode:1953JAP....24..826M. doi:10.1063/1.1721389. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
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Undulator open-in-new

Undulator